DOCSLIB.ORG

Culture of the Freshwater Cladoceran, Daphnia Pulex F\

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Culture of the Freshwater Cladoceran, Daphnia Pulex F\ CULTURE OF THE FRESHWATER CLADOCERAN, DAPHNIA PULEX F\ UTILIZING SCENEDESMUS OBLIQUUS GROWN IN DAIRY WASTE MEDIUM by NELSON M. CASTILLO B. Sc., University of the Philippines, Quezon City Philippines, 1975 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Agricultural Mechanics) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA October 1981 ©Nelson M. Castillo, 1981 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library, shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Q^O^!Sn^ QUx&qV\flg*> The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date SAW \&j R?\ J ii ABSTRACT Scenedesmus obliquus was grown in batch cultures at varying concentrations of digested dairy medium ranging from 200 to 2,000 ug-at • N-l1. Higher growth rates were observed at low N- concentrations while higher cell yields were observed at high N- concentrations. Aeration enhanced both algal growth rates and biomass yields. Results show an advantage in adjusting the nitrogen to phosphorus atomic ratio of the medium. More biomass was produced in cultures with higher N:P ratios. The algal biomass produced was used as food for the freshwater cladoceran, Daphnia pulex F. Three feeding levels -1 were used: 50,000, 100,000 and 150,000 cells-ml . However, no significant differences were observed in both Daphnia biomass yields and biomass conversion efficiencies. The tendency of Scenedesmus cells to settle down in the bottom and cling to the sides of the tank presented a major problem in the study.- Intensive feeding did not increase the biomass production of Daphnia, although larger-sized adults with larger brood sizes were produced. Animals in culture reached a density of 1.24 animals-mfAand obtained conversion efficiencies as high as 40- 50%. Dr. J,W. Zahradnik Thesis Supervisor iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS . iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES . vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW '.. 3 Recycling of Wastes through Aquaculture 3 Algal Production from Waste 5 Daphnia as a Potential Fish Food in Aquaculture 8 Present State-of-the-Art on Daphnia Culture 12 MATERIALS AND METHODS 14 Algae 14 Daphnia pulex 14 Media Preparation 15 Algal Culture Medium 15 Daphnia Culture Medium 15 Description of Culture Units 16 Algal Culture Unit 16 Daphnia Culture Unit 18 Culture Methods 18 Algal-Culture Method 18 Daphnia Culture Method 19 Chemical Analysis 21 Kheldahl Nitrogen 21 Ammonia/Nitrate/Nitrite 21 iv Total Phosphate 22 . Ortho-Phosphate 22 Algal Cell Weight 22 Growth Rate Experiments ( Daphnia ) 23 Length-Weight Relationship ( Daphnia ) 23 RESULTS 25. Dairy Waste Analysis .25 Algal Experiments 26 Daphnia Experiments 37 Algal Cell Weight 68 Growth Rate Experiments 68 Length-Weight Relationship 71 Brood Size in Relation to Daphnia length 71 DISCUSSION 77 Livestock Waste as a Nutrient Source in Algal Production 77 Algal Growth on Manure Medium 78 Daphnia Biomass Production 81 Population Growth and Size Structure 82 Growth Rate Experiments 84 Length-Weight Relationship 85 Nutritional Inadequacy of Certain Algae Daphnia Culture 85 Toxicity in Daphnia Culture 87 Scale-up Considerations 89 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 91 REFERENCES 94 APPENDICES 103 V LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page 1 Summary of chemical composition of each media and the algal experiment in which