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Struvite: Definition, Benefits, and Potential Application in Arkansas Agriculture

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Struvite: Definition, Benefits, and Potential Application in Arkansas Agriculture ~DMSION OF AGRICULTURE Agriculture and Natural Resources U~ljj RESEARCH & EXTENSION University of Arkansas System FSA9542 Struvite: Definition, Benefits, and Potential Application in Arkansas Agriculture Niyi Omidire Introduction P fertilizers [triple super phosphate Senior Graduate Assistant (TSP), monoammonium phosphate In recent years, increasing levels Crop, Soil and Env Sci (MAP), diammonium phosphate of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) (DAP), rock phosphate, and a chem- in waste streams causing eutrophi- Leah English ically precipitated struvite product cation have gained global attention. Research Program Associate (Crystal Green; CG)], on corn and soy- Additionally, as phosphate is a non- Agri Econ & Agri Bus bean growth on a Calloway silt-loam renewable resource, the price of rock soil (Fraglossudalfs) and on rice grown phosphate, used in the production of Kristofor Brye using a direct-seeded, delayed-flood fertilizer, is expected to increase as Professor production system on a Calhoun silt- reserves are depleted. Consequently, Crop, Soil and Env Sci loam soil (Glossaqualfs) with low soil- it is important to consider options for test P in eastern Arkansas. Prelimi- the efficient use and preservation of Jennie Popp nary field results demonstrate corn, existing phosphate resources. One Professor and Associate Dean soybean and rice yields were at least potential solution may be the precip- Honors College similar, and at times, greater from itation of P and N from liquid waste amendment with ECST than from streams as the mineral struvite Lauren Greenlee other common, commercially avail- (MgNH PO • 6H O). For many Associate Professor 4 4 2 able fertilizer-P sources and the CG Chemical Engineering years, struvite scaling has been a struvite material. From an agronomic major problem for wastewater treat- perspective, preliminary field results ment plants (WWTPs). Recent interest revealed that ECST could serve as in the development of technologies an alternative fertilizer-P source for aimed at removing struvite from multiple row crops grown under field waste streams before struvite forms conditions. Economic analysis based and accumulates in WWTP pipes may on these preliminary results suggests reduce labor and other costs associat- that, in addition to being technically ed with struvite removal, while also viable for crop production, ECST may generating a valuable product for use also prove to be an economically via- in agricultural production. ble fertilizer source, particularly as Struvite is described as a slow-re- nonrenewable P stocks become scarce. lease P fertilizer that can contribute to crop productivity enhancement; What is Struvite? therefore, application of struvite to Struvite, the common name for nutrient-deficient agricultural lands magnesium (Mg2+) ammonium (NH +) could be of great benefit for Arkansas’ 4 Arkansas Is phosphate hexahydrate agriculture. Preliminary field experi- (MgNH PO • 6H O; Johnston and Our Campus ments have been conducted (Summer 4 4 2 Richards, 2003), is a high-value, 2019) to evaluate the effects of elec- slow-release, efficient fertilizer that trochemically precipitated struvite Visit our web site at: can be recovered from both solid (ECST), compared to other common https://www.uaex.uada.edu wastes, such as food, animal and University of Arkansas, United States Department of Agriculture, and County Governments Cooperating human waste (Kataki et al., 2016; Farrow et al., local and global levels. Recovery of nutrients in waste 2017) and wastewaters, such as municipal, indus- streams as struvite has much more to offer society trial and agricultural wastewaters (Westerman, than just the value-added end product. Eutrophica- 2009; Mayer et al., 2016). Equi-molar concentrations tion is a big environmental issue across the world 2+ + 3- (1:1:1) of Mg , NH4 and PO4 with alkaline pH and today. Eutrophication can lead to severe economic, appropriate mixing are necessary to precipitate stru- environmental and human health problems. Reduc- vite as a solid (Rahaman et al., 2008). Struvite has tion in visibility in water bodies and odor problems a molecular weight of 245.43 g mol-1 and is readily from eutrophic algal blooms decrease property values soluble in acidic conditions, sparingly soluble at neu- in the surrounding area (Dodds et al., 2009). Waste- tral conditions, but insoluble in alkaline conditions water treatment plants thus play an important role, (Chirmuley, 1994). as WWTPs are one of the main routes of non-diffuse Struvite fertilizer is granular, concentrated, P losses. The recovery of struvite in WWTPs can non-sludgy, odorless, easy to handle, and free