Italo Balbo, L’Ultimo Volo Del Calabrone

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Italo Balbo, L’Ultimo Volo Del Calabrone Italo Balbo, l’ultimo volo del calabrone Italo Balbo, l’ultimo volo del calabronedi Davide Bartoccini 20/02/2017 Nel limpido cielo di Tobruk, fondamentale e indaffarata città portuale della Cirenaica libica, un solitario aeroplano rompe l’aria con le sue pale veloci nel tardo pomeriggio del 28 giungo 1940. La sua fusoliera, che nel culmine si accentua in una ‘gobba’ – particolarità che gli varrà il soprannome da parte inglese di ‘Gobbo maledetto’ (Damned Hunchback) per tutta la durata della conflitto – è quella di un S.M. 79 ‘Sparviero’: un capiente trimotore prodotto dalla Savoia-Marchetti impiegato dalla Regia Aeronautica con diversi compiti, da aerosilurante ad aereo da trasporto. Ai suoi comandi c’è un uomo importante, un italiano eccellente, un aviatore di chiara fama noto in tutto il mondo per le sue trasvolate; si chiama Italo Balbo, ha 44 anni, è stato investito dal Capo del Governo Benito Mussolini del titolo di ‘quadrumviro del Fascismo’, è governatore della Libia, ed è un personaggio molto amato in Italia – forse troppo – sicuramente abbastanza da essere bollato come personaggio scomodo al Duce. Per questo è stato spedito a Tripoli già dal 1934 per trascorrere un altisonante esilio: esotico, rispettabile, ma pur sempre esilio. Mentre toglie manetta e perdere quota per ingaggiare la verticale di Tobruk, quando la pista d’atterraggio è ormai prossima, Balbo e il suo secondo, Nello Quilici, notano del fumo nero che si alza dalle installazioni di cui il porto così ben protetto in quella insenatura naturale è costellato. È merito di un incursione di Bristol Blenhien inglesi: bombardieri bimotori di stazza inferiore allo Sparviero, ma dalle linee simili. Confondibili dagli occhi inesperti degli ufficiali del ponte dell’incrociatore San Giorgio che vedono l’aviatore emiliano avvicinarsi e danno ordine maledetto: “Fuoco!”. Le Batterie contraeree riempiono il cielo appena tornato calmo sopra Tobruk. I pezzi da 100/47 del San Giorgio proiettano shrapnel a secchiate, le mitragliatrici Breda delle postazioni anti-aeree tutto intorno al porto sparano traccianti all’impazzata. Sono tutti diretti sull’indifeso e solitario trimotore che si avvicina in pace e che non ha alcuna radio a bordo. Non lo prendono. Nessuno a bordo si accorge inizialmente, ma poi abbassandosi sulla pista i colpi si avvicinano, il bersaglio si rende nitido. I colpi lo raggiungono. I motori vengono avvolti dalle fiamme, le ali si lacerano e la palla di fuoco si schianta a terra senza lasciare superstiti. Italo Balbo è morto. Vittima di un errore o di un complotto? Non lo sapremo mai. Gli anni venti sono gli anni dei primi saloni aeronautici internazionali, delle trasvolate aeree e degli innumerevoli record di volo e di distanza compiuti dall’aeronautica italiana. Nella foto Secondo Mona con Italo Balbo. Nato nell’ultima decade del XIX secolo – 1896 – Balbo è stato allevato come un monarchico da suo padre, maestro di scuola elementare, ma per simpatia o per animo sostiene fin da giovanissimo le idee repubblicane. Parte volontario giovanissimo per la Prima Guerra Mondiale che imperversa contro la confinante Austria-Ungheria e viene rispedito a casa. È un personaggio istrionico. Dopo essere alpino, insignito di diverse onorificenze al valor militare diviene un ‘Ardito’. Nel 1920 diventa leader dello squadrismo fascista nel ferrarese. Giovane irrequieto, si guadagna con una “violenza dosata” un posto di primo piano nel movimento fascista, che per un nazionalista – a riposto come lui – si rivela provvidenziale. Partecipa alla Marcia su Roma del 1922, e il Partito Nazionale Fascista si rende volano perfetto per lasciarlo divenire chi desiderava essere: un uomo pubblico, un uomo da rispettare. Balbo rispetta il leader del partito Benito Mussolini, ma non si risparmia nel criticarlo e alle volte nell’osteggiarlo, addirittura nello schernirlo amichevolmente. La sua ambizione lo porta a desiderare un ruolo da delfino del futuro Duce. Ma il maestro di Predappio lo teme, e preferisce porlo immediatamente a capo della neonata Aeronautica nel 1929 – per non rischiare che la personalità del Balbo lo metta in ombra. Esso si rivela un errore inaspettato; perché saranno proprio le ali a renderlo l’italiano più famoso nel mondo in quegli anni. Maresciallo della Regia Aeronautica, riorganizza l’aviazione italiana all’insegna dell’aeroplano, accantonando la tecnologia del dirigibile presa in grande considerazione. Nel 1930, dopo aver raggiunto le coste di Grecia, Turchia, e perfino Russia nelle sue prime trasvolate, organizza la prima Crociera Aerea Transatlantica: 12 idrovolanti Savoia-Marchetti S.55 in direzione Rio de Janerio, Brasile. La missione sarà un successo planetario, ma è laTrasvolata ‘ del Decennale’ del 1933 