they were used 25 2 Summary of the algal experiments, the different- treatments and the results 27 3 Chemical composition of media before and after algal growth .33 4 Amount of algae consumed by Daphnia at 3-day intervals .42 ,5 Fecundity of Daphnia cultures in all five experiments 69 6 Ammonia, pH and DO levels measured daily in Daphnia culture tanks in D^ Expts. #4 #5 70 7 Daphnia brood size in relation to total length 75 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page 1 A generalized view of the Algal Culture Unit 17 2 Daily cell density of S.obiiquus grown in varying N-concentrations of dairy waste medium (Algal Expt.#1) 28 3 Daily cell density of S.obiiquus grown in varying N-concentrations of.dairy waste medium (Algal Expt.#2) 30 4 Daily cell density of S.obiiquus grown in varying N-concentrations of dairy waste medium (Algal Expt.#3) 31 5 Daily cell density of S.obliquus grown in varying . N-concentrations of dairy waste medium (Algal Expt.#4). .32 6 Daily cell density of S.obiiquus grown in varying N-concentrations of dairy waste medium (Algal Expt.#5) • 35 7 Daily cell density of S.obiiquus grown in varying N-concentrations of dairy waste medium (Algal Expt.#6) 36 8 Daily cell density of S.obliquus grown in dairy waste medium with Nitrogen to Phosphorus atomic ratios of 17 and 64 (Algal Expt.#7) 38 9 Daily cell density of S.obliquus grown in dairy waste medium with Nitrogen to Phosphorus atomic ratios of 4, 22 and 69 (Algal Expt.#9) 39 10 Daily cell density of S.obiiquus grown in dairy waste medium with and without aeration (Algal Expt.#8) 40 11 N-consumed vs. Algal yield 41 12 Daphnia biomass at the three feeding levels at 3-day intervals ( D^ Expt.#l) 45' 13 Biomass conversion efficiency of Scenedesmus to Daphnia at the three feeding levels at 3-day intervals ( EL Expt.#l) 45 14 Daphnia biomass at the three feeding levels at 3-day intervals ( D^ Expt.#2) 46 15 Biomass conversion efficiency of Scenedesmus to Daphnia at the three feeding levels at 3-day •VI1 intervals ( IK Expt'.#2) 46 16 Daphnia biomass at the three feeding levels..at 3-day intervals (-'IK Expt. #3)' 47 17 Biomass conversion efficieny of Scenedesmus to Daphnia at the three feeding levels at 3-day . intervals (. IK" Expt. #3) 47 18 Daphnia biomass at 3-day intervals fed with 100,000 Scenedesmus cells ml 2 to 3 times daily (IK. Expt.#4 and #5) ; 48 19 Biomass conversion efficiency of Scenedesmus to Daphnia in EK_ Expts.#4 and #5 at.intervals 48. 20 Proportion of juvenile, young adult and adult Daphnia in terms of number and biomass in cultures at the three feeding levels at 3-day intervals ( EL Expt.#1) 49 21 Proportion of juvenile, young adult and adult Daphnia in terms of number and biomass in cultures at the three feeding levels at 3-day intervals ( IK Expt.=2) 50 22 Proportion of juvenile, young adult and adult Daphnia in terms of number and biomass in cultures at the three feeding levels at 3-day intervals ( IK Expt.#3) 51 23 Proportion of juvenile, young adult, and adult Daphnia in terms of number and biomass at 3-day intervals in EK_ Expt.#4 and #5 52 24 Daphnia size-frequency structure at 50,000 cells ml feeding level at 3-day intervals ( IK Expt.#1) 53 25 Daphnia size-frequency structure at 100,000 cells ml feeding level at 3-day intervals ( IK Expt.#1) 54 26 Daphnia size-frequency structure at 150,000 cells ml feeding level at 3-day intervals ( IK Expt.#1) 55 27 Daphnia size-frequency structure at 50,000 cells ml feeding level at 3-day intervals ( IK Expt.#2) 56 28 Daphnia size-frequency structure at 100,000 cells ml feeding level at 3-day intervals ( IK Expt.