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A Settant'anni Dalle Leggi Razziali STUDI STORICI CAROCCI / 162 I lettori che desiderano informazioni sui volumi pubblicati dalla casa editrice possono rivolgersi direttamente a: Carocci editore via Sardegna 50, 00187 Roma, telefono 06 / 42 81 84 17, fax 06 / 42 74 79 31 Visitateci sul nostro sito Internet: http://www.carocci.it A settant’anni dalle leggi razziali Profili culturali, giuridici e istituzionali dell’antisemitismo A cura di Daniele Menozzi e Andrea Mariuzzo Carocci editore Il volume è stato realizzato con un contributo della Regione Toscana REGIONE TOSCANA 1a edizione, ottobre 2010 © copyright 2010 by Carocci editore S.p.A., Roma Realizzazione editoriale: Omnibook, Bari Finito di stampare nell’ottobre 2010 dalla Litografia Varo (Pisa) ISBN 978-88-430-5655-2 Riproduzione vietata ai sensi di legge (art. 171 della legge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633) Senza regolare autorizzazione, è vietato riprodurre questo volume anche parzialmente e con qualsiasi mezzo, compresa la fotocopia, anche per uso interno o didattico. Indice Prefazione 11 di Ugo Caffaz Presentazione 15 di Daniele Menozzi Introduzione. Le radici culturali dell’antisemitismo euro- peo tra le due guerre 19 di Enzo Collotti Parte prima Ideologie e mentalità dell’antisemitismo Fascismo, antisemitismo, razzismo. Un dibattito aperto 31 di Ilaria Pavan L’antisemitismo sulla stampa cattolica italiana tra Otto e Novecento 53 di Annalisa Di Fant Transfert e circolazione di temi antiebraici nell’Europa tra le due guerre: l’esempio delle caricature 69 di Valeria Galimi 7 A SETTANT’ANNI DALLE LEGGI RAZZIALI Un “eccitatore” di cultura antiebraica: Paolo Orano 89 di Michele Battini Meditazioni dell’esilio. Leggi razziali e stampa antifasci- sta: la dichiarazione del Comitato centrale del Partito co- munista d’Italia (5 agosto 1938) 107 di Alberto Cavaglion Parte seconda Le leggi razziali e la loro applicazione Il corpus delle leggi razziali 117 di Paolo Caretti La legislazione razziale in Italia e in Germania. Spunti per una comparazione 159 di Valerio Di Porto Consensi e rimozioni: la dottrina giuridica italiana e la legislazione razziale fascista 183 di Silvia Falconieri Le leggi razziali e i giudici (1938-43) 205 di Giuseppe Speciale Antisemiti militanti, antisemiti funzionari, profittatori e altra misera umanità 227 di Dianella Gagliani Parte terza La persecuzione antiebraica nelle istituzioni culturali Leggi razziali e università 249 di Bernardo Sordi 8 INDICE La gioventù universitaria italiana di fronte alle leggi anti- ebraiche 267 di Elisa Signori La Scuola per stranieri di Siena tra la Prima guerra mon- diale e le leggi razziali 305 di Maurizio Sangalli Scienza, razza e politica tra fascismo e repubblica. Il ca- so Pende-Terracini 327 di Tommaso Dell’Era Auschwitz as a Model of “Germanization” and Annihi- lation 351 by Sybille Steinbacher Indice dei nomi 367 9 Prefazione di Ugo Caffaz La domanda che spesso viene rivolta a chi si ostina a studiare e a ri- cordare le vicende del passato recente e meno recente (chiedendo na- turalmente anche ad altri di fare altrettanto) è sempre la stessa: perché? Le possibili risposte sono tante e qualche volta questo “perché” sottintende incomprensione e anche polemica ostilità verso la funzio- ne e la validità stesse della memoria: il perdono dovrebbe prevalere sul rancore e sul desiderio di vendetta. Come se di questo si trattasse. Le motivazioni da parte di chi, invece, crede nella vitale esigenza di rinnovare la trasmissione ai giovani sono tante. L’intenzione di questo volume, come del resto di tutte le iniziati- ve che la Regione Toscana ormai da dieci anni promuove per il Gior- no della memoria, è “spudoratamente” pedagogica: c’è l’idea, forse l’illusione, che la storia, o meglio la sua conoscenza, possa essere mae- stra di vita. Si è scritto, con qualche approssimazione, che la storia viene scrit- ta dai vincitori. Se per ciò che è avvenuto negli terribili anni Trenta- Quaranta dovessimo stabilire un giusto principio e un doveroso cri- terio, questi dovrebbero riferirsi da un lato al diritto per le vittime (ovviamente quelle sopravvissute) di dimenticare il male subito e continuare a vivere serenamente certe che il mondo ha capito; dal- l’altro al dovere per i carnefici di ricordare per tentare un difficile e forse improbabile riscatto. Purtroppo succede esattamente il contrario e alcuni, molti, sicu- ramente troppi, hanno il coraggio di criticare non tanto, e giusta- mente, le derive retoriche e celebrative del Giorno della memoria, bensì lo stesso valore in sé del Giorno della memoria e quindi del si- gnificato quanto meno testimoniale e di monito alle coscienze. Altra 11 UGO CAFFAZ cosa naturalmente è il giudizio negativo sulla banalizzazione e il vuo- to ritualismo di molte iniziative. Se non si ricostruisce