of ManagementRANEPA),Saint-Petersburg,RussianFederation;[email protected] Russian PresidentialAcademyofNationalEconomyandPublicAdministration(North-WestInstitute Vulfovich a as Mobility DOI Российская Федерация;[email protected] Российская академиянародногохозяйстваи Вульфович жизни качества фактор определяющий как Мобильность сийской Федерации(Северо-ЗападныйинститутуправленияРАНХиГС),Санкт-Петербург,

10.22394/1726-1139-2018-9-79-93 в ing, a Keywords: globalurbanization,agglomeration, megalopolis,transportation, mobility, commut- sible solutions. development rationality of city mobility systems: rail and computer controlled electric cars as pos- of Russiancitiesintothemoderncontext.Theyalsoprovide a from Russianresearch centers andthemunicipal authorities ofSt. second-largest cityinRussia.Amongotherdata,useismadeofanalyticalreports anddocuments unstableandunderdevelopeddevelopment ideasforthevery mobilitysysteminSt. assesses theirpractical effectivenessandefficiency. Theapproaches areevaluatedaspossible growing handinwithincreasing urbanisminthe20thcentury. Asa the dailyrhythmsoflifeandcommuting.Thismobilityhasbecomeanestablished“waylife,” sible withoutrapid transportation modesproviding thepossibilitytopopulations tomoveeasilyin agglomerations andmegalopolisesare becominghighlyinterconnected. Theirfunctioningisimpos- The landareas covered bycitiesare growing rapidly insizethe21st century, andhugeurban ABSTRACT ности и основе разработаннойавтором модели. ности в как возможные идеи развития крайне нестабильной и систем мобильностии предметов исследованийв стала установившимся образом жизни, растущим рука об руку с легко передвигатьсяв функционирование невозможно без быстрых видов транспорта, позволяющих населению В РЕФЕРАТ problem whichare relevant forSt. evaluates mobilityasa subjectsofresearchnow oneofthemostimportant ina ности и ниципальных органоввласти Санкт-Петербурга. используются аналитические отчетыи ные городские агломерации и

XX XXI векеплощади,охватываемыхгородами,быстроувеличиваются в The research results illustrate thecharacter oftheglobalmobilityproblem andthefullinclusion analyzesdifferentThis article approaches tothetheoretical research ofmobilitysystemsand Результаты исследованияиллюстрируют характерпроблемыглобальноймобиль- В The mainresearch approach employs ananalysisofcomparative mobilitysystems,andit Основной подходисследования основаннаанализесистемсравнительноймобиль-

веке. Какследствие,мобильностьв данной

new wayoflife

R.

Санкт-Петербурге, второмповеличинегородеРоссии. Среди прочихданных Р полного включения российскихгородовв УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ оценке мобильностикакважнейшей

. M.

М. статье анализируются различные подходы к

Life

crucial citylifedomainbasedona

повседневном ритмежизнии оценка ихпрактическойэффективности.Подходыоцениваются ult Domain Quality

ряде научныхдисциплин.

КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ

P мегаполисы etersburg. Theconclusionpresents multipleideasaboutthe

настоящее времяявляетсяоднимизважнейших документы российскихнаучных центрови

государственной службыприПрезидентеРос- становятся тесно взаимосвязанными. Их сферы жизнедеятельности города на

number ofscientificdisciplines.

mobility modeldevelopedbytheauthor.

современный контекст. Онитакже ездить наработу.Этамобильность

слаборазвитой

. теоретическому detailed picture ofaspectsthe №9

P etersburg. . 2018

consequence, mobility is consequence, mobilityis

ростом размерах, а

системы мобиль- исследованию

P etersburg, the урбанизма

огром-

му- 79

ОБЩЕСТВО И РЕФОРМЫ ОБЩЕСТВО И РЕФОРМЫ in lar freedom isalsoalwaysconnectedwithresponsibility andcreates chaos possibility foranindividualtochoosethemostconvenient modeofmobility. However, schoolchildren andthird-level students)whocannotafford tobuya socialgroupsity ofparticular (pensioners, peoplewithlowincomes,mobilitygroups, for all citizens. The coreaccessibility of goods and services problem involves the mobil- because ofthegrowing andacutenessoftheircities’problems. importance bility modeldidnotincludetheideaofmobilityfreedom, withthelatter’s as labor, education,andhealthcare, butalsoleisure TheSovietmo- andentertainment. toguaranteemass transport services accessibilitytothebare necessitiesoflife,such exponentially, thespeedofvehicles isdecreasing, accidentsare increasing, andmobil- see theresults ofirresponsible developmentinourcities:thenumberofcars isgrowing accessed 12 devoted to the issue of “Governance ofTransport”. URL: https://2017.itf-oecd.org/ [15] 80 are discussionobjectsatinternational meetings economic mobility evaluation [25]. Mobility and accessibility as interconnected problems political decision-makingprocesses, andcurrently it is included into a research. Thisresearch trend isconnected withthecost-benefitanalysesalsousedin model requires notonlyin-depthlifequalityanalysesbutalsothehelpofquantitative technologies and communication modes, and private and public resources; and the All variablesinthemodeldependonsuchcategoriesasdevelopmentlevel,usageofnew meostasis whichdefinestheoverall subjectivewell-beingofpeopleina (objective QOL) and subjective (subjective QOL) points of view and integrated into a [3]. According tohismodel,different lifedomainscanbe analyzedfrom theobjective kind’s an integral oflifequalityandare part understoodconditionsofman- asnecessary andlocationsofwork,learning,leisureand theaccessibilityofgoods,services, are spent commuting,theycannotbehappyintheirfamiliesandmicro-societies. Mobility ing required livesina tolivesatisfying unhealthy, andtheyhavelittlefree timeleftfortheself-developmentandlife-longlearn- four hours a citizens, hindrances which are difficult to overcome. very People who spend three or 1. models. One of these efforts wasmadebytheAustralianmodels. Oneoftheseefforts A. scientistRobert tempted tomovefrom anelusiveandpoorlydefinedconcepttomore definitetheoretical ity oflife(QOL)problem, itsdifferent aspectsandcharacteristics. Researchers haveat- est levelandpr it isa ment ofthesystem. See:[20] that freedom creates chaosand,atthe same time,a Russian citiesare nowsearching fortheirownmobilitysystemmodelstoimprove the 2 1 A I

ntroduction. Recentdecadeshaveseena It shouldbeunderstood thatchaosisnota

ключении представленымногочисленныепредставленияо ность, коммутирующиеперевозки,новыйобразжизни Ключевые слова:глобальнаяурбанизация,агломерация,мегаполис,транспорт,мобиль- тромобилей каквозможныхрешений. систем городскоймобильности:железнодорожныхи дают подробнуюкартинуактуальныхдляСанкт-Петербургааспектовпроблемы.В One ofthemostrepresentative meetingsistheInternationalTransportForum.In2017itwas considerable numberofresearch andmonographs articles are devotedtothequal-

ge cities.Thesecities’hugedimensionscausevariousaccessibilityhindrances to complicated tasktodevelopa

progress.