#2) 57 29 Daphnia size-frequency structure at 150,000 VI11 cells ml feeding level at 3-day intervals ( EL Expt.#2) 58 30 Daphnia size-frequency structure at 50,000 cells ml feeding level at 3-day intervals ( EL Expt.#3) 59 31 Daphnia size-frequency structure at 100,000 cells ml feeding level at 3-day intervals ( EL_ Expt.#3) 60 32 Daphnia size-frequency structure at 150,000 cells ml feeding level at 3-day intervals ( EL Expt.#3) .61 33 Daphnia size-frequency structure at 3-day intervals fed. with 100,000 cells ml 2 to 3 times daily ( IK Expt.#4- Repl ."l) 62 34 Daphnia size-frequency structure at 3-day intervals fed with 100,000 cells ml 2 to 3 times daily ( IL Expt.#4- Repl.2) 63 35 Daphnia size-frequency structure at 3-day intervals fed with 100,000 cells ml 2 to 3 times daily ( IL Expt.#4- Repl.3) 64 36 Daphnia size-frequency structure at 3-day intervals fed with 100,000 cells ml 2 to 3 times daily ( Expt.#5- Repl.1) 65 37 Daphnia size-frequency structure at 3-day intervals fed with 100,000 cells ml 2 to 3 times daily ( EL Expt.#5- Repl.2) 66 38 Daphnia size-frequency structure at 3-day intervals fed with 100,000 cells ml 2 to 3 times daily ( EL Expt.#5- Repl.3) 67 39 Daily total length of D.pulex at the three food concentrations (Growth Rate Expt.#1) 72 40 Daily total length of D.pulex at the three food concentrations (Growth Rate Expt.#2) 73 41 Length-weight relationship of D.pulex 74 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincerest gratitude to Dr. J.W. Zahradnik, my advisor, Department of Bio-Resource Engineering. I am deeply indebted to all members of my committee: Dr. P.J. Harrison, Department of Oceanography and Dr.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Element from S. W. Yugoslavia
    ©Zoologische Staatssammlung München;download: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.biologiezentrum.at SPIXIANA 14 1 1-7 München, 1. März 1991 ISSN 0341-8391 Moina weismanni Ishikawa, 1896, a rare East Palearctic faunistic element from S. W. Yugoslavia (Crustacea, Cladocera) By Swetozar T. Petkovski Petkovski, S. T. (1991): Moina weismanni Ishikawa, 1896, a rare East Palearctic faunistic element from S. W. Yugoslavia (Crustacea, Cladocera). — Spixiana 14/1: 1-7. Moina weismanni Ishikawa, 1896, tili recently was known as a rare Far-Eastern faunistic element. Some time ago this species was introduced in Europe and to date evidenced in some ricefields of North Italy and in several inondation pools of the Pa- nonian lowland. Our discovery of the species in S. W. Yugoslavia shows that it suc- ceded to inhabit the Balkan Peninsula, too. Based on specimens of both sexes collected from Macedonia a short description is given. In addition, some important features are emphasized. These include the form of the ephippium in dorsal aspect and the presence of rows of setae at the dorsal mar- gin of the postabdomen in the female. In the male, the armature of the ventral shell rim and the first pair of legs, which are mutually asymmetrical, are also significant diagno- stic characters. Swetozar T. Petkovski, Prirodonaucen muzej na Makedonija, Bulevar Ilinden 86, Yu-91 000, Skopje 55, Yugoslavia Introduction Moina weismanni Ishikawa is a rare anomopod 'cladoceran', which was described almost a Century ago from the vicinity of Tokio and Sendai, Japan (Ishikawa, 1896). Shortly afterwards, in his cultures reared from dried mud taken from fish ponds and inundated rice fields in the neighbourhood of Pu- ching, South China, Sars (1903) revealed an animal very similar to M.
