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Sustainable Agricultural Development for Food Security and Nutrition: What Roles for Livestock?

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Sustainable Agricultural Development for Food Security and Nutrition: What Roles for Livestock? HLPE REPORT 10 Sustainable agricultural development for food security and nutrition: what roles for livestock? A report by The High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition July 2016 HLPE High Level Panel of Experts HLPE Reports series #1 Price volatility and food security (2011) #2 Land tenure and international investments in agriculture (2011) #3 Food security and climate change (2012) #4 Social protection for food security (2012) #5 Biofuels and food security (2013) #6 Investing in smallholder agriculture for food security (2013) #7 Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition (2014) #8 Food losses and waste in the context of sustainable food systems (2014) #9 Water for food security and nutrition (2015) #10 Sustainable agricultural development for food security and nutrition: what roles for livestock? (2016) All HLPE reports are available at www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe 2 HLPE Steering Committee members (July 2016) Patrick Caron (Chair) Carol Kalafatic (Vice-Chair) Amadou Allahoury Louise Fresco Eileen Kennedy Muhammad Azeem Khan Bernardo Kliksberg Fangquan Mei Sophia Murphy Mohammad Saeid Noori Naeini Michel Pimbert Juan Ángel Rivera Dommarco Magdalena Sepúlveda Martin Yemefack Rami Zurayk HLPE Project Team members Wilfrid Legg (Team Leader) Khaled Abbas Daniela Alfaro Botir Dosov Neil Fraser Delia Grace Robert Habib Claudia Job Schmitt Langelihle Simela Funing Zhong Coordinator of the HLPE Nathanaël Pingault This report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) has been approved by the HLPE Steering Committee. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Committee on World Food Security, of its members, participants, or of the Secretariat. This report is made publicly available and its reproduction and dissemination is encouraged. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate this report should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] with copy to [email protected]. Referencing this report: HLPE. 2016. Sustainable agricultural development for food security and nutrition: what roles for livestock? A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome. 3 Contents FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................... 9 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................ 13 Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 13 Recommendations .......................................................................................................................... 19 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 25 1 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT FOR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION: APPROACH AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ....................................... 29 1.1 What is “sustainable agricultural development for food security and nutrition”? ......... 29 1.1.1 Agricultural development in relation to food security and nutrition .............................. 29 1.1.2 “Sustainable” agricultural development for FSN ......................................................... 31 1.1.3 Conceptual framework ................................................................................................ 33 1.2 The key role of the livestock sector ..................................................................................... 34 1.3 Typology of farming systems ............................................................................................... 36 1.3.1 Smallholder mixed farming systems............................................................................ 38 1.3.2 Pastoral systems ......................................................................................................... 39 1.3.3 Commercial grazing systems ...................................................................................... 39 1.3.4 Intensive livestock systems ......................................................................................... 40 1.3.5 Links with plant-based systems ................................................................................... 40 1.4 Concluding comments ........................................................................................................... 41 2 TRENDS AND DRIVERS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ............................................. 43 2.1 External trends affecting agricultural development ........................................................... 43 2.1.1 Demographic changes, economic growth and their impacts on FSN ......................... 43 2.1.2 Changing diets: evolution of ASF consumption .......................................................... 45 2.2 Evolution of agricultural markets ......................................................................................... 47 2.2.1 Real prices follow the long-term declining trend ......................................................... 47 2.2.2 Price volatility ............................................................................................................... 48 2.2.3 Trade, SAD and FSN................................................................................................... 49 2.3 Radical transformation of farming and food systems ........................................................ 50 2.3.1 Structural transformation in agriculture and the livestock revolution ........................... 50 2.3.2 Intensification and specialization of farming systems ................................................. 51 2.3.3 Evolution of crop–livestock linkages............................................................................ 52 2.3.4 Complexification and growing concentration in food systems .................................... 55 2.4 Projections and scenarios for agricultural development, focusing on livestock supply and demand ........................................................................................................ 57 2.4.1 FAO projections ........................................................................................................... 57 2.4.2 Other projections and scenarios .................................................................................. 58 2.5 Concluding comments ........................................................................................................... 59 3 SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES FOR LIVESTOCK IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT . 61 3.1 Cross-cutting global challenges ........................................................................................... 61 3.1.1 Environmental challenges ........................................................................................... 61 3.1.2 Economic challenges .................................................................................................. 65 3.1.3 Social challenges......................................................................................................... 66 3.1.4 Health challenges ........................................................................................................ 69 3.1.5 Animal welfare ............................................................................................................. 71 5 3.2 Key challenges in smallholder mixed-farming systems .................................................... 72 3.2.1 Limited access to resources, market and services ..................................................... 72 3.2.2 Low resource efficiency and resilience ....................................................................... 72 3.3 Key challenges in pastoral systems .................................................................................... 73 3.3.1 Conflicts for land and water ......................................................................................... 73 3.3.2 Economic and policy-related discrimination ................................................................ 74 3.3.3 Social and gender inequity .......................................................................................... 74 3.3.4 Human and animal health challenges ......................................................................... 75 3.4 Key challenges in commercial grazing systems ................................................................ 76 3.5 Key challenges in intensive livestock systems .................................................................. 77 3.5.1 Environmental challenges resulting from intensification ............................................. 77 3.5.2 Health impacts of intensive systems ........................................................................... 78 3.5.3 Social challenges in intensive systems ....................................................................... 78 3.5.4 Economic challenges in intensive systems ................................................................. 79 3.6 Concluding comments ........................................................................................................... 80 4 PATHWAYS TOWARDS SAD FOCUSING ON LIVESTOCK ....................................................
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