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Practical Considerations for High Voltage DC Land and Submarine Cable Systems

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Practical Considerations for High Voltage DC Land and Submarine Cable Systems HIGH VOLTAGE DC LAND AND SUBMARINE CABLE SYSTEM Practical Considerations Ernesto Zaccone Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA THE USE OF HVDC CABLES . HVDC cables are mainly used for submarine applications were overhead lines cannot be used . HVDC overhead lines are more common for land applications but some important HVDC underground cables land connections have been realized and are also planned for the near future. Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA WHY TO USE HVDC TRANSMISSION . The electric power transmission started more than 1 century ago with DC but AC soon offered some better practical applications. The approximative relation for the transmissible power is: VV For AC P 1 2 sin X VV2 2 For DC P 1 2 2R . The line factor that is limiting the DC power transmission is the conductor resistance R Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA AC TRANSMISSION Cables are cylindrical capacitors A cable under AC voltage is subject to a capacitive current that is proportional to the frequency f[Hz], to the voltage V[V], to the unitary capacitance C [μF/km] and to the cable length L[km]: I = 2·π· f · C · V · L Cables for HV-AC transmission typically have a capacitance of the order of 0,2-0,3 [μF/km] therefore require capacitive currents of 10 to 25 [A/km], depending on system voltage and frequency. For short lengths (few kilometers) this is not a problem, but for long lengths, e.g. above 60-80 km depending on the voltage, the capacitive current become similar in magnitude (even if in quadrature) to the active current that the cable is asked to transmit: losses are very much increased and consequently actual cable rating is reduced. Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA DC TRANSMISSION With DC, the things for the cable system are much simpler: f = 0; Consequently, capacitive current and main effects relevant to reactances are eliminated. Only conductor resistance plays the major role. 2 Transmission (Joule) losses are: W [W] = R · L · I (+ W Earth Return) and Voltage Drop: ΔV [V] = R · L · I (+ ΔV Earth Return) Practically, there are no limits for the Transmission Length, quite independently from transmission Voltage and Power. Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA AC-DC CONVERSION Systems are operated in AC; therefore DC transmission shall be associated with AC-DC Converter Stations at both ends. P The two networks are not required to be syncronised; they can have different frequency and voltage. The system, overall, acts like a P Generating Power Station that is G injecting power into the receiving AC Network e.g. 345 kV, 60 Hz network. Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA LINE COMMUTATED CONVERTER i HVDC CABLE Conventional High-Power Converters use + P Tyristors (controlled Diodes): the current flows in one direction only and the polarity GROUND RETURN reversed Line Commutated Converter (LCC). i Therefore, when the power flow is reversed, also the polarity on the HVDC cable is reversed: here an example: + A B Transferring power from side A to B, i + clockwise direction of current, cable _ is at positive voltage (+) i _ A B _ _ _ Transferring power from side B to A, i _ + + + to keep same direction of current, + cable is at negative voltage (-) i Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTERS P/2 The New Generation of Converters (VSC – Voltage Source Converters) use use IGBT Transistors. The + HV AC voltage is ‘built’ as liked; there are no constraints _ HV on current direction and therefore there is no P/2 necessity to reverse the polarity when the power flow is reversed Therefore, when the power flow is reversed, the direction of current is reversed but the polarity of the HVDC cables is the same: here an example: A + B Transferring power from side A to B, i clockwise direction of current, one cable is at positive (+) and one at i - negative (-) voltage A + B Transferring power from side B to A, i to keep same polarity of cables but with anticlockwise direction of i current - Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA Some Considerations on Transmission Systems Transmission Solution Advantages Drawbacks/Limitations Simple Heavy cable AC AC No maintenance Length (50-150 km) High Availability Rigid connection/Power control Require reactive compensation AC High short circuit currents Less no. of cables, lighter Needs strong AC networks No limits in length Cannot feed isolated loads AC AC Low cable and conv. Losses Polarity reversal Power flow control Large space occupied DC - LCC Very high transmiss. power Special equipment (trafo, filters) Conventional Can feed isolated loads (oil platforms, Higher conversion losses wind parks, small islands, etc.), medium Limited experience power Limited power Modularity, short deliv.time AC AC Small space and envir.impact No polarity reversal DC - VSC Standard equipment Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA TYPICAL HVDC BIPOLE WITH EMERGENCY ELECTRODES CONFIGURATIONS P/2 + HV (Cook-Strait; MONOPOLE 2 . v Vancouver 1; Skagerrak; ( Majority of CABLE i Haenam-Cheju) _ Old Systems: P/2 HV SA.CO.I; + P ITA-GREECE; SEA RETURN BIPOLE WITH METALLIC RETURN Fennoskan; i + Baltic Cable ) P/2 + HV Cathode Anode (Hokkaido- v . 