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Building Citizens for the Arab Knowledge Economy Evidence from the United Arab Emirates Working Paper No Building Citizens for the Arab Knowledge Economy Evidence from the United Arab Emirates Working Paper No. 2 Paper Working Calvert W. Jones Ph.D. Candidate, Yale University Visiting Scholar, Sheikh Saud bin Saqr al Qasimi Foundation for Policy Research Working Paper 02 July 2012 Acknowledgements This research has benefited from the institutional and fellowship support of Yale University, especially the Macmillan Center for International and Area Studies, the Project on Middle East Political Science at George Washington University, and the Sheikh Saud bin Saqr al Qasimi Foundation for Policy Research in Ras al Khaimah (UAE). The Al Qasimi Foundation provided immensely valuable in-country support through technical assistance, a network of local contacts, and central research headquarters. For their excellent advice and input, I thank Natasha Ridge, Samar Farah, Rania Turk, Ghadah al Khadri, Mohamed A. Khalef, Fatima Ibrahim, Charlotte Lamptey, Patricia Wallace, Julian Jones, and conference participants at the 2012 annual conference of the Comparative and International Education Society (CIES), the 2011 Gulf Comparative Education Society (GCES) Symposium, the 2011 Gulf Research Meeting at the University of Cambridge (UK), and the 2011 annual conference of the American Political Science Association (APSA). In the UAE, many institutions and wonderful people have made this research possible, including His Highness Sheikh Saud bin Saqr al Qasimi, the directorate for the Institutes of Applied Technology (now the Applied Technology High Schools), the RAK Education Zone, the federal Ministry of Education, the Abu Dhabi Education Council (ADEC), and the Knowledge and Human Development Authority (KHDA) in Dubai. Calvert W. Jones was a Visiting Scholar at the Sheikh Saud Bin Saqr Al Qasimi Foundation for Policy Research. She is currently pursuing a Ph.D. at Yale University. The Sheikh Saud Bin Saqr Al Qasimi Foundation for Policy Research Working Paper Series is designed to disseminate ongoing research to individuals and institutions interested in the development of public policy in the Arab world. Findings and conclusions are solely those of the authors, and should not be attributed to the Sheikh Saud Bin Saqr Al Qasimi Foundation for Policy Research. Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................7 Introduction ................................................................................................................8 Theory ...........................................................................................................................9 Background on UAE Education .............................................................................12 Research Methodology ............................................................................................15 Survey Design and Measurement .........................................................................17 Results and Discussion .............................................................................................19 Figure 1: Achievement Motivation ........................................................................................ 19 Figure 2: Nationalism ................................................................................................................. 20 Figure 3: Pride in the UAE......................................................................................................... 21 Figure 4: Civic-mindedness....................................................................................................... 21 Figure 5: Willingness to Take Risks ........................................................................................ 22 Figure 6: Willingness to Invest ................................................................................................ 22 Figure 7: Social Capital .............................................................................................................. 23 Figure 8: Job Priorities ................................................................................................................ 24 Figure 9: Importance of Respect and Parents’ Expectations .......................................... 25 Figure 10: Values ......................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 11: Love of Country and Determination ................................................................. 26 Conclusions and Policy Implications ....................................................................28 Bibliography.................................................................................................................30 Building Citizens for the Arab Knowledge Economy: Evidence from the United Arab Emirates 5 Executive Summary This working paper presents the results of an intensive case study of education reform to support the development of a post-petroleum, knowledge-based economy in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The case study is part of a larger research project exploring the ways in which state leaders may cultivate engaged citizens who are willing and able to contribute to the development of their countries, particularly in the contemporary era of heightened globalization and intense economic competition. Building on existing theory and empirical work, the case study identifies and measures attitudes that are believed to facilitate knowledge- intensive growth within one country, such as achievement motivation, risk-taking propensity, civic duty, willingness to invest in a promising business idea, trust, and social capital. For both policymakers and researchers, the case study offers a rich portrait of one strategy that state leaders may use to help foster knowledge-intensive economic development. The case study uses a quasi-experimental research methodology that compares UAE students’ attitudes in a new type of school (“treatment” schools) with UAE students’ attitudes at regular government schools (“control” schools). The new type of school has been developed as part of the country’s larger movement of education reform to support a post-petroleum, knowledge- based economy. The working paper presents findings on the major differences between students’ attitudes at the two types of schools and uses a difference-in-differences (DD) approach to estimate the causal effect of the treatment schools on students’ attitudes in these areas. Key findings include: • Students in the treatment schools reported significantly higher levels of achievement motivation, willingness to take risks, willingness to invest in a promising business idea, and social capital, compared with students in regular government schools. • Students in the treatment schools reported significantly higher levels of civic-mindedness relative to students in regular government schools. • Positive, significant DD estimates of the causal effect of treatment schools on students’ levels of nationalism and pride in the UAE were also found, suggesting that treatment schools are successfully promoting these types of attitudes in UAE youth. • Respect from friends and personal interest, or “a job I like,” were students’ highest priorities in selecting a job across both types of schools; treated students consider “contributing to UAE society” almost as important. • The data suggest that treatment schools are increasing the degree to which UAE youth value determination and perseverance, based on positive and significant DD treatment effect estimates for these variables. Building Citizens for the Arab Knowledge Economy: Evidence from the United Arab Emirates 7 Introduction Rapidly developing, resource-rich Gulf monarchies like the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are pioneers of innovation in the Arab world. As power shifts toward areas in the world that succeed in fostering knowledge-based economies, these early adopters may be seen as models in how to harness the benefits of globalization and cultivate a knowledge renaissance, without social and political instability.1 With the advantages of wealth, small populations, and progressive leadership, the small Gulf states are able to experiment with different strategies to nurture young talent, promote innovation, and encourage a more entrepreneurial culture. Yet systematic knowledge about the range of strategies underway and their role in helping to achieve these larger aims is limited. While a growing body of policy-relevant literature explores obstacles to reform and areas for potential improvement, including teacher training, curriculum development, technology availability, and gender equity, research is needed to connect the dots in achieving longer-term goals.2 Policymakers would benefit from a broader, more holistic perspective, using data on the ground and rigorous research methodologies to link local educational initiatives with national grand strategies. This working paper aims to support policy development in these areas by sharing the results of an intensive case study in education reform for the knowledge economy in the UAE. The case study examines how a public school reform affects students’ attitudes in areas important for knowledge-intensive economic development, anchored in the UAE and driven by Emiratis. These include achievement motivation, nationalism, pride in the UAE, civic-mindedness, social capital, willingness to take risks, willingness to invest in a promising business idea, job priorities, and values. To identify how the school
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