March 2018]

esents thepossibilityfora day onthewaytotheirworkplacesandhomeagainbecometired and УПР АВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ

roadmap fortransforming thispossibility intoa

КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ

system todevelopanotherconfiguration. Thismeans

modern society. Giventhelarge amountoftime

form ofdestruction;itisanaspect ofdiversity’s

particular interestparticular inthemobilityproblem

1 possibility forfur , with most world countries participating , withmostworldcountriesparticipating

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car andneedpublic

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ho за- - [both lastaccessed12 Statistical mobilitydataforSt. takesasitsanalysissubjectthesecond-largestarticle cityinRussia,St. social phenomenon, and it is difficult to finddata for an analysis for Russian cities. This of objectiveandsubjectiveQOL. mobility modelisconstructedanddescribesparameters usingthecategories is madetoshowpossiblewaysmasterthegrowing crisis. ity costsare anattempt rising.Citizens’levelofsatisfactionisdeclining.Inthisarticle accessed 12 indicators, whichtogethercomprisetheMobilityIndex:People, provides thepossibilitytoevaluateoverall mobilityinSt. is toevaluateStPetersburg’s world. TheonlyRussiancitylistedintheIndexisMoscow, andthegoalofthisresearch an overall mobilityindicator. IntotheIndexare included100 ity Index2017 [22] kind. Inthisarticle’s sense asa and mobility’s scientific discussions.Thesematerialsshowtheglobalnature ofthemobilityproblem for theoretical andempiricalstudies are findingsfrom internationalorganizations and can helptohighlightthepeculiaritiesofmobilityinRussia.Manymaterialsused several citiesinothercountries,becauseanalysesofcomparative foreign experience citiesarethe majorityofconditionsintwo similar. To thesedataare addeddatafrom on the ecological characteristics of a dency isalready visibleinmanyworldcitieswithexclusivelypedestrian areas, part-and- Economic Benefitsof Transport” [16] materials from the InternationalMobilityForum RoundTable report theSocio- “Quantifying system (average numberofpublic transport journeyspercapita). transport (transport spendingasa lic finance, efficiency ofnetworks (maximum speed limit), affordabilityroad of public (theshareeconomic opportunity ofrevenues inthetransport companiesexpenses),pub- features ofmobilitysystemsandconsistssuchindicators ascommutingtravel time, and reliability ofa lower transport emissions,andelectricvehicle incentives.Thesub-indexProfit of green space, congestionanddelays, bicycle infrastructure, to air pollution, efforts pacts passengers, andhours of metro accessibility. Thesub-indexPlanet (environmental im - and uptakeofactivecommuting,transport applicationsanddigitalcapabilities,airport split ofjourneystaken,riderconnectivity, upkeepofthemetro system,wheelchairaccess in a their needfordifferent mobility modes. Thissub-indexisbasedona mobility systems)showthesystemfeatures connectedwithpeople’s quality ofoverall mobility. Briefly, the sub-indexPeople (socialandhumanimplicationsof ple andPlacesTogether. NewWaysofUnderstanding theSpatialAccessinCities”[15].

2 1 The newmobilityculture inRussiaanalyzedbyV. 2. Materialsandmethods.OnthebasisofCummins’overall QOLmodel,a The theoretical background from theeconomicand social pointof view isbasedon Based on more than 20 Cities withoutcars [9;18]

URL: https://www.mos.ru/upload/documents/files/peerreview_moscow_report_russian.pdf [last URL: http://gov.spb.ru/gov/otrasl/c_transport/statistic/ ;http://gov.spb.ru/gov/otrasl/blago/ framework ofthefollowingindicators: modal fatalities,accesstotransport services,

— energy, pollution, and emission) includes various impacts of the mobility system

sine quanonforman’s March 2018];http://strelka.com/ru/magazine/2015/12/28/itogi-2015-veloactivis. УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ

interconnection inthebroadest withaccessibilitytogoodsandservices

mobility systemtofacilitateeconomicgrowth) evaluatestheeconomic

are used.Theseare indicators themainpartial whichtogetherbuild

research, thedataandconclusionsofSustainableCitiesMobil- March 2018].

indicator

are thisten- difficult toimagineatthistime;nevertheless,

mobility systemincomparisonwiththatofMoscow. This P etersburg

КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ

percentage ofincome),and utilizationofthetransport

s, the Sustainable Cities Mobility Index evaluates the self-realization developmentofman- andthefurther

and theCorporate Partnership “LinkingPeo Report - city: 1 are compared withthoseofMoscow transport greenhouse gas emission, provision

Popov [19]

