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PÁTEŘNÍ MĚSTSKÉ DRÁHY VE STŘEDNÍ EVROPĚ Diplomová Práce Ondřej Macík

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PÁTEŘNÍ MĚSTSKÉ DRÁHY VE STŘEDNÍ EVROPĚ Diplomová Práce Ondřej Macík MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Přírodovědecká fakulta Geografický ústav DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Brno 2017 Ondřej Macík MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA GEOGRAFICKÝ ÚSTAV PÁTEŘNÍ MĚSTSKÉ DRÁHY VE STŘEDNÍ EVROPĚ Diplomová práce Ondřej Macík Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Daniel Seidenglanz, Ph.D. Brno 2017 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Bc. Ondřej Macík Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Geografický ústav Název práce: Páteřní městské dráhy ve střední Evropě Studijní program: Geografie a kartografie Studijní obor: Sociální Geografie a Regionální Rozvoj Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Daniel Seidenglanz, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2017/2018 Počet stran: 96+14 Klíčová slova: Městská hromadná doprava, metro, urbánní železnice, teorie grafů, konektivita, střední Evropa Bibliographic Entry Author: Bc. Ondřej Macík Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Geography Title of Thesis: Spine urban railways in central Europe Degree programme: Geography and Cartography Field of Study: Social Geography and Regional Development Supervisor: Mgr. Daniel Seidenglanz, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2017/2018 Number of Pages: 96+14 Key words: Public transport, metro, underground, subway, urban railway, graph theory, connectivity, central Europe Abstrakt Diplomová práce se zabývá městskou železniční dopravou ve vybraných metropolích střední Evropy. Hlavním záměrem je určení charakteristik stavu, formy a struktury páteřních městských železničních sítí pomocí teorie grafů. Dále jsou zkoumány dopady sítí metra na sítě tramvajové. Vysoce individuální výsledky jsou konfrontovány s historickým vývojem a městským prostředím, ve kterém dané sítě operují. V teoretické části je věnován prostor množství témat, která pomáhají pochopit šíři problematiky urbánních železničních systémů. Mezi ty patří například popis výhod tohoto typu přepravy, vliv sítí na své okolí, popis trendů vývoje atd. Abstract The diploma thesis deals with urban railway transport in selected metropolises of central Europe. The main focus is to determine the characteristics of state, form and structure of the backbone urban railway networks using the graph theory. Furthermore, the impacts of metro networks on tramway networks are investigated. Highly individual results are confronted with the historical development and the city environment that the networks operates in. The theoretical part outlines the approach that is used to the research of backbone urban railway. It presents the variety of topics including its comparative advantages, effects on its surroundings or the current trends in its construction, which helps us to understand the wide problematics of public railway transport. Poděkování Na tomto místě chci poděkovat dlouhé řadě lidí, bez jejichž podpory by vznik této práce nebyl nikdy možný. Nejprve chci poděkovat svým rodičům a celé rodině, kteří mě již čtvrt století nekonečně podporují, kteří mi věří, a bez jejichž podpory by dokončení této práce a celých studií bylo mnohem složitější. Dále si mé díky jednoznačně zaslouží vedoucí práce Mgr. Daniel Seidenglanz Ph.D. za užitečné rady, konstruktivní kritiku, řádné usměrňování mých kroků při tvorbě práce a také za trpělivost nutnou k přečtení řady jejích pracovních verzí, kterými byl jistě zahlcen. Děkuji také svým přátelům (jmenovat je raději nebudu, abych omylem na někoho nezapomněl) nejen za podporu a naslouchání, ale také za dostatek podnětů ve chvílích nejtěžších, které mi pomohly si uvědomit, že situace by mohla být ještě mnohem horší. Mé díky patří také zástupcům dopravních podniků v Budapešti a Bukurešti, se kterými jsem měl možnost prodiskutovat sběr dat nutných k výpočtům v této práci. Prohlášení Čestně prohlašuji, že diplomovou práci s názvem „Páteřní městské dráhy ve střední Evropě“ pod vedením Mgr. Daniela Seidenglanze Ph.D. jsem vypracoval samostatně a s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. V Brně, dne 18. prosince 2017 …………………..... Ondřej Macík Obsah 1 ÚVOD ....................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Cíle práce ........................................................................................................................ 10 1.2 Struktura práce .............................................................................................................. 11 2 KOMPLEXNOST VÝZKUMU URBÁNNÍ ŽELEZNICE .................................................................. 13 2.1 Vývoj urbánní dopravy ................................................................................................ 13 2.1.1 Historie městské hromadné dopravy ................................................................. 13 2.1.2 Vývoj sídelních systémů ....................................................................................... 16 2.1.3 Porovnání jednotlivých typů hromadné dopravy ............................................ 16 2.2 Dopady urbánní železnice ........................................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Dopady na vývoj města ........................................................................................ 18 2.2.2 Dopady na automobilismus ................................................................................ 19 2.2.3 Dopady na přímé okolí ......................................................................................... 20 2.2.4 Prostředí uvnitř podzemních železničních systémů ........................................ 22 2.3 Politická reprezentace a její vliv na urbánní dopravu ............................................. 22 2.3.1 Metro jako symbol politické moci ....................................................................... 23 2.3.2 Výběr politiky rozvoje .......................................................................................... 23 2.3.3 Využití informačních technologií ....................................................................... 27 2.3.4 Trvalá udržitelnost ................................................................................................ 27 2.4 Další předpoklady využití podzemních železničních systémů .............................. 29 2.4.1 Podzemní prostory ................................................................................................ 29 2.4.2 Akceptace podzemní dopravní infrastruktury ................................................. 31 2.4.3 Bezpečnost .............................................................................................................. 32 2.5 Síťová věda ..................................................................................................................... 32 3 METODIKA ............................................................................................................................... 34 3.1 Výběr zkoumaných metropolí..................................................................................... 34 3.2 Zdroje dat a informací .................................................................................................. 34 3.3 Využití metod teorie grafů ........................................................................................... 35 3.3.1 Prvky sítě ................................................................................................................ 36 3.3.2 Charakteristiky sítě ............................................................................................... 36 3.4 Mapy a plány zkoumaných urbánních železničních sítí ......................................... 39 4 ANALÝZA SÍTÍ METRA A URBÁNNÍCH ŽELEZNIC ................................................................... 40 4.1 Historický vývoj metra ve zkoumaných metropolích ............................................. 40 4.1.1 Přelom 19. a 20. století .......................................................................................... 40 4.1.2 Meziválečné období .............................................................................................. 41 4.1.3 Socialismus ............................................................................................................. 42 4.1.4 Moderní historie metra ......................................................................................... 46 4.2 Vybrané charakteristiky zkoumaných metropolí a jejich dopravních systémů ... 50 4.2.1 Počet obyvatel ........................................................................................................ 51 4.2.2 Problémy povrchové dopravy a snaha o řešení ................................................ 52 4.2.3 Počet pasažérů ....................................................................................................... 54 4.2.4 Suburbánní železnice ............................................................................................ 56 4.2.5 Společnosti spravující MHD ................................................................................ 57 4.3 Teorie grafů a konektivita sítí ...................................................................................... 59 4.3.1 Sítě metra ................................................................................................................ 59 4.3.2 Sítě tramvají ........................................................................................................... 65 4.3.3 Propojené sítě metra a tramvají ........................................................................... 71 5 ZÁVĚR ...................................................................................................................................... 75 6 ZDROJE
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