DOCSLIB.ORG

Nutrient Recovery from Human Urine by Struvite Crystallization with Ammonia Adsorption on Zeolite and Wollastonite Bo-Bertil Lind A,*,Zso®A Ban B, Stefan BydEn B

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nutrient Recovery from Human Urine by Struvite Crystallization with Ammonia Adsorption on Zeolite and Wollastonite Bo-Bertil Lind A,*,Zso®A Ban B, Stefan BydEn B Bioresource Technology 73 (2000) 169±174 Nutrient recovery from human urine by struvite crystallization with ammonia adsorption on zeolite and wollastonite Bo-Bertil Lind a,*,Zso®a Ban b, Stefan Byden b a Earth Sciences Centre, Goteborg University, Box 460, SE-405 30 Goteborg, Sweden b Division of Environmental Sciences, Goteborg University, Box 464, SE-405 30 Goteborg, Sweden Received 26 June 1999; received in revised form 26 September 1999; accepted 9 October 1999 Abstract Urine-separation toilets are a possible route for achieving maximum recovery and recycling of urine nutrients not contaminated by hazardous compounds such as heavy metals. However, the direct use of human urine as agricultural fertiliser is problematic and controversial with regard to hygiene, storage, transport and spreading. In this paper, simple methods for capturing the nutrients in urine by transformation into solid mineral form are presented. On the addition of small amounts of MgO to synthetic or natural human urine most of the phosphorous and signi®cant amounts of the potassium and nitrogen were precipitated, with crystalline struvite [Mg K; NH4 PO4Á6H2O] as a major component together with montgomeryite, newberyite, brucite and epsonite. Ni- trogen recovery could be improved by adsorption. Clinoptilolite, wollastonite and a natural zeolite all showed excellent adsorbent properties in contact with ammoniacal solutions. In combination with struvite crystallisation 65±80% of the nitrogen was recovered as crystalline or adsorbed ammonium. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Struvite; Clinoptilolite; Wollastonite; Ion exchange; Adsorption; Zeolite; Ammonia; Nutrient recovery 1. Introduction Karrman, 1997). However, life cycle assessment-studies of urine-separation systems also show that the storage, About 94% of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potas- transport and spreading of large amounts of urine, sium in toilet wastewater emanates from the urine, to- presents serious obstacles to system eciency (Jenssen gether with abundant micronutrients in balanced and Etner, 1996; Larsen and Gujer, 1996; Hoglund et concentrations (Wolgast, 1993). New ideas for eco-cy- al., 1998). Large volumes of urine are needed to fertilise cling of nutrients from waste water have been proposed typical farmland, leading to high transport costs. An- based on urine separation, in order to maximise the other problem of urine-separation systems is the loss of recovery and recycling of nutrients and to reduce eu- nitrogen by ammonia evaporation during storage and trophication in freshwater and coastal ecosystems. Ur- spreading (Hanaeus et al., 1996). Furthermore in many ine separating toilets have been developed and installed countries the spreading of liquid urine fertiliser is re- in several eco-villages around the world, including dif- stricted to certain periods of the year. ferent parts of Sweden. We believe that many of the problems connected with Life cycle comparisons of conventional and urine- urine separation could be met by transforming the nu- separation wastewater systems show that urine-separa- trients in the urine into solid minerals. Handling and tion systems have many advantages related to emissions storage could be substantially improved, the volume and nutrient recovery (Bengtsson et al., 1997). Exergy would be dramatically reduced compared with liquid (energy eciency) analyses of sewage treatment systems urine, loss of nitrogen into the atmosphere would be show that phosphorous and nitrogen-recycling eciency eliminated, a high level of hygiene could be maintained is highest if urine separation is used (Hellstrom and and spreading on arable land could be much more ¯exible in terms of time and dosage. * This paper presents the results of a pilot study of Corresponding author. Present address: Swedish Geotechnical nutrient recovery from human urine by struvite crys- Institute, Nya Tingstadsgatan 1, SE-422 44 Hisings Backa, Sweden. Tel.: +46-31-65-65-36; fax: +46-31-65-65-77. tallisation with further ammonia recovery using zeolites E-mail address: [email protected] (B.-B. Lind). or wollastonite. 