Radiocarbon After Four Decades RADIOCARBON R.E
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Radiocarbon Dates from Volcanic Deposits at Mount St. Helens, Washington
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Radiocarbon Dates from Volcanic Deposits at Mount St. Helens, Washington By Dwight R. Crandell, Donal R. Mullineaux, Meyer Rubin, Elliott Spiker, and M. L. Kelley Open-File Report 81-844 1981 This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey standards or nomenclature. Radiocarbon dates from volcanic deposits at Mount St. Helens, Washington by Dwight R. Crandell, Donal R. Mullineaux, Meyer Rubin, Elliott Spiker, and M. L. Kelley Stratigraphic studies of the eruptive products of Mount St. Helens volcano, supported by radiocarbon dates, were begun in the late 1950's (Crandell and others, 1962; Mullineaux and Crandell, 1962). More detailed studies were begun by Jack H. Hyde in 1968 (Hyde, 1970, 1973, 1975) and were expanded by Crandell and Mullineaux between 1970 and the present. Age determinations in the radiocarbon laboratory of the U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, Va., on organic matter incorporated in the volcanic products, permitted the volcano's eruptive events to be arranged chronologically (table 1). These radiocarbon dates have contributed immeasurably to an understanding of the volcano's history and potential hazards (Crandell and Mullineaux, 1978), and through long-range tephrochronology have also aided in the solution of other geologic problems in the Pacific Northwest such as dating the last scabland flood in eastern Washington (Mullineaux and others, 1978). Some of the 65 radiocarbon dates listed here have been published previously, but nowhere have they all been assembled in a single place. Because of widespread interest in the past history of the volcano as a result of the eruptions that began in 1980, and to make these dates readily available to future workers, we prepared this compilation of U.S. -
Meyer Rubin-A Radiocarbon Pioneer
Radiocarbon, Vol 00, Nr 00, 2021, p 1–6 DOI:10.1017/RDC.2021.65 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press for the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona MEYER RUBIN—A RADIOCARBON PIONEER G S Burr1* • Jack McGeehin2 1Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 2Radiocarbon Laboratory (retired), U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA Meyer Rubin (1924–2020). Photo courtesy of Harvey Belkin. MEYER RUBIN’S RADIOCARBON LEGACY Meyer Rubin (February 17, 1924–May 2, 2020) was a pioneer in the field of radiocarbon. In 1950, after serving in World War II, he began his career as a geologist at the United States Geological Survey (USGS). He joined the survey’s radiocarbon laboratory on December 1, 1953, under Hans Suess (Suess 1954a). Suess constructed an acetylene gas 14C beta- counting laboratory that extended the age limit of the Libby 14C solid graphite method by several half-lives (Suess 1954b; Flint and Rubin 1955). After Suess left, Meyer became the director of the USGS lab. In 1956 he completed his PhD degree from the University of Chicago (Rubin 1956) and pursued his radiocarbon research at the USGS with great industry. By the end of the 1950s Meyer had reported 14C results from 38 U.S. states, 26 countries around the world, the Atlantic Ocean, Antarctica, and the stratosphere (see references in Table 1). Meyer was also a seasoned field geologist, and during the 1950s alone, he collected samples from over a dozen states. Meyer published date lists to provide a record of his efforts. -
University of Texas Radiocarbon Dates I J
[RADIocARI oN, VOL. 4, 1962, P. 43-501 UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS RADIOCARBON DATES I J. J. STIPP,* E. MOTT DAVIS, JOHN E. NOAKES,* and TOM E. HOOVER Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Balcones Research Center, University of Texas, Austin, Texas The C14 Dating Laboratory of the University of Texas has been working on the development of two systems of counting : gas counting with methane, and liquid scintillation counting with benzene. Lack of adequate instrumentation has retarded the work on gas counting, but the liquid scintillation work, sup- ported in part by the Department of Chemistry, finally led to the successful development of a system in which the benzene counting solvent was synthesized from acetylene by pyrolysis (Tamers, Stipp, and Collier, 1961). By coincidence, while the work on liquid scintillation was going on at the University of Texas, Noakes was doing work at the A. & M. College of Texas on a low temperature catalytic method of benzene conversion for radiocarbon dating (Noakes, Isbell, and Hood, 1961; Anonymous, 1961) . We eventually learned of each other's work, and it became evident that collaboration would be of mutual benefit. The better points of the two systems were combined, the catalytic method being chosen for the benzene conversion. A preparation sys- tem was built at the University of Texas laboratory, and a Packard Tri-Garb Liquid Scintillation Spectrometer was made available at the A. & M. College of Texas and calibrated for low level C14 counting. The cooperative effort led to successful routine dating, and produced the dates reported here. The two laboratories are still working together, but each expects soon to have a complete system, and thereafter they will operate independently. -
