Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian http://journal.trunojoyo.ac.id/agriekonomika Agriekonomika Volume 7, Nomor 1, 2018 Lebak Swamp Typology and Rice Production Potency in Jakabaring South Elisa Wildayana and M. Edi Armanto Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University Indonesia Received: Desember 2016; Accepted: Maret 2018; Published: April 2018 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/agriekonomika.v7i1.2513

ABSTRACT The economic and regional development of has caused land conversion, which was originally as agricultural land and has been converted into non-agricultural activities. The research aimed to compare the typology of lebak swamps and potential rice production before and after the landfilling. Spatial data were obtained using Landsat imagery interpretation in 1987 and 2016. Attribute data was collected using questionnaires and sampling technique was done using disproportionate random sampling method. Typologies of lebak swamps consisted of lebak lebung, deep lebak, middle lebak, levee lebak, shallow lebak and dry land. After landfilling, dry land covers an area of 1,964 ha (72.73%), while the lebak swamp was decreased by approximately 736 ha (27.27%). Before landfilling, soil orders were found based on its dominance, namely Histosols, Entisols, Inceptisols and Gelisols. After landfilling, composition of soil order was dominated by Entisol, Inceptisol, Gelisols and Histosols. Before landfilling rice yields were produced about 3,240 tons of milled dry rice (MDR)/year, and rice production potency is now only about 506.25 tons of MDR/year. Keywords: Lebak swamp, Typology, Rice, Potency, South Sumatra

INTRODUCTION is less than 30% and is distributed along Lebak swamp (freshwater swamp or back the and Ogan River. In achiev- swamp or inland swamp) is defined as a ing food self-sufficiency, lebak swamp is region or a plain located along left and right able to provide the highest rice produc- positions of the rivers and characterized by tions (30%) compared to technically irrigat- a poor drainage system (Sjarkowi et al., ed rice fields (27%), tidal rice fields (25%), 2007; Zahri et al., 2018). It is mentioned and other rice fields (18%) of the total rice as back swamp because the plain extends production in South Sumatra (Armanto et away from the sea or the rivers. In wet al., 2013). Lebak swamp for agriculture seasons, lebak swamp becomes flooded can still be improved, not only for rice pro- plains as it gets water overflow of major duction, but also for fisheries and planta- rivers and rainfall as well as its normally tions as well as other uses (Adriani et al., stagnant water is very difficult to drain. In 2018; Wildayana, 2018a; 2018b). dry seasons, the stagnant water shrinks Jakabaring is an adjoining area because most of the water flows back into directly and located in the southern part the river and the plains become dry. At dry of Palembang and is mostly occupied by seasons, lebak swamp will be planted by lebak swamp. Thus Jakabaring is a sup- farmers to grow usually rice and cereals. porting area and at the same time experi- Besides rice, lebak swamp is utilized for encing direct pressure due to the popula- fishing activities, livestock and others (Ar- tion increase and economic development manto, 2014). of Palembang and its surroundings. Thus Lebak swamp in South Sumatra land conversion in Jakabaring is very dif- province cultivated as the agricultural area ficult to be avoided, and the government

 Corresponding author : © 2018 Universitas Trunojoyo Madura Address : Komplek Kenten Permai Blok A No 10 RT p-ISSN 2301-9948 | e-ISSN 2407-6260 20/004 Palembang (30114), SUMSEL. Email : [email protected] Phone : 08127338950 Agriekonomika, 7(1) 2018: 30-36 | 31 has developed some public facilities in tained using Landsat imagery interpre- this area, among other international sport tation in 1987 and 2016. The interpreta- center, super and hyper markets, shopping tion of the research area was supported centers, residential centers and others by thematic maps, topographic maps of (Wildayana, 2017; Junedi et al., 2017). 1:50,000 scale, landuse maps with scale In the beginning Jakabaring be- of 1: 250,000, swamp maps with scale of longs to lebak swamp area for agricultural 1:500,000 and followed by calculation of purposes (Wildayana, 2014). In line with the area and distribution of natural phenom- economic development, Jakabaring has been ena by planimetric method (Figure 1). allocated not only for agriculture, but also The soil classification is based on for non-agricultural areas. In order to utilize the Soil Survey Staff (2014) manual book it optimally, it has been reclaimed by land- and the measurement of the rice produc- filling. The landfilling materials come origi- tion was done by plots of squares (size 10- nally from the Musi river, which consist of 10m) and multiplied by the whole planting small rock, sand and mud soil. area. The research method for attribute We need to take some lesson- data was using field survey. Determina- learnt from this case especially in terms of tion of sampling technique was done by agriculture (Sarno et al., 2017; Ningsih et using disproportionate random sampling. al., 2017). The lessons-learnt will help us The total number of respondents (mostly to analyze and to examine with care when farmers) was 120 respondents. Recording lebak swamp will be converted to other of respondent data was done by interview non-agricultural purposes (Wildayana, using questionnaire. Data attribute was 2015). Therefore, this research aimed to processed and analyzed by using SPSS compare lebak swamp typology and rice program and displayed in the form of nar- production potency before and after land- ration, description and tables. filling in Jakabaring South Sumatra. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION METHODOLOGY Research results and discussion focuses The research approach is done in two on the aspect of knowing how the lebak ways, namely for spatial data collection typology and compare between the condi- and data attribute. Spatial data were ob- tion of lebak before the landfilling (1988)