0960-8524/00/$ - see front matter Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 9 6 0 - 8 5 2 4 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 157-1 170 B.-B. Lind et al. / Bioresource Technology 73 (2000) 169±174 2. Crystallisation and adsorption of nutrients from human sorption a NH4Cl solution was prepared with concen- urine trations similar to synthetic human urine without and with urea hydrolysis; 0.02 and 1 M, respectively. All Human urine is a complex aqueous solution con- solutions were stored at room temperature. taining sodium chloride (NaCl) and urea (CO(NH2)2)as The chemical compositions of the adsorbents are dominant compounds but also potassium (K), calcium presented in Table 1. The adsorbent minerals were not (Ca), sulfate (SO4) and phosphate (PO4) in low con- pretreated or activated in any way, just crushed and centrations. One of the most important compounds that sieved to speci®c grain size fractions. Deionised water can precipitate from human urine is the mineral struvite, was used for all dilution, washing and preparation. Mg NH4 PO4Á6H2O, formed by reaction of magne- Ammonium measurements were made using a Metrohm sium with ammonical phosphate solutions and usually calibrated ammonia-selective electrode, complemented found in deposits of guano or animal dung. Human with Kjeldahl nitrogen analysis. urine contains an excess of ammonium relative to phosphate, but is de®cient in magnesium. The normal 3.1. Struvite crystallization pH of human urine is between 5.6 and 6.8 and most of 2 the phosphate is present as H2PO4 or HPO4 . With the Laboratory experiments were based on dephosphati- addition of MgO the pH increases, shifting the phos- sation procedures, using 98% pure MgO. First, dierent 3 phate equilibrium toward PO4 and magnesium is pro- amounts of MgO were added to 20 ml samples of syn- vided for struvite crystallisation. Struvite precipitation thetic urine in 50 ml test tubes. The pH was measured may be a method to remove phosphate but if it happens continuously and MgO additions were adjusted to give spontaneously it can also cause operational problems in pH values ranging from approximately 6.5±10. The tests sewage systems. Struvite formation from mixed waste were made at room temperature (20°C). Additional ex- water has been studied by e.g., Liberti et al. (1986), Sen periments were done using fresh, human urine. The and Randall (1988), Mohajit et al. (1989), Maqeda et al. MgO added was more than sucient to supply the (1994), Momberg and Oellermann (1992), Perez Rodrõguez et al. (1992), Wrigley et al. (1992a,b) and Battistoni et al. (1997). The potential of struvite crys- Table 1 Chemical composition of adsorbent minerals tallisation for direct nutrient recovery from human urine has to our knowledge not been investigated before. Component % Clinoptilolite, Mad, Hungary In fresh urine ammonium NH4 is formed from the decomposition of urea (Hanaeus et al., 1996). This oers SiO2 62.43 Al O 10.95 possibilities for nitrogen recovery by ammonium uptake 2 3 MoO3 0.11 to speci®c adsorbents such as zeolite or wollastonite FeO 0.12 minerals. The ion exchange properties of natural zeolites MgO 0.79 CaO 3.17 especially clinoptilolite R Na; K6 Al6Si30O72Á20H2O are well documented (c.f. Breck, 1974; Jorgensen et al., Na2O 0.13 K2O 2.74 1976; Gottardi and Galli, 1985; Tomazovic et al., 1996). Totala 80.44 The use of wollastonite for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions was investigated by e.g. Sharma et al. Wollastonite, Hulta East, Sweden SiO 63.16 (1990) and Lifvergren (1997). The use of zeolite or wo- 2 Al2O3 4.20 llastonite as adsorbents for ammonium recovery from Fe2O3 1.12 human urine has not been investigated before. MnO 0.26 CaO 3.12 Na2O 0.12 K O 2.62 3. Methods 2 P2O5 0.01 Totala 74.61 Synthetic human urine containing 11 solutes, in Zeolite-mix, Mad, Hungary concentrations equivalent to the daily average urine of SiO2 68.48 normal healthy men was prepared according to con- Al2O3 12.48 ventional urological methods (Grith et al., 1976a,b) FeO 0.05 for use in the experiments. Synthetic urine is free of CaO 3.46 pyrophosphates, organic macromolecules (matrix) and Na2O 0.02 K2O 3.27 unspeci®ed substances that could enhance or inhibit the MgO 1.12 nutrient recovery. In addition struvite precipitation was TiO2 0.08 also tested using fresh human urine from ®ve healthy, Totala 88.90 a young to middle-aged people. For studies of NH4 ad- Does not include water. B.