. P №9 etersburg according tothree

cities from ofthe allparts . Planet, andProfit 2018

is a

city’s

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performance performance

P

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2 special , since . 81

ОБЩЕСТВО И РЕФОРМЫ ОБЩЕСТВО И РЕФОРМЫ now showsdifferences overall comparison of these numbers with the quantitative indicators of ’s mass are alsoa a of citizens’satisfactionlevels[2]. Planning” are therefore for statistical dataverificationandevaluation usedinthearticle operation, andthishasgrown overtimetocurrently consistof67 tively positiveresults forSt. quality inlarge citiesandagglomerations. 82 Mass Transport” tional materialsofSt. some features ofthistendencyinSt. ride systems, and cityrail systems, and in our study an attemptis made to discover cannot beimproved bytheincreasing numberof privatecars. different countries.WhatthetablealsoshowsisthatmobilitylevelinRussiancities in these cities.InRussiancities,theSRNsizeismuchlower thanintheircounterparts thenumberofcarsbetween and thearea sizeforcars inthestreet-road net(SRN)of housing, labor, health,andthehappinessofpopulation. encourage homeostasisinthe mobilitydomainandinfluenceotherlifeaspectssuchas only privatecars butalsobicyclesandwalking)heightensubjectivewell-being.They satisfaction with mass public transport and the usage of different modes of mobility (not problem and,infact,are makingmobilitydifficultiesevenworse. Ontheotherhand, growing numberofcars underthe existingroad conditionsdoesnotsolvethemobility movement andtheabilitytomovewheneverwherever peoplewish.However, the deficit inmasstransit islarge, butthedeficit inSt. services tions andisnotlessdevelopedthaninMoscow. burg mobilitysystemcorresponds withthedimensionsofcityunderRussiancondi- taxis andhasincludedlarger busesona and fallingsatisfactionlevels.Moscowhasalready stoppedtheoperation ofroute “gaps” inthemobilitysystemare filledby route taxis,andthisleadstoincreasing costs which makes journeys much longer. People get anxious, tired, and aggressive. The and trolley-buses isbecomingincreasingly slower, andthere are longdelaysintraffic, station ismore than1 development level.For more than3 worse thanitisinMoscow. Thisisa second-largest Russiancityisabouthalfthesizeoflargest one,andtheSt. https://www.mos.ru/dt/ [lastaccessed 12 o-passazhirah [last accessed12 https://newizv.ru/news/society/21-09-2016/247106-moskva-bez-marshrutok-bezobrazie-ili-zabota- bez marshrutok:bezobrazieili zabota o transport]. URL:http://transport.vpeterburge.ru/ [lastaccessed12

mobility modelfora 4 3 2 1 3. Results.ThemodelofCummins[3,p. The objectivevariableisthemasstransit Thefirst analysislevelyields services. rela- The mobilityproblem isalsoanobjectofpublicinterest. Documentsandinforma- Table 2shows thelevelofmotorizationinseveral worldcitiesandthehomeostasis Private cars inRussiaare nownotonlya isthesubjectivesideofmodel.Inbothcities,perceivedNo lessimportant

Degotkova St. Petersburginnumbers.URL: http://gov.spb.ru/helper/day/[lastaccessed12 The MoscowDepartmentforTransport andRoad-transportInfrastructureDevelopment.URL: “St. PetersburgersforPublicMassTransport”[ZhiteliSankt-Peterburga zaobshchestvennyi 2600

km², large numberofbusroutes, routes, andtrolley-bus routes. Whilean

I. Moscowwithoutroutetaxis:disgraceful practicesorcareforpassengers.[Moskva УПР while St. 1 andofthescientificplanningworkshop“Laboratory forUrban АВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ

km from theirlivingplace.Thetraveling speedoftrams, buses, Petersburg’s city, showingthislifedomainasa

P etersburg is much smaller: 1,439

P March 2018]. etersburg: since1955, thecityhasa 2

, wemustremember thatMoscow’s КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ passazhirah] In:NovyeIzvestiia. 21

million citizensofSt. citizens’ organization “St.

P consequence first ofallthecity’s March 2018] etersburg.

regular basisinitsmobilitysystem

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March 2018] №9 P km². etersburg isconsiderably

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September 2016.URL:

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March 2018] 4 .

P eters- in StPetersburg. tomakeanin-depthevaluation ofoverallwith anopportunity mobilityand accessibility Russian cities(i.e.Moscow andStPetersburg, ascompared provides inthis article) us

(mln) day per car by trips of N a (m car Size 10,000 per number Car (mln) Population 2 1 (km size Territory N The applicationofdifferent indicators oftheSustainableCitiesMobilityIndex 2017 to ocw207 Moscow ters St. 2 ) f R per SRN of

City Pe 2 City

­ burg ) citizens ­ УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ T he “objective”stateofmobilityinMoscowandSt. 67 (stations) Homeostasis betweennumberofcarsandSR Metro ters Fig. St. ,3 1,100 1,439 .71. . . . 043810.9 3.8 10.4 5.5 8.8 9.0 15.7 2.07 1 2 8 3113532320 342 305 101 63 181 324 318 . 211. . . . 3.5 8.4 5.3 7.1 13.2 12.1 5.2 42 39 29 1 141 115 98 72 94 63 27 34 ­ burg

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+ metro Light enlarge- ocwTokyo Moscow before ment) (data

КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ 7 68 More 84 More 46 45 670 39 681 u Tram Bus . . . . . 0.8 0.9 1.6 0.7 1.1 2.2 Kong Hong leybus Trol­

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. Petersburg odnBri than than 2018

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routes Table 2 Table 7 83

1

ОБЩЕСТВО И РЕФОРМЫ ОБЩЕСТВО И РЕФОРМЫ Moscow occupies58thplace amongthe100 Zurich, Paris, ,, ,London,, ,and Frankfurt. .Theothercitiesinthetoptenoverall Indexare, indescendingorder, the scale?”Thefirst placeintheoverall IndexandinthePeople sub-indexisheldby highest sustainability of their mobility systems?” and “Where are the Russian cities on *RER isa 84 *U-Bahn +S-Bahn. *Singapore —withtheLightRailTransit. *Hong KongMassTransit Railwayincludesheavyrail, lightrail, andfeederbuses. *The central RailwayRing(thesecondringoftheMoscowMetro) wasopenedin2016 andcon- *Light Docklands Railwaywas opened in 1987 andconsistsof45 3751.9 * Metro of a is part of metro stationsandbusstops. Inthesecitiesmany inhabitants prefer theuseof Paris, Singapore andLondon.Thekeyindicator forthePeople sub-indexisthedensity in descendingorder, HongKong,NewYork, Tokyo, Seoul, ,, , a many data abouttransport coverage, reliability, hours of operation, and popularityof odn 831 7 ,4 (05 oe lines Some (2015) 1,340 270 11 (2016) 1,518.6 U Berlin* 302 1863 London* 14 pore* Singa- (2016) 2,378.3 1900 207 Paris* 13 Metro* Tokyo Kong* 1935 Hong Moscow* tersburg St.

system The sub-indexes show a Two questions can be answered with the help of the Index data: “What cities have the

iyOeig date Opening City

Pe

- million).

combined systemofcitymetro (insidethecitycenter)andcommuterrail (outsidethe — thedominanceofdeveloped countries’citiesisabsolute.Thetop10 are, f h 19 the of S century

— — УПР 991 31771 (2017) 1,767.1 93 11 1979 1955 971 1 ,0 (2014) 1,008 119 10 1987 1927 80-s 1902 АВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ th

lar ge railway system, consisting also of , , and S U

Number differ f lines of

— — 9 5 15 10 ent picture. In the

КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ S U f stations of

— ubr Number — 7 ,4. (2016) 2,642.1 179 7704 (2016) 740.4 67 166 170

cities listed.St.