SOLAR SIGNALS from 14C in TREE RINGS and DETERMINING RECURRENCE INTERVALS of GREAT SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKES in SOUTHERN ALASK
Abstracts 231 SOLAR SIGNALS FROM 14C IN TREE RINGS ELISABETTA PIERAZZO Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA and SILVIA SARTORI Department of Physics, University of Padova, Padova, Italy 14C The record in wines has shown many interesting features. The strongest signal which is imprinted in it comes from the 11-year solar cycle. Another possible feature could be a frequency modulation of solar origin, also detectable, despite the limited length of the record (carrier period 11 years, modulating period 22 years). The solar signature is also present in annual tree rings, though weaker; the length of the record is short, in any case. Long tree-ring records are now available in decadal and bi-decadal sequences. However, as it is well known, conventional spectral analysis of such temporal sequences, is affected by aliasing, which is always present in equispaced sequences where a signal lies beyond the Nyquist frequency. Thus, it is difficult to clearly define the real presence of solar cycles on the scale of centuries. Alaasing can be avoided in the analysis of unequispaced time sequences. On the other hand, unequispaced sequences ask for other more sophisticated treatments, such as Bayesian analysis. A comparison is carried out between the detectability of signals of solar origin in unequispaced and equispaced sequences, when the latter contain aliased frequencies. A frequency modulation model for wines is compared with an annual sequence in tree rings, for the last 400 years. DETERMINING RECURRENCE INTERVALS OF GREAT SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKES IN SOUTHERN ALASKA BY RADIOCARBON DATING GEORGE PLAFKER, K R LAJOIE U S Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025 USA and MEYER RUBIN U S Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 22092 USA Rupture on the eastern segment of the Aleutian arc subduction zone produced the great 1964 Alaska earthquake and caused vertical and horizontal tectonic displacements over more than 14C 140,000 km2. -
Anniversary of Radiocarbon Laboratory
Anniversary of Radiocarbon Laboratory September 19, 1967 The father of the "atomic time clock" will keynote the observance on September 22 of the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the La Jolla Radiocarbon Laboratory of the University of California, San Diego's Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He is Dr. Willard Frank Libby, professor of chemistry at UCLA and 1960 recipient of the Nobel Prize for chemistry for his discovery of a method to determine geological age by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon-14 in organic or carbon containing objects. The observance is a tribute by his colleagues to Dr. Hans E. Suess, UCSD professor of geochemistry, who set up the Scripps Radiocarbon Laboratory in August, 1957. It will be held in Scripps' Sumner Auditorium. The day's agenda includes a welcome by Dr. Frederick T. Wall, UCSD vice chancellor for graduate studies and research; Dr. Libby's address and Dr. Suess' response; an informal luncheon; presentation of scientific papers; and a dinner. Scientists from the UCLA Radiocarbon Laboratory, which Dr. Libby directs; and from similar laboratories at the University of Arizona, Tucson; University of Washington, Seattle; and Washington State University, Pullman, have been invited to attend. Dr. James R. Arnold, UCSD professor of chemistry, is arranging the day-long affair. Although Dr. Suess heads up the Scripps Radiocarbon Laboratory, its day-to-day operations are supervised by Dr. George S. Bien, specialist in UCSD's Department of Chemistry. Dr. Libby, who is director of the University's statewide Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, majored in chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, and received his doctorate there in 1933. -
Appendix E Nobel Prizes in Nuclear Science
