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0::: w IX) � w o w o '--.... 0::: w IX) � w > o z PERSPECTIVES ON ....cf u Vl o 1-4 t-; c -< � .� § 1-4 0 o Z .� DR. JAMES P. BAXTER CI1 � "Military Deterrence and the Preservation of Peace" Dr. Baxte'r is president of WilliamJ ERSPECTIVES ON PEACE"-as seen by distin­ College and Pulitzer Prize-winning his­ guished authorities in the fields of government, "p torian, He was the principal speaker banking, communications, foreign affairs, busi­ before the all-University Convocation ness, and education-was the theme of the UR's first at the Eastman Theatre. All-University Convocation, October 13, 14, 15. The Convocation theme was chosen in observance • of the fiftieth anniversary of the Carnegie Endowment fo r International Peace. The UR was among a num­ ber of American colleges and universities invited by the Endowment to engage in an effort to stimulate fresh and imaginative thinking on U. S. initiatives to world peace. EDWARD B. BENJAMIN Major addresses were given by John W. Reming­ "Music as an Aid to Peace" ton, Edward B. Benjamin, and Dr. James P. Baxter. Mr. Benjamin is aNew Orleans industrialist and phifantht·opist and donor of the annual ItBenjamin Awards for Restful Music" awarded to com­ posers at the Eastman School of Music. He addressed the general assembly of the Eastman School of Music. Leading a panel discussion on "Communications and the Cause of Peace, " were The Honorable Frances E. Willis, U. S. Ambassador to Norway and U. S. del­ egate to the United Nations 15th Assembly; Dr. George B. Kistiakowsky, President Eisenhower's Spe­ N cial Assistant for Science and Technology; and Ed­ Q) JOHN W. REMINGTON ..0 ward R. Murrow, radio-television commentator and E :::J analyst. Dr. Joseph E. Johnson, President of the Car­ "The Role of the Financial Com­ Z negie Endowment for International Peace was the munity in the Preservation of Peace" x moderator for the discussion. x At alumni-sponsored seminars, aspects of peace re­ 111r, Remington is president of the Amer­ w ican Bankers Association and president � lating to Asia were discussed by Dr. Vera M. Dean; => of the Lincoln Rochester Trttst Com­ -J Latin America, by Professor Dexter Perkins; Africa, o by President Cornelis W. de Kiewiet. Excerpts from pany, He addressed the fall assembly of > thei r talks appear on the following pages. the School of Business Administration. 2 EACE !!!!!!!!!.I T RUSSIANS would then be at their mercy and they could H E could persuade the free write the peace terms at their leisure. True, F world to scrap its nuclear strength while they would face very heavy losses at home retainingI secretly a nuclear capability of their ... but we are talking about a nation which own, they might count on world mastery. killed great numbers of its own people to "If the Russians could persuade the free establish its political system and millions world to scrap its nuclear strength, even at more in order to institute its system of col­ the cost of scrapping their own, they could lective agriculture. dominate the world if they retained their "Concessions to the Russian proposals present superiority in conventional forces. would be fraught with graver danger than "If, by a surprise strike with missiles fol­ those France and England made to Hitler lowed up by manned bombers, they could between 1934 and 1938. We cannot afford destroy our Air Force on its bases, our cities another Munich. RADITIONALLY, T WE have sought peace "Restful music, as defined by my own ex­ through such mediums as conference, ne­ periment and research over a period of years, gotiation, treaty, disarmament, the good-will offers a good approach to the heart of man­ mission, economic assistance. kind.With it the individual breathes beauty, "Nothwithstanding, .. the last half cen­ walks in beauty, lives in beauty, and can tury has witnessed more violence, more hor­ know the meaning of a peace on earth that ror, more sheer stark brutality than all the possibly may become reflected in relations rest of recorded human history put together. between nations. " MUST AID Africa are facing perplexing social and eco­ "WE in giving intelligently nomic problems. Our government and the planned and wisely administered fi­ people of this country have an enormous nancial support to many of the underdevel­ stake in the outcome of these problems, since oped countries. The so-called neutral growth of communism in large new areas nations, ...are looking both to the East and could turn the balance of power. " to the West. They are trying to decide where The International Development Associa­ they stand and what the respective role of tion, the new Inter-American Bank, and Russia and the United States will be in the other agencies dealing with foreign financ­ years immediately ahead of us. Most of them