a consacrarlo come aviatore leggendario. Dalle acque della laguna di Orbetello, il Maresciallo Balbo spicca il volo alla volta di Chicago. Seduto al comando del suo S.M 55X da contatto, solca le onde tenui e sale in aria. Mancano 19.000 chilometri alle Americhe. Il 15 luglio giunge con i suoi 25 idrovolanti a Chicago. Il Savoia-Marchetti S.55 fu un idrobombardiere/aerosilurante bimotore prodotto dall’azienda italiana Savoia-Marchetti dagli anni venti e protagonista per un decennio in svariati ruoli nella Regia Aeronautica. Autore di celebri trasvolate oceaniche, divenne uno dei simboli dell’aeronautica militare e del progresso tecnologico italiano nei primi anni del regime fascista. La folla lo accoglie in tripudio. Balbo, con i suoi discorsi carismatici, con il suo pizzo da moschettiere, con il suo fare spavaldo è uno degli italiani più famosi al mondo. Fascinoso aviatore, uomo mite ma deciso, diviene scomodo a Benito Mussolini: geloso della fama del trasvolatore e spaventato dalla sua naturale propensione ad essere acclamato per ogni progetto decida di intraprendere. Balbo è tra l’altro l’unico gerarca che tratta il Duce come un suo pari: a differenza degli altri, non lo teme. Il 16 ottobre del 1933 il maestro di Predappio trova un modo per defenestrarlo: lo dimette dal ruolo di ministro dell’Aviazione e lo spedisce nell’inospitale Libia, una provincia dell’Impero dove è stato scelto come governatore. È un esilio mascherato. Ma presto Balbo trasformerà anche questa nuova sistemazione in un nuovo successo mediatico. Nel 1934 smantella i campi di concentramento italiani, libera i prigionieri dalle carceri, costruisce strade, impianti d’irrigazione, villaggi. Porta in Libia 20.000 italiani per colonizzarla e Mussolini, ancora una volta, nasconde una malcelata invidia. Aprendo una piccola parentesi sulla mentalità dietro il colonialismo italiano di stampo nazionalistico, dobbiamo considerare come il Regno d’Italia sia stato uno dei paesi coloniali europei che più di tutti ha edificato in terrà coloniale (essendo presente a livello temporale molto poco). La ragione era semplicemente una: si aveva l’obiettivo di preparare la colonia ai proletari italiani che – secondo il disegno di Mussolini – dovevano vivere nelle nuove terre africane, secondo uno stato agrario. Dunque nessun atto di bontà verso la popolazione indigena, ma un disegno lucido, il quale in seconda battuta portò innovazione ai libici, come a tutti i paesi dell’Impero italiano. Il colonialismo italiano, era distante da quello “commerciale” britannico poichè si ispirava al modello francese, il quale prevedeva che il governo dello stato in questione fosse presieduto da un europeo e fossero presenti forti contingenti di truppe nazionali. Il colonialismo commerciale di stampo britannico aveva – di contro – grossi sconti sulle materie prime, ma lasciava l’attività politica ai nativi, seppur strettamente gestiti e controllati. Il nostro governatore avvertì come, invece, la concessione di pari diritti agli indigeni avrebbe favorito l’integrazione, posta al sogno dell’Impero italiano. Questi nel 1937 riesce nell’impresa di concludere i lavori della strada nota come “Litoranea libica“, rinominata in suo onore dopo la sua morte in “Via Balbia“. Il maresciallo incaricò l’architetto Florestano Di Fausto, il quale progettò ed edificò nella Sirtica – al confine fra la Tripolitania e la Cirenaica – una grande opera architettonica celebrativa: l’ormai dimenticato arco dei Fileni. Il manufatto presentava nell’unico fornice, due colossi in bronzo raffiguranti i fratelli Fileni, leggendari eroi cartaginesi con la struttura in stile razionalista littorio. Sopra l’arco vennero collocati in una nicchia orizzontale due colossi bronzei – ritratti come sepolti vivi – sovrastati da un frontone a tre strati sovrapposti – distinti da altrettante cornici – a simboleggiare gli strati di terreno, sotto i quali vennero seppelliti i Fileni, sui quali campeggiava la seguente iscrizione tratta dal “Carmen saeculare” di Orazio: «Alme Sol, possis nihil urbe Roma visere maius»; «O almo Sole, tu non vedrai nessuna cosa al mondo maggiore di Roma». La scritta fu fatta tradurre in arabo da re Idris I di Libia. Sulla sommità dell’arco era posizionata un’ara che rappresentante la leggenda cartaginese. L’arco serviva come punto di riferimento per la lunghissima litoranea della costa. Il successo mediatico è troppo, Balbo, seppure distante, resta un problema da prima pagina. La tensioni proseguono durante l’intervento italiano nella guerra civile spagnola cui Balbo era avverso, e nell’alleanza intrapresa con il cancelliere Adolf Hitler. Nelle foto di sinistra: L’arco dei Fileni, conosciuto anche con il nome di El Gaus, fu un arco costruito sulla via Balbia al confine tra Tripolitania e Cirenaica nella Libia italiana (oggi Libia). E’ stato
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