Nuclear Science—A Guide to the Nuclear Science Wall Chart ©2018 Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) Appendix E Nobel Prizes in Nuclear Science Many Nobel Prizes have been awarded for nuclear research and instrumentation. The field has spun off: particle physics, nuclear astrophysics, nuclear power reactors, nuclear medicine, and nuclear weapons. Understanding how the nucleus works and applying that knowledge to technology has been one of the most significant accomplishments of twentieth century scientific research. Each prize was awarded for physics unless otherwise noted. Name(s) Discovery Year Henri Becquerel, Pierre Discovered spontaneous radioactivity 1903 Curie, and Marie Curie Ernest Rutherford Work on the disintegration of the elements and 1908 chemistry of radioactive elements (chem) Marie Curie Discovery of radium and polonium 1911 (chem) Frederick Soddy Work on chemistry of radioactive substances 1921 including the origin and nature of radioactive (chem) isotopes Francis Aston Discovery of isotopes in many non-radioactive 1922 elements, also enunciated the whole-number rule of (chem) atomic masses Charles Wilson Development of the cloud chamber for detecting 1927 charged particles Harold Urey Discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium) 1934 (chem) Frederic Joliot and Synthesis of several new radioactive elements 1935 Irene Joliot-Curie (chem) James Chadwick Discovery of the neutron 1935 Carl David Anderson Discovery of the positron 1936 Enrico Fermi New radioactive elements produced by neutron 1938 irradiation Ernest Lawrence -
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The new prophet : Harold C. Urey, scientist, atheist, and defender of religion Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3j80v92j Author Shindell, Matthew Benjamin Publication Date 2011 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The New Prophet: Harold C. Urey, Scientist, Atheist, and Defender of Religion A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History (Science Studies) by Matthew Benjamin Shindell Committee in charge: Professor Naomi Oreskes, Chair Professor Robert Edelman Professor Martha Lampland Professor Charles Thorpe Professor Robert Westman 2011 Copyright Matthew Benjamin Shindell, 2011 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Matthew Benjamin Shindell is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2011 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………………...... iii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………. iv Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………. -
Meyer Rubin-A Radiocarbon Pioneer
Radiocarbon, Vol 00, Nr 00, 2021, p 1–6 DOI:10.1017/RDC.2021.65 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press for the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona MEYER RUBIN—A RADIOCARBON PIONEER G S Burr1* • Jack McGeehin2 1Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 2Radiocarbon Laboratory (retired), U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA Meyer Rubin (1924–2020). Photo courtesy of Harvey Belkin. MEYER RUBIN’S RADIOCARBON LEGACY Meyer Rubin (February 17, 1924–May 2, 2020) was a pioneer in the field of radiocarbon. In 1950, after serving in World War II, he began his career as a geologist at the United States Geological Survey (USGS). He joined the survey’s radiocarbon laboratory on December 1, 1953, under Hans Suess (Suess 1954a). Suess constructed an acetylene gas 14C beta- counting laboratory that extended the age limit of the Libby 14C solid graphite method by several half-lives (Suess 1954b; Flint and Rubin 1955). After Suess left, Meyer became the director of the USGS lab. In 1956 he completed his PhD degree from the University of Chicago (Rubin 1956) and pursued his radiocarbon research at the USGS with great industry. By the end of the 1950s Meyer had reported 14C results from 38 U.S. states, 26 countries around the world, the Atlantic Ocean, Antarctica, and the stratosphere (see references in Table 1). Meyer was also a seasoned field geologist, and during the 1950s alone, he collected samples from over a dozen states. Meyer published date lists to provide a record of his efforts. -
Figuring out a Date Archaeologists Cannot Always Immediately Give a Date for Some Things They Find
Figuring Out a Date Archaeologists cannot always immediately give a date for some things they find. One way archaeologists try to figure out dates is by comparing kinds of materials used to make things. Early people used stone tools. Eventually, people discovered metal, which was better than stone, and they began using that. Archaeologists know that stone was used before metal because they find stone in deeper layers in the stratigraphy. How the ax developed: 1. The first axes were held in the hand. 2. Polished stone axes were used by the earliest farmers to clear land. 3. The first bronze axes copied the stone ones 4. Bronze axes developed to fit in wooden handles. 5. A new development used a loop to hold the ax to the handle. 6. A strong modern ax has a steel head. In the 1940s, there was a revolution in archaeology. An American chemist named Willard Libby discovered a new method for dating objects from the distant past, called radiocarbon, or carbon-14 dating. It is based on the scientific principle that all living things contain a certain amount of radioactive carbon. Once a living thing dies, carbon begins to decay. Scientists know that half of the carbon decays in 5,730 years. Measuring how much radioactive carbon is present in a sample gives a date. This kind of dating can be used for rocks, pottery, and glass. Charcoal is always a good sample for radiocarbon dating. 'r'*~neuti6ts. nitrogen and fonn 'Th~'heutrons . radioactive carbon ;interact with (C14). ",-.' ... Plants take in this ... In living plants .. -