ing must "cooperate with the private bank­ need economic help and trained leadership. ing community in making it possible for us .. Many of the newly formed states in to work effectively for world peace.. " 3 PEACE AND THE EMERGING SOCIETIES: Vera Micheles Dean Dr. Dean is Director of the N on­ Western Civilizations Program and editol of the Foreign Policy Association ;H�/ications. T THE PRESENT STAGE in history where two great powers be brought to bear on Peiping rather than to leave it outside .fiA can deliver nuclear destruction, large-scale war is seem­ that community. ingly impossible. In spite of these ominous developments, there are develop­ But then is peace the complete absence of war? ments in Asia which promise peace. I would suggest that what we suffer fr om today are tensions A most striking example of this is the agreement which has that take shape in struggles which, while they do not spell war, just been concluded between India and Pakistan about the dis­ are, nevertheless, creating very grave difficulties. This is the tribution of the waters of the Indus River System. situation in Laos, where a very obscure and complicated strug­ And India and Pakistan, rising above national considera­ gle for power is going on; and in Japan, which causes us to tions, have reached this agreement, which may create a sense wonder whether we have been overoptimistic in believing that of security on the part of both and thus facilitate negotiations democracy has been established there. about the far more difficult issue of Kashmir. But the key issue in Asia today is, What will Communist What, under these circumstances, is the role of the United China do in the future? States in Asia? Without resort to war, the Chinese Communists used force The United States has played two majot roles in Asia since to suppress the Tibetans. The very fact that India gave refuge World War II. to the Dalai Lama and other refugee Tibetans contributed to In the firstpl ace, we played a stabilizing role in giving eco­ tensions between India and Communist China. China has laid nomic aid to Asia in increasing volume most recently, with claim to territories in dispute along India's Himalayan border special emphasis on India. and has made similar claims about its border with Burma and The United States has also led the free world in preventing with Nepal. the South Korean war from developing into a situation where What is interesting, however, is that the Nationalist Chinese, all of Korea might have been occupied by the Communists. no less than the Chinese Communists, also have regarded Tibet The United States is also regarded as a stabilizing factor be­ as a part of China. So, in this case we find Nationalists and cause of the military aid it has given through the South East Communists working hand-in-hand in order to advance China's Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) to Thailand, the Philip­ aspirations on the mainland. pines, and . Pakistan. Many economists, however, fear that an inflationary problem has been created in the countries receiving Meanwhile, the Burmese are very satisfied with the border our aid, since they have to spend more money than they really treaty they have concluded this year with Communist China can afford to support their armed forces in conjunction with because they feel they obtained more from the Communists this aid. than they had expected to obtain fr om the Nationalist Chinese. But will it be possible for India to achieve a satisfactory NOTHE� PROBLEM is that the neighbors of the countries arrangement with Communist China? Prime Minister Nehru we aId have wondered whether our military assistance recently remarked that he is wondering whether Communist A would ev entually be used by the recipients against Russill; and China is purposely being very kind to Burma and Nepal in or­ Communist China or against each other. der tQ disassociate these countries fr om India. He believes, The United States has also played a stabilizingly role in Asia however, that two can play at the strategic game as well as one, with aid on an international, rather than on a bilateral basis and has concluded that Outer Mongolia does not like the Chi­ in such undertakings as the Indus River project and by con­ nese very much, and he is therefore cultivating the Mongolians tributing to the Colombo Plan. and has asked that their country be admitted to the United Yet our lack of relationship with Communist China is a dis­ Nations. turbing element in the Asian picture. Can we indefinitely oppose the admission of Peiping to rep­ HE FEAR THAT CHINA, with its vast population, will try to resent Communist China in the United Nations? Over this T take Formosa and, in th e course of this action, will not issue we do not have control.

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