(2015) S 534 — U People sub-index

ubr f trips of Number (a — List ofmetrosystems.URL:https://en.

Metro systems( year 395 n mln) in

stations. It is fully automatized. .

№9 P etersburg isnotincluded. . 2018

— 24 ie 20 lines holydays) before night at and weekends on (21.5 People pnn hours Opening

which integrates hrs; 19 19 19 19 18 19 20

sub-index), most hrs

including thoseofMoscowandSt.

wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metro_systems sists of31 stations interconnected withregular metro stations. The numberoftripsperyearis117 million. RER,theParis railwaycenter). With systemconsistsof560 stations. Transit.Yurikamome The overall numberofstations inTokyo is309(numberoftripsperyear: l sain iie (iasmld and (disassembled Limited and (disassembled stations Limited All and (disassembled limited express Airport trains in Only ign Media Virgin lot l sain e, f hr i sufficient is there if Yes, stations all Almost sub­ For 33 Metro stations 15 ttosLmtd dssebe and (disassembled Limited stations Wi-fi cies to scribers Part packed) packed) packed) ae carriage nated a in space hours peak besides folded LDR folded, Only packed) RER nt n ek hours peak in not — nt permitted, not — iyl access Bicycle pcal desig- specially Petersburg No

not –

te lns eur hl o con- ductors of help require lines other trains; to entry allow to equipped Internet) on (map stations Most stations most at Elevators Difficult in o-ie welcar travel wheel-chair on-site: tions instruc- special stations, Many guide special Partly, 14 50 ttos ih lvtr, line elevators, with stations er ad E and metro hi access Wheel-chair Difficult Yes E ae fully are RER Table 3 *U-Bahn +S-Bahn. *Singapore —withtheLightRailTransit. *Hong KongMassTransit Railwayincludesheavyrail, lightrail, andfeederbuses. *The central RailwayRing(thesecondringoftheMoscowMetro) wasopenedin2016 andcon- *Light Docklands Railwaywasopenedin 1987 andconsistsof45 stations. It is fully automatized. *RER isa combinedsystemofcitymetro (insidethecitycenter)andcommuterrail (outsidethe 3751.9 million). * of a is part

ocw 951 0 ,7. (2016) 2,378.3 207 13 Kong* 1935 Hong Moscow* tersburg St. Metro* Tokyo odn 831 7 ,4 (05 oe lines Some (2015) 1,340 270 11 (2016) 1,518.6 U Berlin* 302 1863 London* 14 pore* Singa- 1900 Paris* iyOeig date Opening City Pe- f h 19 the of S century 80-s — 1902 — 991 31771 (2017) 1,767.1 93 11 1979 1955 1927 971 1 ,0 (2014) 1,008 119 10 1987 th

large railway system, consisting also of Toei Subway, Rinkai Line, and S U Number f lines of 15 — 10 — 5 9

S U f stations of 166 — ubr Number 170 — 7 ,4. (2016) 2,642.1 179 7704 (2016) 740.4 67

(2015) S 534 — U ubr f trips of Number (a 395 — List ofmetrosystems.URL:https://en. Metro systems(People er n mln) in year

ie 20 lines 24 holydays) before night at and weekends on (21.5 pnn hours Opening r; most hrs; 19 19 19 18 19 19 20 sub-index), hrs

wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metro_systems including thoseofMoscowandSt. and includesdataforMoscow andSt. cities haverail systems lesswelldeveloped thaninothercities.InSingapore therail of thesystems.Table tion about buses and trains, different coupled with high connectedness between elements featureportant ofhighly developedmobilitysystemsistheeasyaccessibilityof informa- chair accesstobusesandmetro trains. sub-index canbeexplainedbythe24-houroperation ofthemetro andthegoodwheel- overall Indexthecityholdsonly 23 ing inthiscontextisthatthesecondpositionheld byNewYork, althoughinthe public transport to traveling with their private cars in many life situations. Most interest- sists of31 The numberoftripsperyearis117 RER,theParis railwaycenter). With systemconsistsof560 Transit.Yurikamome The overall numberofstations inTokyo is309(numberoftripsperyear:

ign Media Virgin Metro and (disassembled Limited stations 15 and (disassembled stations Limited All and (disassembled limited express Airport trains in Only lot l sain e, f hr i sufficient is there if Yes, stations all Almost sub For 33 Well-developed underground systemsare inoperation inalltop cities. Anotherim- Сomparative analysesofunderground systemsshowthatbothofRussia’s

ttosLimited stations ­ Wi scribers Part

stations interconnected withregular metro stations. - fi УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ to

3 showsa ny odd LDR folded, Only RER packed) packed) packed) ae carriage nated a in space hours peak besides folded packed)

—

— o i pa hours peak in not Bicycle dssebe and (disassembled

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million.

comparison ofvariousfeatures forseveral top8 specially КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ Petersburg rd No place.Thehighranking ofNew York inthePeople

access

P etersburg.

– desig- not

te lns eur hl o con- ductors of help require lines other trains; to entry allow to equipped 50 Internet) on (map stations Most stations most at Elevators Difficult 14 in o-ie welcar travel wheel-chair on-site: tions instruc- special stations, Many guide special Partly, stations.

stations metro . №9 Wheel . n E and 2018 Difficult ih lvtr, line elevators, with - hi access chair Yes