-B. Lind et al. / Bioresource Technology 73 (2000) 169±174 171 stoichiometric ratio, Mg:P; 1.71:2.21, for urine containing 0.5 g P/l and to raise the pH to about 10. The precipitates were ®ltered, dried at 40°C and weighed. Electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) and X-ray diraction (XRD) analyses were made of the precipitates. The combination of struvite precipitation with fur- ther ammonium uptake by clinoptilolite and wollas- tonite was also investigated. 3.2. Batch adsorption experiments At constant room temperature (20°C) 25 ml solution, synthetic human urine or NH4Cl solution, was used together with 0.5 g of adsorbent mineral for each ex- periment. Stirring at 200±250 rpm established contact between adsorbent and solution. pH and ammonium Fig. 1. SEM photo of struvite crystal (´ 1000). were measured during each experiment, after which the liquid was separated from the adsorbent with a vacuum ®lter. This process was repeated with the following of 1.71:2.21 magnesium to phosphorous. It is also clear variables: that potassium as well as calcium was included in the 1. three dierent mineral adsorbents: clinoptilolite, wo- precipitate. Natural struvite does not have a pure end- llastonite and mixed zeolite, member composition as shown in Table 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Precipitation of Phosphate Minerals from Effluent of Anaerobically Digested Swine Manure Alex Y
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2012 Precipitation of Phosphate Minerals from Effluent of Anaerobically Digested Swine Manure Alex Y. Lin University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons, Environmental Engineering Commons, and the Environmental Sciences Commons Scholar Commons Citation Lin, Alex Y., "Precipitation of Phosphate Minerals from Effluent of Anaerobically Digested Swine Manure" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4359 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Precipitation of Phosphate Minerals from Effluent of Anaerobically Digested Swine Manure by Alex Yuan-li Lin A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering College of Engineering University of South Florida Co-Major Professor: Sarina Ergas, Ph.D. Co-Major Professor: Jeffrey Cunningham, Ph.D. Maya Trotz, Ph.D. Date of Approval: November 9, 2012 Keywords: struvite, wastewater, confined animal feeding operation (CAFO), fertilizer, synthetic Copyright © 2012, Alex Yuan-li Lin DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to all those that have supported me along the way whether directly or indirectly. I would like to thank members of Intervarsity on the USF campus, members of Community Life Church, and my family for their support and encouragement in many ways.
    [Show full text]
  • DESCRIPTIVE HUMAN PATHOLOGICAL MINERALOGY 1179 but Still Occursregularly
    Amerkan Mincraloght, Volume 59, pages I177-1182, 1974 DescriptiveHuman Pathological Mineralogy Rrcneno I. Gmsox P.O. Box I O79, Dauis,C alilornia 95 6 I 6 Absfract Crystallographic, petrographic, and X-ray powder difiraction analysis of approximately 15,000 samples showed that the most common mineral constituents of human pathological concretions are calcium oxalates (whewellite and weddellite), calcium phosphates (apatite, brushite, and whitlockite), and magnesium phosphates (struvite and newberyite). Less are monetite, hannayite, calcite, aragonite, vaterite, halite, gypsum, and hexahydrite."o-rnon of the variables determining which minerals precipitate, the effects of different pH values on deposi- tional conditions are most apparent, and are shown by occurrences and relationships among many of the minerals studied. A pH-sensitive series has been identified among magnesium phosphatesin concretions. Introduction The study was carried out over a period of three The importanceof mineralogyin the field of medi- years.Composition was confirmedby X-ray powder cine lies in the applicationof mineralogicalmethods diffraction and polarizing microscopy;sequence was to study pathologicalmineral depositsin the human arrived at from considerationsof microscopic tex- body. Urology benefitsgreatly becauseconcretions tural and crystallographicrelationships. More than of mineral matter (calculi) are common in the 14,500samples were derivedfrom the urinary sys- urinary system.The value of mineralogicalanalysis tem of kidneys,ureters, bladder, and urethra; the of urinary material was first describedby prien and remaining samples are not statistically significant Frondel (1947). Mineralogistsmay be unawareof and arediscussed only briefly. the variability and nature of such compounds be- Calcium cause reports are usually published in medical Oxalates journals. This investigationreports the mineralogy Whewellite, CaCzOE.H2O,and weddellite, CaCz- and possiblepathological significanceof these min- O4'2H2O,are very uncommonin the mineralworld.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Raman Spectroscopy of Newberyite, Hannayite and Struvite. Ray L. Frost