    [Show full text]
  • Check List the Journal Of
    13 3 the journal of 2144 biodiversity data 17 June 2017 Check List NOTES ON GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Check List 13(3): 2144, 17 June 2017 https://doi.org/10.15560/13.3.2144 ISSN 1809-127X © 2017 Check List and Authors First record of Moina dumonti Kotov, Elías-Gutiérrez & Granado- Ramírez, 2005 (Branchiopoda: Anomopoda) in Brazil Daniel da Silva Farias,1, 3 Lourdes Maria Abdu Elmoor-Loureiro2 & Christina Wyss Castelo Branco1 1 Núcleo de Estudos Limnológicos, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pasteur, 458, IBIO, sala 403, CEP 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 2 Laboratório de Zoologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, QS 7 lote 1, Bloco M, sala 331, CEP 71966-700, Taguatinga, DF, Brazil 3 Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The cladoceran Moina dumonti Kotov, Elías- of the water surface and has also Lemna minor L. in marginal Gutiérrez & Granado-Ramírez, 2005 (Anomopoda: Moinidae) areas. This waterbody is part of the lagoon system of Jacarep- was found in a hypereutrophic lagoon, Lagoinha, Rio de aguá, which also includes the lagoons of Jacarepaguá, Camor- Janeiro, Brazil. It represents the first record of this species in im, Tijuca and Marapendi (Soares 1999). The lagoon system is Brazil and in the Southern Hemisphere; it also represents the polluted by the inflow of rainwater drainage, untreated sewage, first record of this species in a perennial lagoon. The reasons and wastes from various other sources. The park is known to be for the success of the species in Lagoinha are discussed. a refuge for the wildlife of large aquatic vertebrates, including populations of Capybaras (Hydrochoreus hydrochaeris) and Key words.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Dynamics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Moina Micrura
    Proc, Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim, Sci.), Vol. 98, No.3, May 1989, pp. 211-222. © Printed in India. Population dynamics of Moina micrurs Kurz (Cladocera: Moinidae) inhabiting a eutrophic pond of Madurai (south India)* N MURUGAN Department of Zoology, Madura College, Madurai 625011. India MS received 13 July 1988; revised 10 March 1989 Abstract. Population density, composition, age structure and fecundity of Moina micrura have been studied in a eutrophic pond. The average clutch size of this species ranged from 1-4-4 eggs. The relationship between mean brood size and body length has been established. The volume of parthenogenetic eggs of this cladoceran ranges between 0·2 and 0·9 millions JL J and the adaptive significance of this has been discussed. The mean instantaneous birth rate which preceded maximum density of population resulted in a value of more than one. Keywords. Moina micrura; population density; composition; age structure; fecundity; egg volume. l. Introduction Moina micrura, a member of the family Moinidae primarily inhabits astatic ponds and pools in tropical and subtropical regions. This species is highly adapted to survive frequent dry periods and propagate rapidly in newly formed ponds. The review of literature on zooplankton species of Moina shows that the information about the population dynamics of M. micrura from tropical Indian waters is far from complete. Hence, an attempt has been made to investigate its population density and composition, fecundity and age structure in natural habitats. 2. Study area The present study was carried out in a seasonal shallow pond (figure 1) located in the Madura College campus at Madurai (Long: 78'8' E; Lat: 9'56' N), south India.
    [Show full text]
  • Littoral Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the Altai Mountain Lakes, with Remarks on the Taxonomy of Chydorus Sphaericus (O.F
    Arthropoda Selecta 12 (34): 171182 © ARTHROPODA SELECTA, 2003 Littoral Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the Altai mountain lakes, with remarks on the taxonomy of Chydorus sphaericus (O.F. Müller, 1776) Ëèòîðàëüíûå Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) ãîðíûõ îçåð Àëòàÿ ñ òàêñîíîìè÷åñêèìè çàìåòêàìè î Chydorus sphaericus (O.F. Müller, 1776) Mariya A. Belyaeva Ì.À. Áåëÿåâà A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 33, Moscow 119071 Russia. Èíñòèòóò ïðîáëåì ýêîëîãèè è ýâîëþöèè èì. À. Í. Ñåâåðöîâà ÐÀÍ, Ëåíèíñêèé ïð-ò, 33, Ìîñêâà 119071 Ðîññèÿ. e-mail: [email protected]. KEY WORDS: faunistics, Cladocera, Chydorus sphaericus, Altai, mountain lakes, littoral zone. ÊËÞ×ÅÂÛÅ ÑËÎÂÀ: ôàóíèñòèêà, Cladocera , Chydorus sphaericus, Àëòàé, ãîðíûå îçåðà, ëèòîðàëüíàÿ çîíà. ABSTRACT: The faunistic data on Cladocera (Crus- faunistic survey on Cladocera was made by Sars and tacea) of the Altai Mountains are summarized from published in two papers [Sars, 1903a, b]. There were published and the authors records. The latter include also a few studies on zooplankton, some of which data on 18 lakes situated between 450 and 2700 m a.s.l. contained occasional records of littoral species [Rylov, Of 22 species of littoral cladocerans, which are mostly 1949; Shipunova, 1991; Zuykova, 1998; Vesnina et al., eurytopic and widely distributed, five are recorded for 1999; Popov et al., 2003]. All the species so far recorded the region for the first time. Cluster analysis revealed from the Altai Mountains are widely distributed, occur- three groups of habitats that differ in their cladoceran ring in lowlands as well, and a sole species the species composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Production Performance of Moina Macrocopa