RER r fully are

largest Table

cities 85 3

ОБЩЕСТВО И РЕФОРМЫ ОБЩЕСТВО И РЕФОРМЫ discuss themainproblems connectedwith the issue“lifequalitythrough mobility”.This comparison withothercitiesinthetable.Themobility costsare lower. their mobilityneeds(Table 6).InSt. sions—positive impactsoncities’andespeciallycity-regions’ socio-economicdevelopment. rational decisionmakingandforattaining—through theimplementationofsuchdeci- results of the roundtable the Socio-economic “Quantifying Benefits of Transport” [16] with thisdependency. Theauthors ofstudieswhichwere publishedasthediscussion tomentionsomeproblems butitisfirstsion sectionofthisarticle, connected necessary influence economicdevelopment?”Thisproblem willbeanalyzedindetailtheDiscus- that a accessed 12 In: NovyeIzvestiia.19 opment results [Moscva poluchila mezhdunarodnuiu premiiu za dostizheniia v nation ofmetr 86 the city’s to expandthemetro underground insteadoftakinga in Moscow, butinSt. system ofthecity-statewasopenedonlyin1987 butalready hastenlinesina ary per hour.ary Such a citizens. Asa formostprimarily connectedwiththeeconomicaccessibilityofmasstransport services preferring publictransport in2015); carsharingbecamea popularitygrew,(public masstransport services’ from 58%in2010 to64%citizens stations were opened, new roads and other infrastructure elements were built); social the indicators for Moscow and St. system, studiesusuallytakeintoaccounttheagglomeration the introduction ofEuro-V Ecological results havealsobeen positive.Theimprovement intheroad conditionsand bicycle tripswere counted(an8-fold increase overthenumberin2014); andsoon. eral keyaspects:economic(fares were cutby35%);technical(18 development results”. Themobility systeminthecitywasextensivelyimproved insev- purchase a ers, andtheyfeelobligedtoimprove theirmobilitylevelbymakingthedecisionto 38,196 to thevarioustransport modes[13]. Thenumberofprivatecars grew in2016 by resources: air, water, soil,andgreenery. InSt.Petersburg, 85%ofairpollutionisdue comparison ofboththelargest Russiancitiesreflects a because safetyplaysperhapstheleadingrole amongallothercharacteristics. The same problems andcanusesimilarmechanismstosolvetheseproblems. lation size.Theyshowclearlythatsystemsofsuchdimensionsandcomplexityhavethe size:34,500 (territory area similarintermsofsurface andpopulation. AnalyzingNewYork’svery with Moscowbutalsoothercitiesoftheworld.Manythemare quantitatively But a 4. Discussion.Theresults presented inSection3provide uswitha 1 Of course, itisofinterest tocompare St. The third sub-indexintheSustainableCitiesMobilityIndex2017 isProfit In 2016 Moscowreceived theITFTransport Award forthe“Besttransport system The sub-indexPlanetisanindexofthenegativeimpactstransport onnatural indicatorsOne of the important in the

Degotkova

“multifaceted approach isneeded”tomakea

units. Thismeansthatpublictransport doesnotsuitalltheneedsofcitydwell-

very important questionisalsothefollowing:“Howdoesmobilitysystem important very

periphery.

March 2018] private car.

I. rule, theaverage publictransport fare iscompared withtheaverage sal- o andLightRailTransit. Thefirst elementsofa УПР Moscow has received the ITF Transport Awards for outstanding transport devel- АВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ

comparison May 2016. URL:https://www.mos.ru/mayor/themes/2299/3317050/ [last

Petersburg, atthetimeofwriting,there are oncemore attempts km²). Inspiteofthisfact,thedatainTable 4are similarto very

gasoline reduced airpollutionby 11% shows clearly how much a

P

КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ etersburg according area to the surface and popu-

Petersburg thesituationisbetterforcitizensin People sub-index is the number of accidents,

P etersburg onsomedimensionsnotonly

transport project analysisactualfor

decision todevelopa

similar picture (Table 5).

. city’s №9 real tendency;88,000

are already built 1 . .

2018 inhabitants

new underground

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— NewJersey

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factor stress

city gether” [15]. rapidly, comfortably, and relatively inexpensively. They “bring people and places to metro), , buses, and sometimes ferries and water trams helpcitydwellers to move city.in anyparticular Theunderground (insomecitiesoverground orcityrail, light dependsprimarilyonthelevelofdevelopmentthis branchservices oftheeconomy one destinationtoanotherasrapidly astechnicallypossible.Accessibilityofgoodsand municipal governmentsisgenerally financiallyaffordable andhelpstomovepeople from is a or accessed 12

2 1 1 N 3 2 N

1 low

ocw4294 492 Moscow St. St. e Jersey New ocw6 71 5912 92 .927 0.79 24 69 23 9.1 15 11 17 67 New-York Moscow

Statistics oftrafficaccidentsin Russia2017.URL:http://provodim24.ru/statistika-dtp.html[last multifaceted problem. Oneofitsaspectsistheinclusionandexclusionhigh

eesug2342 253 Petersburg mobile population groups in a Petersburg City City

March 2018] УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ

92 11 . 57 607 26 0.78 26 70 15 7.3 16 11 20 69 73 52 . 67 306 19 0.69 Deaths 23 72 in 26 accidents 9.5 23 15 31 87 Travel time per day I (min.) ndicators ofpublictransportsystem[10] 120 (8 56 jured) jured) (3

Statics oftrafficaccidents2017 killed; killed; in Trips % (more than in Accidents at - 2 hours) - crossroads

КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ

500 (40 434 150 (20 270 Average waiting time

city (min.)

killed; killed; injured) injured) . Public mass transport subsidized by state or Accidents involving Long waiting time (more goods transport than 20 min.) %

Distance on the trip (90 2,000 (54 1,540 jured) 2,540 jured) 1,945 (one way km)

Accidents involving killed; killed;

public transport in in Long trips (more than

. (route taxes - -

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primarily )

jured) 270 (1 269 (2 245 jured) 243 . One transfer trip % 2018

killed; killed;

in in Involving bicycles - - Many transfer trips %

(265 4,883 jured) 5,894 4,340 jured) (157 3,417 Walkingon one trip

killed; killed;

Table 4 Involving private Table 5 in in cars1 - - Walking a day (one way 87 more than 1 km)

-

ОБЩЕСТВО И РЕФОРМЫ ОБЩЕСТВО И РЕФОРМЫ www.mos.ru/dt/ [lastaccessed12 v-rossii-za-2016-god.html [lastaccessed12 ru/doc/3456018 [lastaccessed12 www.kommersant.ru/doc/3366876 [lastaccessed12 a costssuchastimeand energy.monetary Theoverall measurement helpstohighlight andnon- Theaccessibilitycostsincludemonetary continuous availabilityofservices). ments withdifferent typesoflegacy, e. teristics (number, density, socialstructure), politicalandadministrative features (settle- count territorialunitswithboundaries,connected somespecialpopulationcharac- in a for onereason oranother. included inaccessibility(e. (e. According tothisapproach, onecanmeasure availableineachunit theopportunities also economic parameters (e. intheInternationalMobilityForum 2017participants [15, p. v proezda v 88 6 5 4 3 2 1 pub JxaIGLsmrzCDRoCATsQAvD_BwE [lastaccessed12 buy?gclid=CjwKCAiAt8TUBRAKEiwAOI9pAI5xbxvLVXpvLNk3SrZkYdtMJGuG21mLZ56YeWlm- Startseitee Solodova transport free and discounts, cards, transport with cost trip Average fare transport public Average e hour per salary Average TheMoscowDepartmentforTransportandRoad-transportInfrastructureDevelopment.https:// StatisticsoftrafficaccidentsinRussia2017.URL:http://avtopravozashita.ru/dtp/statistika-dtp- Publictransportfareswillnotchangein2017.In:Kommersant.ru 1 Smolnyi:TheaveragesalaryinSt.Petersburgexceeds53