la storia della catena che ha prodotto e pro- duce gli stermini, facendo prevalere l’oblio, è lecito pensare che si possa ogni volta, a ogni occasione, ricominciare da capo e sentirsi au- torizzati a compiere crimini contro l’umanità. Si perderebbe in pra- tica qualunque valore educativo della pena, dove per pena si intende l’impegno morale e politico del pubblico ricordo. Verrebbe meno la speranza che quei divieti pronunciati dalle condanne della storia pos- sano servire a frapporre dighe morali e materiali contro quello che giustamente, ma ancora inutilmente, viene giudicato il male assoluto: i tredici milioni di assassinati nei lager nazisti. Ad oggi i fatti ci dicono drammaticamente che la lezione non è servita se è vero che la ex Jugoslavia pochi anni fa è stata teatro di vio- lenze inaudite; se nel Ruanda in poche decine di giorni è stato mas- sacrato a colpi di machete oltre un milione di persone. Per non par- lare semplicemente delle conseguenze dei cosiddetti “respingimenti” di immigrati irregolari che tristemente ci ricordano quanto fece, ne- gli anni bui, la neutrale e civilissima Svizzera nei confronti di tanti ebrei che tentavano la fuga e che venivano respinti, appunto, e ri- consegnati di fatto al boia nazista. Pensando poi a quante stragi sono avvenute dopo la seconda guerra mondiale viene inevitabilmente a mente la tragica profezia di Primo Levi: è successo, può succedere ancora. Il volume, come ricorda nella presentazione Daniele Menozzi, che qui colgo l’occasione per ringraziare, deriva da un invito rivolto alle università toscane ad attivarsi in occasione del settantesimo an- niversario della promulgazione delle leggi razziali nel nostro paese. Leggi che, come è noto, furono firmate in Toscana, a San Rossore, dal re Vittorio Emanuele III e che quindi, anche per questa ragione, ci era sembrato opportuno fossero oggetto di riflessione proprio da parte di quelle università che, salvo pochissime eccezioni, alimentarono il silenzio assordante che accompagnò l’espulsione di docenti e stu- denti ebrei dalle scuole di ogni ordine e grado. È degli ultimi vent’anni l’attenzione diffusa a quel tragico perio- do del quale per troppo tempo si era data un’improbabile visione edulcorata che di fatto negava sia la crudeltà della persecuzione ita- liana nei confronti dell’esigua minoranza ebraica, sia la zelante e spes- 12 PREFAZIONE so spontanea collaborazione alla deportazione nei campi di sterminio di ottomila ebrei italiani (si stimano mille dalla Toscana). E l’Italia sa- rebbe stata «fuori dal cono d’ombra dell’olocausto»! Questa tragica pagina della storia italiana comincia per tempo e cioè nel 1930 quando, con un imprudente accordo delle comunità ebraiche italiane, si sancì con legge dello Stato l’appartenenza auto- matica, e quindi obbligatoria, degli ebrei italiani alle comunità terri- torialmente competenti o comunque presenti nel nostro paese, fatte salve vere e proprie abiure notarili. Quello fu il primo elenco, la pri- ma lista. Il censimento del 1938 infatti stabilì semplicemente l’appar- tenenza di razza. Studiare, capire, riflettere, trasmettere i contenuti di questa sto- ria è stato un impegno prioritario per la Regione Toscana da sempre, ma in particolare negli ultimi dieci anni. Con il presente volume ag- giungiamo un mattone a questa meritoria costruzione. 13 Presentazione di Daniele Menozzi In previsione del settantesimo anniversario dell’introduzione nell’or- dinamento italiano delle leggi razziali – com’è noto avviate dal regio decreto firmato il 5 settembre 1938 da Vittorio Emanuele III nella te- nuta di San Rossore – la Regione Toscana aveva invitato le istituzio- ni universitarie del territorio a coordinare le iniziative che intendes- sero svolgere per ricordare l’avvenimento. Attraverso il paziente la- voro di tessitura condotto da Ugo Caffaz, responsabile della Dire- zione generale per le politiche formative, i beni e le attività culturali, si giunse in breve a definire un programma cui aderirono, oltre agli atenei di Firenze, Pisa e Siena, l’Università per stranieri di Siena e la Scuola normale superiore di Pisa. Tale programma, nella piena sal- vaguardia dell’autonomia delle singole istituzioni, mirava a conse- guire un duplice scopo. Da un lato, si trattava di concentrare l’at- tenzione sulla legislazione antiebraica promossa dal regime fascista – troppo spesso anacronisticamente considerata solo in funzione del suo esito nella tragedia della Shoah – in modo da fornire, in primo luogo ai giovani, strumenti di orientamento culturale per misurare su un’adeguata conoscenza del passato un difficile presente in cui il pro- filarsi di una società multietnica, multireligiosa e multilinguistica de- termina l’insorgere di pur confuse spinte razzistiche. Dall’altro lato, occorreva evitare sovrapposizioni e ripetizioni, di
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