2 v Honshu 2; v Gotland 2) HVHVHV MONOPOLE (WITH METALLIC RETURN) P/2 _ CABLE (Hokkaido- i BIPOLE WITHOUT METALLIC RETURN Honshu 1; + P P/2 Moyle; (Cross SVE-POL; M.V. RETURN CABLE + HV Channel; Basslink; Nor-Ned; Neptune) Laid Separated _ HV Transbay) or bundled P/2 Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA AC vs. DC - TRANSMISSION OPTIONS > 2400 MW 600 3500 MW S Y D.C.Fluid Filled S Cable Systems T 525 Mass-impregnated 1200 MW Traditional or PPL insulated E D.C. Cable Systems M 1000 MW 400 V A.C./D.C. Fluid Filled O Cable Systems 800 MW L 300 T A 230 600 MW G A.C. Extruded or Fluid Filled Cable Systems Extruded D.C. Cable Systems E 150 (or conventional MI) 400 MW 60 k A.C. Extruded Insulation Cable Systems V 10 0 40 60 80 100 120 140 No Theoretical limit for D.C. ROUTE LENGTH km A.C. one 3-phase system D.C. one bipole Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA CABLES A (FUNDAMENTAL) COMPONENT OF HVDC SYSTEMS Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA Mass Impregnated Cables are the most used; they are in service for more than 40 years and have been proven to be highly reliable. At present used for Voltages up to 500 kV DC. Conductor sizes typically up to 2500 mm2. Copper conductor Semiconducting paper tapes Insulation of paper tapes impregnated with viscous compound Semiconducting paper tapes Lead alloy sheath Polyethylene jacket Metallic tape reinforcement Syntetic tape or yarn bedding Single or double layer of steel armour (flat or round wires) Polypropylene yarn serving Typical Weight = 30 to 60 kg/m Typical Diameter = 110 to 140 mm Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA Self Contained Fluid-Filled Cables are used for very high voltages (they are qualified for 600 kV DC) and for short connections, where there are no hyd raulic limitations in order to feed the cable during thermal transients; at present used for Voltages up to 500 kV DC. Conductor sizes up to 3000 mm2. Conductor of copper or aluminium wires or segmental strips Semiconducting paper tapes Insulation of wood-pulp paper tapes impregnated with low viscosity oil Semiconducting paper tapes and textile tapes Lead alloy sheath Metallic tape reinforcement Polyethylene jacket Syntetic tape or yarn beddings Single or double layer of steel armour (flat or round wires); sometime copper if foreseen for both AC and DC use, in order to reduce losses in AC due to induced current Polypropylene yarn serving Typical Weight = 40 to 80 kg/m Typical Diameter = 110 to 160 mm Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA Extruded Cables for HVDC applications are still under development; at present they are used for relatively low voltages (up to 300 kV DC), mainly associated with Voltage Source Converters, that permit to reverse the power flow without reversing the polarity on the cable. In fact, an Extruded Insulation (generally PE based) can be Conductor subjected to an uneven distribution Semiconducting compound of the charges, that can migrate Extruded insulation inside the insulation due to the Semiconducting compound effect of the electrical field. Lead alloy sheath Polyethylene jacket It is therefore possible to have an Syntetic tape or yarn beddings accumulation of charges in Steel armour localised areas inside the insulation Polypropylene yarn serving (space charges) that, in particular during rapid polarity Typ. Weight = 20 to 35 kg/m reversals, can give rise to localised Typ. Diameter= 90 to 120 mm high stress and bring to accelerated ageing of the insulation. Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA EXTRUDED INSULATION HVDC LAND CABLE Conductor Semiconducting compound Extruded insulation Semiconducting compound Water swellable tape Metallic screen Polyethylene jacket Typ. Weight = 10 to 30 kg/m Typ. Diameter= 40 to 120 mm Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA CABLE SYSTEM - HVDC 400 KV MI CABLES Submarine HVDC Cable Land HVDC Cable - Cu Conductor: 1500 mm2 - Cu Conductor: 2000 mm2 - Insulation: Mass impregnated paper - Insulation: Mass impregnated paper - Armour: Galvanized steel - Overall diameter: 121 mm - Overall diameter: 121 mm - Weight of cable: 38.5 kg/m - Weight of cable: 43 kg/m Spring 2010 ICC Education Subcommittee – 24 March, 2010 Nashville, USA Typical Manufacturing Flow Diagram of a submarine cables.
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