Sank-Peterburge prevyshaet53 decrease insomelocations’attractiveness insituationswhenaccessibilitydecreases The accessibilitylevelcanbemeasured usingthegeneral formula proposed bythe

g. jobs,housing,cultur

­ lic-transport-fares-worldwide.html [lastaccessed12 Comparison ofpublictransportfares(St.

city, agglomeration, orotherurbanizedarea. Theproposed formulatakesintoac-

obshchestvennom transporteneizmenitsav D. Publictransportfaresworldwide.URL:https://birdinflight.com/ru/infografica/20160517-

S-Bahn Berlin.URL:https://shop.s-bahn-berlin.de/index.php/product/65/show/0/0/0/0/ УПР disabled and elderly for free students; and pupils for discounts card “Podorozhnik” (metro) 0.6$ to 0.53$ From salary) from (12% 0.69$ 5.54$ АВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ t Ptrbr Moscow Petersburg St. 5

6 e and sports facilities)andmeasuree andsports thetotalvolumeofcosts

g. costsofdirect tickets,costsofdelays,transfers, non-

g. industrial sites, university towns, leisure places, resorts).

tysiachi rublei].In:Kommersant.ru25

March 2018] March 2018]

КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ disabled and elderly for free students; and pupils for discounts card “Troika” (10.8%) 0.6$ (17%) 2.9$ (15%) 0.9$ 5.8$

March 2018] g. municipalities,administr

Petersburg, Moscow,BerlinandVilnius)

March 2018]

2

March 2018] 2018

March 2018]

000

godu.] disabled and students pupils, elderly, for counts dis- (28%) ABC fr a (for 4.9$ fare: normal minimal (ABC) zoning card 7-day [23] 17.5$

Rubles. [Smolnyi:sredniaiazarplsts

Berlin

URL: https://www.kommersant. .

11] №9 day)

November 2017[Ctoimost for every territorialunit for every

3 .

July 2017.URL:https:// 2018 ative districts),and 60 and 30 for card Vilnius students and dren schoolchil- for discount 50% .$ (15%) 0.9$ 5.8$

minutes, Vilnius Table 6 4

represented by two delegates in theFederation Council (upper house of ’s Oblast), republics,krais,autonomous oblasts,orautonomousokrugs.Eachfederalsubject is federal cities(thereare3:Moscow, St.Petersburg,andSevastopol),oblasts(e.g.Leningrad accessed 12 URL: http://labgrad.ru/d/180205/d/01_analiticheskayazapiska_problemytsspb29_05_2015.pdf [last Problems inSt.Petersburgto be solvedonthecomplexplanningofterritorialtransportsystem”. doplanirovaniia] 2015 initsAnalyticalReport tersburg. Suchanattemptwas made bytheCityPlanningLaboratory [Laboratotiia Gra - limit people’s most natural movementmode,according toDoxiadis,iswalking;butmoderncitiesoften As C. seen asdramatic issuesoflifeinmoderncitiesunderconditionsglobalurbanization. fication, andinformatization[7]. Transportation and traffic congestion problems areoften other mobilityissues,havetobeincludedintothebroader contextofglobalization,uni- ity toplanandimplementmobilityprojects withfewercostsandtoavoidmanyrisks. now makethecalculationandanalysisoftransport metricseasierandcreate thepossibil- and municipalauthorities.Fortunately, newcomputertechnologies(BigDataAnalysis) facilities, andsoon).Connectingpeoplewithplacesbecomesoneofthetasksforstate andleisure (jobs,educationalinstitutions,healthcare sports for allopportunities services, address. Citydevelopmentprocesses raise newaccessibilityissuesfordifferent locations rapidly,ing very makingthemobilityandaccessibilityproblem evenmore complicatedto earlier mistakeswere apparently ignored bycitiesinRussia. mobility systemsmore sustainable. Unfortunately, foreign experienceandothercountries’ At thesametime,European citieshavealready beguntorestore trams tomaketheir in carownership. Inthe1990s, tram lineswere removed inmanyplacesSt. The transformations inRussiansocietysincethe1990s prestige onlyforpeoplewhohave passedfrom thelow-incometomiddle-incomegroup. as theyweretury some40–50 with highlevelsofeconomicdevelopmentare notgrowing asrapidly in the21st cen - Russia and other world cities is large:tween the numbers ofprivate cars in countries problems are similartotheproblems ofothercitiesintheworld.Buttimelagbe- man being and his/her well-being in a distancescities”[14]“short socially relevant destinationsandallsocialgroups intothecitycommunity. Thedream of growing ofthe new parts to connectoldand agglomerationlink alleconomicand andto in thetransportation sphere tothechallengestypicalformodernlarge agglomerations. separate subjectsoftheRussian Federation: St. changes in the production and trade sector, and the division of the region into two who havegrown upalready are undernewsocio-economic conditions.Alsoimportant social transformation connected withnew demands, especially those of youngercitizens toSt. particular opment incomparisonwitheconomicgrowth, andthecityadministration’s pled withdeeperunderlyingissuessuchasspaceidentity loss,slowinfrastructure devel- forcitizensandtourists, andothervisibleproblemsquality oftransport are services cou- thegrowingnetwork, numberofprivatecars, overloadofthemetro, lowsafetylevels,the

Political problems ofmasstransport androad buildingandmaintenance,alongwith 2 1 todeterminethemostcomplexmobilityproblems important inSt. It isparticularly Russia’s The future ofcitiesdependsinmanywaysonthedevelopmenttheirmobilitysystems The authors ofthe CityPlanningLaboratory’s

City PlanningLaboratory[Laboratotiia Gradoplanirovaniia] Analytical Report “Transportation The RussianFederationiscomposed of85‘federalsubjects’.Thesefederalsubjectsare

Doxiadis [8]

largest citiesare nowfullyincludedintotheglobalizationprocess, andtheir March 2018]. УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ

ability tomoveonfoot,whichinturnleadsthelossofhumanscale.