    Raman spectroscopy of newberyite, hannayite and struvite. Ray L. Frost• a, Matt L. Weier a, Wayde N. Martens, a Dermot A. Henry b, and Stuart J. Mills b,c a Inorganic Materials Research Program, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Queensland 4001, Australia. b Geosciences, Museum Victoria, PO Box 666E, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia. c CSIRO Minerals, Box 312, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia. This is the authors’ version of a paper that was later published as: Frost, Ray, Weier, Matt , Martens, Wayde, Henry, Dermot & Mills, Stuart (2005) Raman spectroscopy of newberyite, hannayite and struvite. Spectrochimica Acta 62(1):pp. 181-188. Copyright 2005 Elsevier Abstract The phosphate minerals hannayite, newberyite and struvite have been studied by Raman spectroscopy using a thermal stage. Hannayite and newberyite are -1 characterised by an intense band at around 980 cm assigned to the ν1 symmetric stretching vibration of the HPO4 units. In contrast the symmetric stretching mode is -1 observed at 942 cm for struvite. The Raman spectra are characterised by multiple ν3 antisymmetric stretching bands and ν2 and ν4 bending modes indicating strong distortion of the HPO4 and PO4 units. Hannayite and newberyite are defined by bands -1 at 3382 and 3350 cm attributed to HOPO3 vibrations and hannayite and struvite by + bands at 2990, 2973 and 2874 assigned to NH4 bands. Raman spectroscopy has proven most useful for the analysis of these ‘cave’ minerals where complex paragenetic relationships exist between the minerals. Keywords: hannayite, newberryite, struvite, phosphate, Raman spectroscopy Introduction Interest in struvite formation also comes from the formation in urinary tracts and kidneys [1-6].
    [Show full text]
  • Bladder Stones in Dogs & Cats By: Dr
    Navarro Small Animal Clinic 5009 Country Club Dr. Victoria, TX 77904 361-573-2491 www.navarrosmallanimalclinic.com Bladder Stones in Dogs & Cats By: Dr. Shana Bohac Dogs, like people, can develop a variety of bladder stones. These stones are rock-like structures that are formed by minerals. Some stones form in alkaline urine, whereas others form when the urine is more acidic. Bladder stones are very common in dogs, particularly small breed dogs. The most common signs that a dog or cat has bladder stones include blood in the urine, and straining to urinate. Blood is seen due to the stones bouncing around and hitting the bladder wall. This can irritate and damage the tissue and can cause cystitis (inflammation of the bladder). Straining to urinate occurs because of the inflammation and irritation of the bladder walls or urethra or muscle spasms. The stone itself can actually obstruct the flow of urine if it blocks the urethra. Small stones can get stuck in the urethra and cause a complete obstruction. This can be life threatening if the obstruction is not relieved since the bladder can rupture as more urine is produced with nowhere to go. Bladder stones form because of changes in the urine pH. Normal dog urine is slightly acidic and contains waste products such as dissolved minerals and enzymes such as urease. Urease breaks down excess ammonia in urine. An overload of ammonia in urine can cause bladder inflammation and thickening known as cystitis. There are a variety of stones that can form in the bladder, some that form in acidic urine, while others form in alkaline urine.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Insights Into the Mechanisms and Management of Infection Stones
    Current insights into the mechanisms and management of infection stones Authors: Erika J. Espinosa-Ortiz, Brian H. Eisner, Dirk Lange, and Robin Gerlach The final publication is available at Springer via https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41585-018-0120-z. Espinosa-Ortiz, Erika J., Brian H. Eisner, Dirk Lange, and Robin Gerlach, “Current insights into the mechanisms and management of infection stones,” Nature Reviews Urology, November 2018, 16: 35-53. doi: 10.1038/s41585-018-0120-z. Made available through Montana State University’s ScholarWorks scholarworks.montana.edu Current insights into the mechanisms and management of infection stones Erika J. Espinosa-Ortiz1,2, Brian H. Eisner3, Dirk