    diversity Article Production Performance of Moina macrocopa (Straus 1820) (Crustacea, Cladocera) Cultured in Different Salinities: The Effect on Growth, Survival, Reproduction, and Fatty Acid Composition of the Neonates Amirah Yuslan 1, Sharifah Najuwa 1, Atsushi Hagiwara 2, Mazlan A. Ghaffar 3, Hidayu Suhaimi 1 and Nadiah W. Rasdi 1,4,* 1 Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Malaysia; [email protected] (A.Y.); [email protected] (S.N.); [email protected] (H.S.) 2 Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Fa Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +60-96685047 Citation: Yuslan, A.; Najuwa, S.; Abstract: Salinity is a known factor in shaping population dynamics and community structure Hagiwara, A.; Ghaffar, M.A.; Suhaimi, H.; Rasdi, N.W. Production through direct and indirect effects on aquatic ecosystems. Salinity changes further influence food Performance of Moina macrocopa webs through competition and predation. The responses of Moina macrocopa (Cladocera) collected (Straus 1820) (Crustacea, Cladocera) from Setiu Wetland lagoon (Terengganu) was evaluated through manipulative laboratory experiments Cultured in Different Salinities: The to understand the ability of M. macrocopa to tolerate high salinity stress. Specifically, the fatty acid Effect on Growth, Survival, composition, growth, survival, and reproduction of this cladocerans species was examined. Sodium Reproduction, and Fatty Acid chloride (NaCl) as used in the treatments water with the concentration 0, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 15 salinity.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation Into Australian Freshwater Zooplankton with Particular Reference to Ceriodaphnia Species (Cladocera: Daphniidae)
    An investigation into Australian freshwater zooplankton with particular reference to Ceriodaphnia species (Cladocera: Daphniidae) Pranay Sharma School of Earth and Environmental Sciences July 2014 Supervisors Dr Frederick Recknagel Dr John Jennings Dr Russell Shiel Dr Scott Mills Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Declaration ................................................................................................................................. 5 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1: General Introduction .......................................................................................... 10 Molecular Taxonomy ..................................................................................................... 12 Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I ................................................................................... 16 Traditional taxonomy and cataloguing biodiversity ....................................................... 20 Integrated taxonomy ....................................................................................................... 21 Taxonomic status of zooplankton in Australia ............................................................... 22 Thesis Aims/objectives ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Salinity and Depth As Structuring Factors of Cryptic Divergence in Moina Brachiata (Crustacea: Cladocera)
    Fundam. Appl. Limnol. Vol. 184/1 (2014), 69–85 Article E Stuttgart, January 2014 Salinity and depth as structuring factors of cryptic divergence in Moina brachiata (Crustacea: Cladocera) Judit Nédli 1, 2, Luc De Meester 3, Ágnes Major 4 †, Klaus Schwenk 5, Ildikó Szivák 2 and László Forró 1 With 4 figures, 4 tables and 3 supplementary tables Abstract: Microcrustacean taxa in temporary waters are important contributors to aquatic biodiversity on the land- scape scale even though much of the diversity at the molecular level is still undiscovered. Cladoceran species other than Daphnia are not frequently targeted in molecular investigations. We used nuclear allozyme polymorphisms as well as DNA sequence variation in mitochondrial 16 S and COI gene regions to reveal patterns of genetic differ- entiation among populations of a cladoceran species – Moina brachiata – that typically inhabits temporary aquatic habitats. Samples originated from 20 temporary to semi-permanent waterbodies in the Hungarian Great Plain of the Pannonian biogeographic region. We observed strong genetic differentiation in the phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated 16 S and COI genes, based on which M. brachiata was found to represent a complex of four cryptic lineages (A, B, C and D) with, however, one of these (lineage D) detected based on only one individual. Regarding the nuclear markers, diagnostic alleles of the PGM and MDH enzyme loci in complete linkage disequilibrium were observed separating the ‘B’ lineage from the rest. In addition, indirect evidence was provided by the AAT locus, where the AAT1 allele was found to be potentially diagnostic for lineage ‘C’. The three phylogenetically defined lineages (‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’) could be separated from each other along the first canonical axis of a multivariate analysis of occurrence, and this first axis was strongly correlated with depth and salinity of the ponds.