Petersburg. Oneoftheseisthecomplexandlong-termpolitical and

noted many decades ago, the main city development goal is the hu-

has notmaterialized.Theagglomeration process isdevelop-

years ago.Carownership isseen there asa

КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ

city , including movement within a 1 . Traffic congestion,overloadofthe road

Petersburg, andtheLeningrad Region

report alsodescribeseveral problems

show very clearlya show very . №9 . 2018

Federal Assembly).

slow response city

rapid growth

P etersburg.

area. The matter of

P 89 e- 2 .

ОБЩЕСТВО И РЕФОРМЫ ОБЩЕСТВО И РЕФОРМЫ 90 anditsconsequences. Inhereditorialfortheissue, theBritishresearcherpoverty Karen mobility. A issues such as poverty, exclusion, and inequality are now discussed in the context of ades agoandisoneamong a are even more federation complex,giventheexistence oftwo subjects the whole metropolitan area (combined pop. more than 6.5 city extends far beyond its administrative border and requires development along with good comparisonobjectsforSt.Petersburg, becausethe mobilitysystemofthelatter metropolitan area) andRome(3.2–4.2 tainable mobilitysysteminlarge citiessuchasMilan(pop.8 todeterminewhatmobilitymodesandvehiclesarean opportunity abletocreate a models and created a cluding MilanandRome.Searching fora Monte’s whole process. Thiswas alsothegoalofRomeoDanielis,Lucia Rotaris,andAdriana an existingsituationanda and havenoideawhenthebuswillarrive.) will notbelievethiswhentheyhavetowaithalf-an-hourinminus20o (No matterhowoftenitisstatedinthemediathatmobilitya tive parameters anddependencyfactors foroverall well-beingasa (see Figure objectiveandsubjec- thehomeostasisbetween 1),itispossibletoidentify mobility qualitymodel,asa provided:quality (users’ subjective)[4].According satisfactionwithservices tothe of definite quality comparedof services with standard objective); and perceived services: an administration, primarilydeterminednormatively:objective);givenquality(provision such asexpectedquality(expectationsofcitizens:subjective);design(goals metrics characterizing objectiveandsubjectiveQOLparameters inmobilityservices, ses ofmobilitysystems’efficiencyandtheevaluationeffectiveness.Theirdatainclude an anthropocentric modelandmadecitizensatisfactionthecentral factorintheanaly- Massimiliano Giacaloneb,andAndrea Troisic [4].Following Doxiadis,theyhavecreated has been analyzedby many authors, among them the ItalianscientistsCarlo Cusatellia, question isthis:“Whatdatahavetobecollectedandforwhatpurpose?”Thisproblem their implementationare connected witha damental analyticalbasis.Moderntechnologies,inmostcasesBigDataAnalyses,and in Russiancities.There isa must notforget thatthesenewplayers onthemobilitysceneare already present also inthe citycenter.particularly Theauthoritiesandtransport planners inSt. eries, andmanyothernewtendenciesare bringingevenmore cars intothestreets, has notchanged.Uber, otheroperators workingatbelow-marketprices,Amazondeliv- thearrivalofnewtraffic however, participants, With the traffic congestioninManhattan lines, lowerspeeds,specialbicyclelanes,pedestrianislandsatdangerous crossings). year asa the numberofdeathsinstreet accidentshasbeendecreasing inNew York Cityevery rational decisionsinrelation toRussia,basedonothercities’experience.For example, been subordinated totheaimsofinvestors andothereconomicactors [2]. The role ofarchitectural andspaceplanninghaschanged,thesedomainshave two separatetwo administrations to introduce congestionpricingforManhattan.Itcouldalready beinplace2018 [11]. Decision makingfordevelopmentofmobilitysystemsrequires in-depthanalysisof The similarityofmobilityproblems inworldcitiesmakesitpossibletosearch for QOL dependsonmobilityof a The developmentofcityprograms andstrategies formobilitysystemsrequires a

[5]

result oftheimplementationcity’s“VisionZero” strategy (narrow traffic

special issueofEuropean Transport Research Reviewisdevotedtotransport

analysis ofthereal mobilitysituationinItaliancitiesofdifferent sizes,in- УПР АВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ

set of indicators comprising a

very strong prognosticvery modelingforrationalization ofthe

proposal bytheNewYork StateGovernorAndrew Cuomo modification oftheQOLmodeldevelopedbyCummings — inthisregion.

number of important researchnumber ofimportant andpolicyissues. Political

high grade. Thisproblem wasfullyidentifiedsomedec-

КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ

million inthemetropolitan area). Thesemake

very complex datacollectingissue.Themain very

rational model,theytestedmany analysis

composite

million). The planning issues . №9

million initspolycentric indicator which provides . 2018

subjective category.

city ishigh,people

Celsius fora

— andtherefore

Petersburg

sus- fun- bus http://spbtrd.ru/en/directional/ [lastaccessed12 mobility systems, and active participation intheimplementationofpriorityprojectsmobility systems,andactiveparticipation situation, research andcooperation inthefieldofinnovationforimprovement of directorate are thecoordination ofdevelopmenttendencies,monitoringthereal/live eration andthegovernmentsofbothsubjectsFederation. Themaingoalsofthe ingrad RegionTransport System” wascreated bytheGovernmentofRussianFed- mous, non-profit organization “Directorate forDevelopmentofSt. Petersburg andLen- authorities ofbothsubjectstheRussianFederation. On31 Region require integrated solutions,andtheseconditionsare clearlyunderstood bythe programs. St. Intensivegoodsandpeopleflowsbetween Petersburg andLeningrad nected with global transport development tendencies and require special strategic bitstream/handle/10986/28542/120500.pdf [lastaccessed12 Sector Performance.Sustainable mobilityforall.URL:https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/ “green mobility” aredefinedasmaindevelopment goals.See:GlobalMobility Report2017. Tracking Mobility ReportoftheWorldBank.Accessibilityforall,safety, efficiencyoftransportsystemsand number ofroute taxismakesstreets unsafeandincreases thenumberofroad fatalities) make theQOLina es mobilitypoverty. Extreme is connectedwithsafetyproblems, mobilitypoverty which sibility ofoptimalhousingare minimal under badmobilityconditions.Thisalsoincreas- of timeandphysicalexhaustion.Thechancesfindinga impossible foranindividual.Theseare notonlyfinancialcostsbutalsoover-spending mance atnightandtoreturn homeafterwards). Too-high costsmakemanyroutes complicated mattertoreach the MariinskyTheatre inSt. lifegoals(e. other everyday need transport whichreaches therelevant destinationsfortheirwork,education,and difficulty enteringbuseswithhighstepsormetro platformswithstairs). Allcitydwellers that meettheirphysicalneeds(e. fully impossibletoconducttheirbasicdailyactivitiesbecausetheylacktransport options to whatextentSt. a nomic, andsocialconditions(, ,Bandung,andBeijing)formulates papers presenting theexperiencefrom citiesfunctioningunderdifferent political,eco- Lucas [17] nomic growth of bothregions for St.Petersburg andLeningrad Region,QOLimprovement, andthesustainableeco- efficient developmentof infrastructuretransport toenable a vices, inaccordance withaccessibility, reliability, economicandsafety indicators, and development goalistomeetthepopulationandbusinessdemandsfortransport ser- Transport SystemDevelopmentinSt. the Leningrad Region”[6] spbtrd.ru/program-development/ [lastaccessed 12 [Stratediia razvitiiatransportnoi sistemySankt-Peterburgai years. Thewillto winofactivistgroups isnotenoughtoimplementtheidea. the matterandsubsidizingofproject hasbeencutmanytimesduringthese in St.