Source: Google Map, 2017 Figure 1 Research Site in Jakabaring Palembang (Google web) 32 | Elisa Wildayana and M. Edi Armanto, Lebak Swamp Typology and Rice Production with existing condition (2017). Knowing the in district of MUBA and OKI, their revenue lebak typology and comparing the impact earned from the lebak lebung auction of landfilling is important to evaluate the around Rp 2.5 billion/year. Results of lebak extent of changes in occurring to the lebak lebung is obtained various types of fish, in- swamp. cluding fish for consumption and ornamen- tal fish, for examplebelida fish (Notopterus Lebak Swamp Typology sp.), arowana or tangkeleso fish Scle ( - The lebak swamp can be divided into six ropages formasus), sumpit fish (Taxotes typologies, namely lebak lebung; deep sp.), botia fish Botia( sp.), serandang fish lebak; middle lebak; levee lebak; shallow (Ophiocephalus pleurophthalmus) and any lebak and dry land (Table 1). Typology of others. Types of consumption fishes, such the lebak ecosystem is an important part in as catfish, sepat fish, betok fish, patin fish, the formation of socio-economic and cul- tembakang fish,toman fish,baung fish and tural local communities who live and settle others. in the lebak ecosystem. Functions of lebak Deep lebak is a part of swampy swamp are not only as business and resi- area that is much lower than middle lebak. dential areas, but also as water resources, It is flooded 6-9 months/year, water level washing, domestic need of water as well 100-150 cm, and peaty < 50 cm and culti- as social and cultural interactions. vated only in the middle of the dry season Lebak lebung is a depression in when the ground water level has shrunk. swampy areas and is always flooded, wa- In the wet season deep lebak is dominated ter level > 150 cm, and peaty 50-100 cm. by plants of natural waters, such as the lo- In general, lebak lebung often accumulate tus or teratai (the fruit is useful as a snack freshwater fish, especially at low tide dur- food), eceng gondok (usually used for ing the dry season. Lebak lebung is formed handicrafts materials), water grass, keman in two ways, namely naturally, especially in (a type of putri malu that lives in water and the depression area, and man-made with is used as an ingredient side dish or veg- the purpose for collecting freshwater fish etables at meals), and other wild plants. in the dry season. Lebak lebung is utilized Middle lebak is a part swampy as a major business area for the commu- area located lower than levee lebak and nity and as government revenue (PAD) by usually planted at the beginning of the dry lebak lebung auction. PAD varies accord- season in order to make the surface of the ing to the potential of each region, the cir- water had receded for rice. It is flooded 3-6 cumstances of each district, for example months/year, and water level 50-100 cm.

Table 1 Lebak Swamp Typology di Jakabaring Before landfilling*/ Types Status Utilized by farmers Locations Lebak lebung Relatively Fishery, freshwater In a deep depressions (valley) static resource Deep lebak Less Freshwater resource Located next to the flood plains and dynamic depressions Middle lebak Very Rice fields In flood plains and river valleys dynamic Levee lebak Dynamic Rice fields On the river levee, valley and flat topography Shallow lebak Very Rice fields and Along the natural river levee, dynamic settlement alluvial plains and flat topography Dry land Relatively Agricultural and Away from river levee and static settlement topography > 1.5 m above sea level Source: */ It was measured in the fields and supported by land use map (1:250,000 scale), Landsat, 2016., Google map, 2017., as well as field survey, (2017) Agriekonomika, 7(1) 2018: 30-36 | 33