    [Show full text]
  • Crustacea : Cladocera
    CRUSTACEA : CLADOCERA by John Philip HARDING (London) . ; : . I INTRODUCTION G. O. Sars (1909), wlien reporting on a ricli collection of copepods collected by W. A. Cunnington from Lake Tanganvika, remarked that there seemed to be a complete absence of Cladocera in the Lake. It is interesting, therefore, to note tliat the expédition made bv the « Exploration hydrobiologique du Lac Tanga- nika », 1946-1947, contained 110 less than 27 species of Cladocera, 6 of them collected from the Lake ilself, though only in shallovv waters. The other species corne from inland waters, from Lake Kivu and a pond near Lake Edward. LIST OF SPECIES. Pseudosida szalayi Daday. Acroperus harpae (Baird). Diaphanosoma sarsi Richard. Kurzia longirostris (Daday). Daphnia curvirostris Eylmann. Euryalona occidentalis Sars. Simocephalus serrulatus (Koch). Oxyurella tenuicaudis Sars. Simocephalus exspinosus (Koch). Alona affinis (Leydig). Ceriodaphnia cornuta Sars. Alona pulchella King. Moinodaphnia macleayi (King). Alona monacaniha Sars. Moina dubia Guerne and Richard. Alona verrucosa Sars. Moina sp. cf. wierzejsfcii Richard. Alona diaphana King. Ilyocryptus spinifer Herrick. Graptoleberis testudinaria (Fischer) Macrothrix triserialis Brady. Dunhevedia serrata Daday. Macrothrix goeldii Richard. Pleuroxus chappuisi Brehm. Grimaldina brazzai Richard. Chydorus eurynotus Sars. Ca?nptocercus rectirostris Schödler. Every one of the species fourni lias a wide geographical distribution and although it is well known tlxat the Cladocera are little restricted by geographical barriers, the Tanganvika species are much more cosmopolitan than was expected since most groups of fresh-water animais have a number of endemic species in the lake. G. O. Sars, for example, found that 30 out of the 38 species of free- living copepod described in the paper mentioned above were new to science.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Crowding on Reproduction and Feeding Rates in the Cladoceran Daphnia Pulex Leydig
    Effects of Crowding on Reproduction and Feeding Rates in the Cladoceran Daphnia pulex Leydig A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY JUDITH CAIRNCROSS HELGEN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE GRANTED JUNE, 1982 butil To Ardys Richardson Cairncross who, in another time, would have accomplished this with excellence would like to thank my adviser, Dr. James C. Underhill for his support, tolerance and unique humor during the course of this project. Thanks also to Dr. William D. Schmid, Dr. Don Gilbertson and Dr. Robert Megard for support, discussions and facilities. I am grateful to Wally Saatala for his creative construction of equipment, and to Gordon Plorin for the time-saving computer program. Thanks also to the Women's Research Discussion Group, and, from the past, to Dr. Kathryn Eschenberg and Dr. Kathryn Stein of Mount Holyoke College. This work was supported in part with funds from the Dayton Natural History Fund, the NSF overhead fund and with a University of Minnesota Graduate School Doc- toral Dissertation Special Grant. Contents Page Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Methods 18 Chapter 3. Experiments with Caged Daphnia 31 Chapter 4. Experiment on Reproduction in Crowded and Uncrowded Daphnia 45 Chapter 5. Introduction on Feeding Rates 74 Chapter 6. Experiments on Feeding Rates in Daphnia pulex 92 Chapter 7. Concepts and Mathematics of Feeding Rates 132 Chapter 8. Analysis of Feeding Rate Data From Experiments 1 - 5 148 Chapter 9. Allelopath Experiment 170 Chapter 10. Summary and Conclusions 180 Bibliography 191 .