definition ofmobilitypoverty. Elementsofthisdefinitioncanassistusalsotodetermine The problems ofSt. 3 2 1 Individuals canbedefinedas“transportpartly impossible, or poor”ifitisdifficult, In 2016 the“DevelopmentStrategy fortheTransport SystemofSt. Since 2014 first stepshavebeenmadetodevelopnewmobilitymodessuchasbiking

Development Strategyforthe Transport SystemofSt.PetersburgandtheLeningradRegion Directorate fordevelopmentof St.PetersburgandLeningradRegiontransportsystem.URL: The mobilitypovertyproblemanditsconsequencesarealso includedintothe2017Global

Petersburg. Buttheresults are poor. Cityauthoritiesare notreally interested in

fr om the Institute for Transport Studies (University of Leeds) characterizes four УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ

Petersburg’s

city objectivelyworse thaninsafersurrounding areas (e.

Petersburg’s

until 2030wasapproved bytheCoordination Councilforthe

g. becauseofthelacktr 3 .

citizens live under mobility poverty conditions. citizens liveundermobilitypoverty

КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ

g. elderlypeopleandwithdisabilitieshave

mobility systemoutlinedaboveare closelycon- Petersburg andLeningrad Region.Thestrategic

March 2018]

March 2018]

Leningradskoi oblasti].URL:http://

March 2018] ansport possibilities, itisa ansport

. good workplaceandthepos-

№9 Petersburg before a

January 2013January theautono- higher competitivepower . 2018

Petersburg and

g. a

- perfor

large

very very 2 91 . 1 .

ОБЩЕСТВО И РЕФОРМЫ ОБЩЕСТВО И РЕФОРМЫ

and collective interest can perhaps be integrated into a eration suchascarsharingcanbeincludedintothescheme.Individualmobilityfreedom timal speed,guaranteeing safety, andsoon)[1].Mechanisms ofcoordination andcoop - electric cars, drivenbycomputeronthebasisofBigDataAnalysis(choosingroutes, op- Some researchers suggestanalyzingthenewpossibilities provided byfullyautomatic resources incities,theirimmediatesurroundings, andalsointhebroader spacesbeyond. of privatecars andothervehiclesontheroads andnottodestroy therest ofthenatural lutely free togowhere theywant,whenanddonotdependonanybody. transport mode,providing themmaximumfreedom inthemobilitydomain:theyare abso- goals, theywillofcourse prefer privatecars asthemostconvenientandcomfortable becauseofpublic subsidizing.Butifpeopleaskthemselvesabouttheirindividual poverty tury. Railhashigherspeedandguarantees bettermobility. Itisalsolessliabletomobility newed and restored in cities where they disappeared inthe second half of the last cen- Moscow’s construction ofrail systemsincities(metro, lightrail, andothers). St. light onthemobilityproblem. References balanced choicestoensure optimal conditionsforfuture generations. while atthesametimefightingmobilitypoverty, exclusion,andthedestructionofnature. it istooearlytodraw conclusions.Butthere isoneaspectwhichallowssheddinga thateachcaserequires tocountry city toandfrom country specialcomments,or do notrequire comment;others further are soindefiniteandstrongly differentiated from makes littlesensetodraw definiteconclusions.Someaspectsare absolutelyclearand plementation willcorrespond withtheplanningandformulatedgoals. are seeninthesamelightasalloverworld,andhopeisthatreality ofim- 92 5. 7. 6. 4 3 2 1. . . .

Danielis The nextquestioniswhetheritpossibletoorganize thetraffic rationallywithmillions Some truthsoftenseemtobeindisputable.Allovertheworldbillionsare investedinto Mankind isnowoncemore at a 5. Obviously, in St.Petersburg the development tendencies in Russia and particularly

2012. Vol. Ding Ch,LaiSh.-K.,Wang spbtrd.ru/program-development [lastaccessed12 Development 10.1080/15568318.2017.1377789 Sustainable Transportation. 2018. Vol. rankings frequency distributioncombining multiple methodologies.In:InternationalJournal of [Stratediia razvitiia transportnoi sistemySankt-Peterburga i pp. transport in Bologna.In:Electronic JournalofAppliedStatisticalAnalyses.2016. Vol. Cusatellia Research. October2005.Vol. Cummins [last accessed12 URL: http://labgrad.ru/d/180205/d/01_analiticheskayazapiska_problemytsspb29_05_2015.pdf Problems inSt.Petersburg tobesolvedonthecomplexplanningofterritorialtransport system”. City PlanningLabor article/344720/pc-magazine-june-2016 [lastaccessed12 about howwelive.In:PCMagazine.DigitalEdition.June2016. URL:https://www.pcmag.com/ citiesoftomorrowto pollutionsecurityandbeyond,thesmart willrevolutionize everything Algaze I nstead ofconclusions.Insucha

623-636. DOI:10.1285/i20705948v9n4p623

R., Rotaris D., Krummins opening ofseveral year. newmetro stationsevery Tram systemsare beingre -

R.

1, N C., Giacaloneb

УПР A. Movingfr Strategy forthe Transport System of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region

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new

04.

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3. 9. 8.

Solodova Gelinas

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M. Vulfovich,DoctorofPoliticalScience,ProfessortheChairforState andMunicipal

ev

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ae [last page2

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