Levee lebak is defined as similar shrubs and no trees. In general, the veg- with shallow lebak. It is differentiated that etation type was dominated by kumpai or levee lebak is flooded < 3 months/years, prumpung or other types of grasses. Leb- water level 25-50 cm and dry in the dry ak rawang is utilized as cattle pasture and season. This swampy area is planted with swamp buffalo and looking for raw materi- rice in wet season and will be dry in the dry als of the mat making. Due to Jakabaring season. It is mostly located on the levee area is adjacent to the Palembang city, the and the river valley and flat topography. pressure of population and economic de- Shallow lebak is a part of swampy velopment, then gradually Jakabaring area area planted to rice during the wet sea- was experiencing land conversion and son. It is inundated only in wet season (< done by landfilling started in 1989. All this 3 months/years), water level < 25 cm, and land conversion has changed Jakabaring dries in the dry season. Shallow lebak was into a form that is totally different from its being extremely dynamic meaning that re- initial condition before 1970. gional development will directly influence the shallow lebak area. Direct impact of the Comparison of Lebak Swamp Typolo- regional development will increase sedi- gies before and after Landfilling mentation resulting in the total area flooded Before landfilling in 1988, approximately in riverbank is widespread. Because of its 2,459 ha (91.06%) of Jakabaring area very dynamic, then the extent of their area consists of lebak swamp covering shal- can most small or very large. Compared low lebak to lebak lebung, whereas the dry with deep lebak and lebak lebung because land was around 241 ha (8.94%). At that of the permanent inundation of typologies, time, the most widespread is middle lebak they are less dynamic than shallow lebak. (24.21%), followed by deep lebak (22.75%) Dry land (Palembang local lan- and lebak lebung (20.31%), levee lebak guage is called the Tanah Nyurung) is (13.36%) and shallow lebak (10.43%). At partly swampy area that during the wet that time this area was considered as less and dry season it is dry and flooded po- economical area for all economic activities, tential during at the wet season annually including residential, industrial and others 5-10 years as well as serves as a place for (Table 2). living and to farm, especially subsistence After landfilling or existing condi- agriculture. Dry land is generally located tion, the typology composition of lebak on the right or left side or in river center swamp has changed significantly. Dry land or general waters. The dry land in the river area has increased becoming 1,964 ha center or open waters is named as “pulau”, (72.73%), while the lebak swamp rest is according to local language) and functions only about 736 ha (27.27%) consisting of as agricultural fields, namely rice fields or shallow lebak 380.97 ha (14.11%), deep cereals. lebak (127.71 ha (4.73%), levee lebak There is a small part of Jakabar- 87.21 ha (3.23%), middle lebak 82.89 ha ing area which is not touched by human (3.07%) and lebak lebung only 57.51 ha activity, did not function as rice fields and (2.13%). covered with natural vegetation and it is Composition changes in lebak called as lebak kumpai. Lebak kumpai can swamp typology impact directly on the eco- be divided into two parts, namely rawang nomic activities of the community, private forest and lebak rawang. Rawang forest is sectors and industry. If further analysis that entirely untouched by human hands and is acreages of deep lebak and lebak lebung still a native habitat and vegetation is domi- is less than 10%, this is negatively affect- nated by trees. The main functions of raw- ing the overall area because this area is ang forest as a place for fishing and look- susceptible or vulnerable to surface water ing for gum rosin (damar). Lebak rawang is overflow, i.e. overflow of Musi River water a swampy area and dominated by kumpai and excess of rain water. As we know that 34 | Elisa Wildayana and M. Edi Armanto, Lebak Swamp Typology and Rice Production

Table 2 Acreages of Lebak Swamp Areas before and after Landfilling Types Before landfilling (1988)*/ Existing conditions (2017) ha % ha % Lebak lebung 548.37 20.31 57.51 2.13 Deep lebak 614.25 22.75 127.71 4.73 Middle lebak 653.67 24.21 82.89 3.07 Levee lebak 360.72 13.36 87.21 3.23 Shallow lebak 281.61 10.43 380.97 14.11 Dry land 241.38 8.94 1,963.71 72.73 Total 2700 100 2700 100 Source: */ It was measured in the fields and supported by land use map (1:250,000 scale), Land- sat, 2016., Google map, 2017., as well as field survey, (2017) Table 3 Changing Soil Orders before and after Landfilling Soil Orders Before landfilling (1988)*/ Existing conditions (2017) ha % ha % Entisols 824.58 30.54 2,165.67 80.21 Inceptisols 549.18 20.34 338.85 12.55 Gelisols 456.57 16.91 114.75 4.25 Histosols 869.67 32.21 80.73 2.99 Total 2,700 100.00 2,700 100.00 Source: */ It was measured in the fields and supported by land use map (1:250,000 scale), Landsat, 2016., Google map, 2017., as well as field survey, (2017) main function of deep lebak and lebak leb- highest around 2,165.67 ha (80.21%), In- ung are acting as water catchment areas ceptisols are almost 338.85 ha (12.55%), during the wet season or reservoir water Gelisols cover an area of 114.75 ha especially in the dry season. Ideal condi- (4.25%) and the most minimum position is tions of Jakabaring have lebak lebung and showed by Histosols only around 80.73 ha deep lebak minimum 810 ha (30%) of the (2.99%). Composition changes of soil or- total area (2,700 ha) landfilled. ders effect generally to land suitability and land capability for supporting agricultural Lebak Swamp Soils before and after production. Landfilling Entisols area characterized by Generally lebak swamp in Jakabaring is no differentiation horizon and means that dominated by four major orders, i.e. orders of soils are still undeveloped. Jakabaring Entisols, Inceptisols, Gelisols and Histosols. area is dominated by this soil order around There are some significant differences be- 2,165.67 ha (80.21%) as the landfilling re- tween soil orders before landfilling and af- sults. Before landfillingEntisols were found ter landfilling (existing conditions). Before only around 30.54%. This expansion is due landfilling, dominant soil orders wereHisto - to the process of landfilling. sols and Entisols covering around 869.67 Inceptisols are determined by weak ha (32.21%) and 824.58 ha (30.54%) horizon differentiation, but Gelisols belong and Inceptisols and Gelisols covered only to highly developed soils. Histosols are around 549.18 ha (20.34%) and 456.57 ha showed by accumulation of organic materi- (16.91%) respectively. Based on its domi- als with its thickness at least 30 cm. Before nance, soil orders were found i.e. Histo- landfilling fourth soil orders were relatively sols, Entisols, Inceptisols and Gelisols (Ta- balanced and after landfilling Gelisols and ble 3). Histosols were buried by landfilling and re- However these soil orders have placed by Entisols. Gelisols and Histosols changed dramatically after landfilling with are generally found in deep lebak and leb- dominance as follows: Entisols occupy the ak lebung. Agriekonomika, 7(1) 2018: 30-36 | 35