    [Show full text]
  • Reproduction of the Zooplankton, Daphnia Carinata and Moina Australiensis: Implications As Live Food for Aquaculture and Utilization of Nutrient Loads in Effluent
    Reproduction of the zooplankton, Daphnia carinata and Moina australiensis: Implications as live food for aquaculture and utilization of nutrient loads in effluent Yuk Fung Jaime Leung School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide A thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2009 1 2 Table of Contents ABSTRACT -------------------------------------------------------------------- vii DECLARATION ----------------------------------------------------------------- x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS----------------------------------------------------- xi FOREWORD------------------------------------------------------------------- xii 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION----------------------------------------------- 1 1.1. Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.2. Thesis structure -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 1.2.1. Reproduction and potential commercial application of zooplankton (Chapter 2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 1.2.2. Culture conditions to maintain asexual reproduction of D. carinata and M. australiensis (Chapter 3)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------5 1.2.3. Induction, storage and hatching of ephippia of D. carinata and M. australiensis (Chapter 4) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 1.2.4. The
    [Show full text]
  • NUTRITIONAL STATUS RESPONSE of Daphnia Laevis and Moina
    FOOD QUALITY AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF TROPICAL CLADOCERANS 555 NUTRITIONAL STATUS RESPONSE OF Daphnia laevis AND Moina micrura FROM A TROPICAL RESERVOIR TO DIFFERENT ALGAL DIETS: Scenedesmus quadricauda AND Ankistrodesmus gracilis MACEDO, C. F. and PINTO-COELHO, R. M. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre (ECMVS), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), C.P. 486, CEP 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Correspondence to: Carla Fernandes Macedo, Rua Visconde do Rio Branco, 72/201, Centro, CEP 36770-000, Cataguases, MG, Brazil, e-mail: [email protected] Received June 21, 2000 – Accepted August 28, 2000 – Distributed November 30, 2001 (With 4 figures) ABSTRACT The accumulation of lipid reserves was investigated in two common cladoceran species typical of neotropical freshwaters. Experiments were performed in order to measure differential accumulation of lipid reserves in response to two algal diets, S. quadricauda and A. gracilis. The larger D. laevis fed with the Ankistrodesmus diet accumulated a higher amount of total lipids. The average lipid content for both diets was 11.1% and 22.1% dry weight for Scenedesmus and Ankistrodemsus, respectively. This difference was found to be highly significant. The superior nutritional quality of A. gracilis was confirmed by the experiments using the smaller Moina micrura. This cladoceran accumulated 11.4% and 19.9% of the average dry weight of lipids from Scenedesmus and Ankistrodesmus, respectively. The study also found that most lipid reserves are concentrated as triacylglycerols in both cladocer- ans. The relative contribution of this class of lipids also varied according to the diet. For Daphnia, for instance, the average triacylglycerol levels varied from 6.2 to 11.0 with the Scenedesmus and An- kistrodesmus diets, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Culture Techniques of Moina : the Ideal Daphnia for Feeding Freshwater Fish Fry 1
    CIR1054 Culture Techniques of Moina : The Ideal Daphnia for Feeding Freshwater Fish Fry 1 R.W. Rottmann, J. Scott Graves, Craig Watson and Roy P.E. Yanong 2 Introduction Daphnia are small freshwater cladoceran crustaceans commonly called “water fleas.” This common name is the result not only of their size, but their short, jerky hopping movement in water. The genera Daphnia and Moina are closely related. They occur throughout the world and are collectively Figure 1. Adult Moina. known as daphnia. maximum length of Daphnia. Adult Moina Daphnia have a body consisting of a head and a (700-1,000 µm) are longer than newly-hatched trunk (Figure 1). The antennae are the main means of brine shrimp (500 µm) and approximately two to locomotion. Large compound eyes lie under the skin three times the length of adult rotifers. Young Moina on the sides of the head. One of the major (less than 400 µm), however, are approximately the characteristics of daphnia is that the main part of the same size or only slightly larger than adult rotifers body, the trunk, is enclosed in an external skeleton and smaller than newly-hatched brine shrimp. In (carapace). Periodically, they molt or shed their addition, brine shrimp die quickly in freshwater. As a external shell. The brood pouch, where the eggs and result, Moina are ideally suited for feeding freshwater embryos develop, is on the dorsal side of the female. fish fry. In Daphnia, the brood pouch is completely closed, while Moina have an open pouch. Newly-hatched fry of most freshwater fish species can ingest young Moina as their initial food.
    [Show full text]