The Links of Chain of Development of Physics from Past to the Present in a Chronological Order Starting from Thales of Miletus
ISSN (Online) 2393-8021 IARJSET ISSN (Print) 2394-1588 International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 5, Issue 10, October 2018 The Links of Chain of Development of Physics from Past to the Present in a Chronological Order Starting from Thales of Miletus Dr.(Prof.) V.C.A NAIR* Educational Physicist, Research Guide for Physics at Shri J.J.T. University, Rajasthan-333001, India. *[email protected] Abstract: The Research Paper consists mainly of the birth dates of scientists and philosophers Before Christ (BC) and After Death (AD) starting from Thales of Miletus with a brief description of their work and contribution to the development of Physics. The author has taken up some 400 odd scientists and put them in a chronological order. Nobel laureates are considered separately in the same paper. Along with the names of researchers are included few of the scientific events of importance. The entire chain forms a cascade and a ready reference for the reader. The graph at the end shows the recession in the earlier centuries and its transition to renaissance after the 12th century to the present. Keywords: As the contents of the paper mainly consists of names of scientists, the key words are many and hence the same is not given I. INTRODUCTION As the material for the topic is not readily available, it is taken from various sources and the collection and compiling is a Herculean task running into some 20 pages. It is given in 3 parts, Part I, Part II and Part III. In Part I the years are given in Chronological order as per the year of birth of the scientist and accordingly the serial number. -
38,000 Fresh-Water Mussel Shells from S Side of Road Cut on State Highway 113, Approx
U. S. Geological Survey Radiocarbon Dates VII Item Type Article; text Authors Ives, Patricia C.; Levin, Betsy; Robinson, Richard D.; Rubin, Meyer Citation Ives, P. C., Levin, B., Robinson, R. D., & Rubin, M. (1964). U. S. Geological Survey radiocarbon dates VII. Radiocarbon, 6, 37-76. DOI 10.1017/S0033822200010547 Publisher American Journal of Science Journal Radiocarbon Rights Copyright © The American Journal of Science Download date 02/10/2021 21:25:40 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final published version Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/654046 I:RADIOCARUON, Vol.. 6, 1964, P. 37-761 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RADIOCARBON DATES VII* PATRICIA C. IVES, BETSY LEVIN, RICHARD D. ROBINSON, and MEYER RUBIN U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. This date list contains the results of measurements made during 1961, 1962 and 1963. The method of counting, utilizing acetylene gas, remains essen- tially unchanged, except for the addition of some solid state electronics. The method of computation, using the Libby half-life of 5568 ± 30 yr, is con- tinued. The error listed is always larger than the one-sigma statistical counting error commonly used, and takes into account known uncertainty laboratory factors, and does not include external (field or atmospheric) variations. Unless otherwise stated, collectors of all samples are members of the U. S. Geological Survey. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS A. Eastern U. S. W-1132. Copperas Gap, Arkansas >38,000 Fresh-water mussel shells from S side of road cut on State Highway 113, approx. 1 mi SW of Arkansas River, SE'/4 NE'/4 SE'/4 sec. -
08 Golf-Men Guide-Bleeds.Pmd
26 27 he San Francisco Bay Area is a major metropoli- tan area of approximately six million people and Tone of the most scenic regions in the United States. The Bay Area includes the major cities of San Francisco and Oakland, as well as Berkeley, home of the world- renowned University of California. Just south is the city of San Jose and the Silicon Valley, home to many of the world’s high-tech companies. The Bay Area also lies within easy driving distance of the high Sierra resorts of Lake Tahoe and Yosemite, the Monterey/Carmel penin- sula, the world famous Napa wine country, and the spec- tacular Mendocino Coast. Everyone knows “The City” - San Francisco - from count- less photographs, movies and television shows that cap- ture its magic. It is a city built on a series of more than 40 hills, offering panoramic views of every kind. The hub of a nine-county complex and the financial and insurance capi- tal of the world, San Francisco has a resident population of about 740,000. San Francisco is situated on a 46.6 square-mile peninsula bounded on the west by the Pa- cific Ocean, on the north by the Golden Gate strait, and from north to east by the San Francisco Bay. The City has been named the world’s top city twice by readers of Conde Nast Traveller and the top U.S. city seven times since 1988. The San Francisco Bay is spanned by two landmarks, the Golden Gate and San Francisco-Oakland Bay bridges, and graced by four islands: Alcatraz, Angel, Yerba Buena and Treasure.