of tra- reduce operating costs by improving sludge dewa- ditional sludge-handling problems (Bouropoulos and tering, reducing biosolids volume, and preventing Koutsoukos, 2000). Pure struvite as a fertilizer has a unwanted deposits in pipes. Removal of struvite from fertilizer grade of approximately 6-28-0 and contains waste streams is a way to reduce eutrophication approximately 16% MgO (Westerman, 2009). Gener- problems (Lee et al., 2007) and groundwater contam- ally, recovered struvite contains between 11 and 26% ination from excess P and N. Sustainable P manage- total P (Johnston and Richards, 2003) depending on ment should therefore focus on P recovery from waste the initial source and method of production, yet only streams. Recovery of struvite from waste streams can about 0.02% is water-soluble (Negrea et al., 2010), reduce offensive odors, which may impact property while the remaining P is acid-soluble (Bridger et al., values in the neighboring areas to with eutrophic 1962), thus making struvite an ideal slow-release water bodies, and can reduce human health hazards source of P for plants. Struvite is treated as P fertil- originating from toxins released by eutrophic blue- izer although struvite is also an effective source of N green algae (cyanobacteria). Furthermore, struvite and Mg. recovery from domestic wastewater could be an opportunity to generate local supplies of P fertiliz- ers for crop production, create job opportunities and Where is Struvite a Problem? improve the economic status of the members of the Over the years, struvite scaling, or deposits, are local communities, and increase biodiversity in water- generally common in WWTPs, causing reductions in bodies due to mitigating eutrophication. Compared flow capacities in pipes and operational inefficiencies. to land-applied biosolids as fertilizer, which can be The removal of struvite has generally been difficult problematic due to handling, odors and low nutrient and costly, with some estimates exceeding $100,000 concentrations, the concentrated nature of nutrients for remediation of struvite scaling in mid-sized in struvite, coupled with easier handling and odorless WWTPs (Ghosh et al., 2019; Forrest et al., 2008). nature, increase the value of struvite as a fertilizer. Therefore, nutrient recovery as struvite, before stru- The positive impacts of wastewater-recovered struvite vite precipitates and accumulates in WWTP pipes in the society can strengthen the economic, social and and on equipment, would be a major relief in the environmental aspects of sustainability. wastewater treatment industry, where 80 to 90 of struvite can be recovered from wastewaters through Water quality degradation, as a result of P load- struvite precipitation processes (Geerts et al., 2015). ing, can increase water scarcity, as polluted waters University of Arkansas researchers are current- may be considered unfit for some specific types of ly experimenting with new technologies that have human use (Davies and Simonovic, 2011). Water potential to remove P from wastewaters and generate scarcity and pollution are closely connected to global energy, thus potentially reducing WWTP operation- food production, population, energy and economics, al costs (related to struvite removal and electricity and may limit societal development if left unchecked usage), while generating an additional income source, (Simonovic, 2002). Removal of struvite from waste struvite for fertilizer. streams can reduce the problem of nutrient enrich- ment occurring at local and global scales, can improve Benefits of Struvite Removal from drinking water quality for humans and animals and availability of water for various human uses, as well Waste Streams as the use of water bodies for recreation. In addition, Management of waste streams is a vital issue, treated wastewaters can be used for irrigation in with both sanitary and environmental concerns at the agriculture. The understanding and optimization of the process of struvite removal from waste streams can enhance the sustainable development of society. Potential Struvite Use in Arkansas Agriculture Agriculture is the backbone of Arkansas’ economy and is precipitated Chemicallyprecipitated product Monoammoniumphosphate (MAP) the largest sector, contributing struvite(ECST) (CrystalGreen) about $21 billion in value added to Arkansas’ economy each year. In 2018, over 7 million acres of crops were planted across Arkan- sas, with rice, corn and soybeans representing almost 75% of all harvested acres (English et al., 2019). As a slow-release P fertil- izer, struvite can contribute to Triplesuper phosphate (TSP) Diammoniumphosphate (DAP) RockPhosphate crop productivity enhancement, Figure 1. Fertilizer-phosphorus sources used in the field studies. and struvite application to nutri- ent-deficient agricultural lands steady nutrient supply for plants and improves fertil-
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