Lange4* and Robin Gerlach 1,2* Abstract | Infection stones are complex aggregates of crystals amalgamated in an organic matrix that are strictly associated with urinary tract infections. The management of patients who form infection stones is challenging owing to the complexity of the calculi and high recurrence rates. The formation of infection stones is a multifactorial process that can be driven by urine chemistry , the urine microenvironment, the presence of modulator substances in urine, associations with bacteria, and the development of biofilms. Despite decades of investigation, the mechanisms of infection stone formation are still poorly understood. A mechanistic understanding of the formation and growth of infection stones — including the role of organics in the stone matrix, microorganisms, and biofilms in stone formation and their effect on stone characteristics — and the medical implications of these insights might be crucial for the development of improved treatments. Tools and approaches used in various disciplines (for example, engineering, chemistry , mineralogy , and microbiology) can be applied to further understand the microorganism–mineral interactions that lead to infection stone formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Struvite Urolithiasis in Dogs
    Glendale Animal Hospital 623-934-7243 www.familyvet.com Struvite Urolithiasis in Dogs (Struvite Stones in the Urinary Tract of Dogs) Basics OVERVIEW • ”Urolithiasis” is the medical term for the presence of stones (known as “uroliths”) in the urinary tract • The most common minerals found in the stones (uroliths) are used to name the particular stone; in this type of stone, struvite makes up the composition of the stone, and thus the name “struvite urolithiasis”; struvite is magnesium ammonium phosphate • The urinary tract consists of the kidneys, the ureters (the tubes running from the kidneys to the bladder), the urinary bladder (that collects urine and stores it until the pet urinates), and the urethra (the tube from the bladder to the outside, through which urine flows out of the body) • Struvite urolithiasis is the formation of crystalline stones (uroliths) composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate, or struvite, in the urinary tract GENETICS • The high incidence of struvite stones (uroliths) in some breeds of dogs (such as the miniature schnauzer) suggests a familial (runs in certain families or lines of animals) tendency; it is hypothesized that susceptible miniature schnauzers inherit some abnormality of local host defenses of the urinary tract that increases their likelihood to develop urinary tract infection (UTI) • Sterile struvite uroliths were found in a family of English cocker spaniels SIGNALMENT/DESCRIPTION OF PET Species • Dogs Breed Predilections • Miniature schnauzer, shih tzu, bichon frise, miniature poodle, cocker spaniel,
    [Show full text]
  • Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals
    AppendixA __________ Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals 325 Optical Properties of Common Rock-Forming Minerals J. B. Lyons, S. A. Morse, and R. E. Stoiber Distinguishing Characteristics Chemical XI. System and Indices Birefringence "Characteristically parallel, but Mineral Composition Best Cleavage Sign,2V and Relief and Color see Fig. 13-3. A. High Positive Relief Zircon ZrSiO. Tet. (+) 111=1.940 High biref. Small euhedral grains show (.055) parallel" extinction; may cause pleochroic haloes if enclosed in other minerals Sphene CaTiSiOs Mon. (110) (+) 30-50 13=1.895 High biref. Wedge-shaped grains; may (Titanite) to 1.935 (0.108-.135) show (110) cleavage or (100) Often or (221) parting; ZI\c=51 0; brownish in very high relief; r>v extreme. color CtJI\) 0) Gamet AsB2(SiO.la where Iso. High Grandite often Very pale pink commonest A = R2+ and B = RS + 1.7-1.9 weakly color; inclusions common. birefracting. Indices vary widely with composition. Crystals often euhedraL Uvarovite green, very rare. Staurolite H2FeAI.Si2O'2 Orth. (010) (+) 2V = 87 13=1.750 Low biref. Pleochroic colorless to golden (approximately) (.012) yellow; one good cleavage; twins cruciform or oblique; metamorphic. Olivine Series Mg2SiO. Orth. (+) 2V=85 13=1.651 High biref. Colorless (Fo) to yellow or pale to to (.035) brown (Fa); high relief. Fe2SiO. Orth. (-) 2V=47 13=1.865 High biref. Shagreen (mottled) surface; (.051) often cracked and altered to %II - serpentine. Poor (010) and (100) cleavages. Extinction par- ~ ~ alleL" l~4~ Tourmaline Na(Mg,Fe,Mn,Li,Alk Hex. (-) 111=1.636 Mod. biref.