Table 4 Potency of Rice Production before and after Landfilling */ Parameters Before landfilling Existing condition Prediction (1988)*/ (2016) (2025) Planting area (ha) 0 1,296 (48.00%) 202.50 (7.50%) Total rice production (ton 0 MDR/year) 3,240 506.25 Farmer’s household number 0 (KK) 353 120 Source: */ It was measured in the fields and supported by land use map (1:250,000 scale), Landsat, 2016., Google map, 2017., as well as field survey, (2017) Rice Production Potency CONCLUSIONS Lebak swamp typology likely cultivated Lebak swamp in Jakabaring can be divided by farmers to grow rice is shallow lebak, into six typologies, namely lebak lebung, levee lebak and middle lebak. Other lebak deep lebak, middle lebak, levee lebak, typologies are technically problematic be- shallow lebak and dry land. After landfill- cause farmers have some difficulty to man- ing, dry land area has increased becom- age water overflow and they cultivate deep ing 1,964 ha (72.73%), while other lebak lebak and lebak lebung for fishery. There- swamp is only about 736 ha (27.27%) fore acreages of planting area before land- consisting of shallow lebak 380.97 ha filling were 1,296 ha (48%), but in the ex- (14.11%), deep lebak (127.71 ha (4.73%), isting conditions the planting area potency levee lebak 87.21 ha (3.23%), middle leb- decreased sharply only around 551.07 ha ak 82.89 ha (3.07%) and lebak lebung only (20.41%). Most of rice planting area was 57.51 ha (2.13%). Before landfilling, the abandoned; the real planting area was dominant soil orders were found i.e. His- only about 202.50 ha (7.50%). tosols, Entisols, Inceptisols and Gelisols. It If the average rice production of changed dramatically after landfilling with lebak swamp before landfilling was around dominance as follows: Entisols, Incepti- 2.50 tons of milled dry rice (MDR)/ha/year, sols, Gelisols and Histosols. Total rice pro- thus total rice production was approxi- duction was around 3,240 tons milled dry mately 3,240 tons MDR/year. In existing rice (MDR)/year before landfilling and in condition the rice production potency was existing condition its potency remains only only remaining 506.25 tons MDR/year. 506.25 tons MDR/year. This amount continued to decrease due to intensive land conversion of agriculture to ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS non-agriculture purposes. By 2025 it is es- The authors would like to thank the local timated there is not found rice fields and farmers who kindly gave their time to give probably farmer profession is no longer us the detailed data and information for the found in the research area (Table 4). research. Thanks and appreciations also It means that Jakabaring area can- are addressed to the Sriwijaya Univer- not be mentioned as lebak swamp or agri- sity that financially support this research cultural land as happened before landfill- through “Penelitian Unggulan Profesi” Nr ing (1988). In accordance with population 985/UN9.3.1/LPPM/2016 and the Agricul- pressure and economic development, ture Faculty who has given technical sup- farmers in Jakabaring are displaced to oth- port and allow us to publish this paper. er places due to agricultural land unavail- ability and government support for activi- REFERENCES ties agriculture is also minimal. Moreover Adriani, D., I. Zahri, E. Wildayana, Mary- government wanted to develop this area adi, M. Hamzah and Yulius. (2018). as international sport centers, residential, Farmer’s Welfare in Telang’s Inte- industry, recreation areas and any others. grated Independent City: Lesson 36 | Elisa Wildayana and M. Edi Armanto, Lebak Swamp Typology and Rice Production

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