    [Show full text]
  • Tavistockite and Bialite Discredited
    MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, MARCH 1969, VOL. 37, NO. 285 Tavistockite and bialite discredited P. G. EMBREY AND E. E. FEJER Department of Mineralogy, British Museum (Natural History) SUMMARY. Specimens of tavistockite fall into two groups: true tavistockite from the George and Charlotte mine, Tavistock, Devon, and wavellite from the Stenna Gwyn mine, St. Austell, Cornwall. Both were sold as tavistockite by the discoverer, Richard TaIling. Tavistockite proper is a fluorapatite, as shown by optical and X-ray examination, and the alumina and water in the original analysis are certainly derived from kaolinite with which the apatite is intimately associated. The published optical properties attributed to tavistockite were determined by E. S. Larsen on Stenna Gwyn material, and are those of wavellite. Re-examination of a portion of Buttgenbach's type bialite, which he related to tavistockite on optical grounds, shows it to be wavellite. TAVISTOCKITE has been a doubtful species from the time it was first described in 1865 by A. H. Church! as 'Hydrated Calcium-aluminic Phosphate (?)'. Its apparent validity has been established by successive appearances in all the standard works on systematic mineralogy, starting with J. D. Dana's renaming as tavistockite in 1868.2 The present study is perhaps as much historical as mineralogical, since Church's original material cannot be traced and other specimens present a confused picture both in naming and in locality. We have studied seventeen specimens (see table) that are or have at one time been labelled tavistockite, and find that they fall into two distinct groups that may readily be characterized by the mineral assemblages present.
    [Show full text]
  • Canine and Feline Urolithiasis Updates and Challenges India F
    Canine and Feline Urolithiasis Updates and Challenges India F. Lane, DVM, MS, EdD, DACVIM Elizabeth M. Lennon, DVM, PhD, DACVIM The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Urolithiasis - General Urolithiasis is common in both dogs and cats. Urolithiasis likely results from a constellation of predisposing factors that ultimately results in precipitation of excretory metabolites in the urine. These precipitates form crystals which can eventually aggregate into stones. The most common uroliths in dogs include struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate), calcium oxalate, cystine, urate, and silica. The most common feline uroliths include feline calcium oxalate and struvite. In addition to being comprised solely of one type, uroliths can also be composed of multiple stone types, which is referred to as a compound stone. For example, the core of a urolith could be formed of calcium oxalate with a struvite urolith shell. The majority of uroliths are present in the urinary bladder at diagnosis (84%). Other sites include the urethra (7%), the kidney (3%), and less than 1% are present in the ureters, although that number has been increasing in recent years. Urine pH has a significant determining factor on the presence of uroliths. Certain uroliths form in acidic urine, while others form in more basic urine. Calcium oxalate, purine, cystine, silica, and calcium phosphate uroliths form in acidic urine, while infection-induced struvite stones form in basic urine. It is important to recognize that crystalluria (presence of microcrystals in the urine that are observed on urine sediment examination) is not abnormal. Normal individuals can have crystals present in their urine and this does not mean that this animal will form stones.
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabetical List
    LIST L - MINERALS - ALPHABETICAL LIST Specific mineral Group name Specific mineral Group name acanthite sulfides asbolite oxides accessory minerals astrophyllite chain silicates actinolite clinoamphibole atacamite chlorides adamite arsenates augite clinopyroxene adularia alkali feldspar austinite arsenates aegirine clinopyroxene autunite phosphates aegirine-augite clinopyroxene awaruite alloys aenigmatite aenigmatite group axinite group sorosilicates aeschynite niobates azurite carbonates agate silica minerals babingtonite rhodonite group aikinite sulfides baddeleyite oxides akaganeite oxides barbosalite phosphates akermanite melilite group barite sulfates alabandite sulfides barium feldspar feldspar group alabaster barium silicates silicates albite plagioclase barylite sorosilicates alexandrite oxides bassanite sulfates allanite epidote group bastnaesite carbonates and fluorides alloclasite sulfides bavenite chain silicates allophane clay minerals bayerite oxides almandine garnet group beidellite clay minerals alpha quartz silica minerals beraunite phosphates alstonite carbonates berndtite sulfides altaite tellurides berryite sulfosalts alum sulfates berthierine serpentine group aluminum hydroxides oxides bertrandite sorosilicates aluminum oxides oxides beryl ring silicates alumohydrocalcite carbonates betafite niobates and tantalates alunite sulfates betekhtinite sulfides amazonite alkali feldspar beudantite arsenates and sulfates amber organic minerals bideauxite chlorides and fluorides amblygonite phosphates biotite mica group amethyst
    [Show full text]
  • Fertilizer Potential of Struvite As Affected by Nitrogen Form In
    sustainability Article Fertilizer Potential of Struvite as Affected by Nitrogen Form in the Rhizosphere Andrea Danaé Gómez-Suárez 1,2,Cécile Nobile 1 , Michel-Pierre Faucon 1, Olivier Pourret 1 and David Houben 1,* 1 UniLaSalle, AGHYLE, 60026 Beauvais, France; [email protected] (A.D.G.-S.); [email protected] (C.N.); [email protected] (M.-P.F.); [email protected] (O.P.) 2 Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad La Salle, Mexico City 06140, Mexico * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-3-44-06-93-45 Received: 14 February 2020; Accepted: 10 March 2020; Published: 12 March 2020 Abstract: Struvite is increasingly considered a promising alternative to mined phosphorus (P) fertilizer. However, its solubility is very low under neutral to alkaline pH while it increases with acidification. Here, we investigated whether supplying ammonium to stimulate rhizosphere acidification might improve struvite solubility at the vicinity of roots and, ultimately, enhance P uptake by plants. Using a RHIZOtest design, we studied changes in soil pH, P availability and P uptake by ryegrass in the rhizosphere and bulk soil supplied with either ammonium or nitrate under three P treatments: no-P, triple super phosphate and struvite. We found that supplying ammonium decreased rhizosphere pH by more than three units, which in turn increased soluble P concentrations by three times compared with nitrate treatments. However, there was no difference between P treatments, which was attributed to the increase of soluble Al concentration in the rhizosphere, which subsequently controlled P availability by precipitating it under the form of variscite-like minerals (predicted using Visual MINTEQ).
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography and Index
    Bulletin No. 203. Series G, Miscellaneous, 23 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES .1). YVALCOTT, DIRECTOR BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX FOR T I-I E Y E A. R 1 9 O 1 BY FRED BOUGHTON "WEEKS WASHINGTON - GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1902 CONTENTS, Page. Letter of transmittal....................................................... 5 Introduction ......... 4 ................................................... 7 List of publications examined ............................................. 9 Bibliography ............................................................ 13 Addenda to bibliographies for previous years............................... 95 Classified key to the index ...........'.......... ............................ 97 Index ..................................................................... 103 LETTER OF TRANSM1TTAL. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, Washington, D. 0., July % SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy for the Year 1901, and to request that it be published as a Bulletin of the Survey. Yours respectfully, F. B. WEEKS. Hon. CHARLES D. WALCOTT, director United State* Geological Survey. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOLOGY, PALEONTOLOGY, PETROLOGY, AND MINERALOGY FOR THE YEAR 1901. By FRED BOUGHTON WEEKS. INTRODUCTION. The preparation and arrangement of the material of the Bibliog­ raphy and Index for 1901 is similar to that adopted for the previous publications.(Bulletins Nos. 130, 135, 146, 149, 156, 162, 172, 188, and 189). Several papers that should have been entered in the pre­ vious bulletins are here recorded, and the date of publication is given with each entry. Bibliography. The bibliography consists of full titles of separate papers, arranged alphabetically by authors' names, an abbreviated reference to the publication in which the paper is printed, and a brief description of the contents, each paper being numbered for index reference.
    [Show full text]