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A Local Prison Transformed Into a National Archive: Lecumberri's Past

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A Local Prison Transformed Into a National Archive: Lecumberri's Past 136 Tales from the Archive 137 Traces: Te UNC-Chapel Hill Journal of History USCT. After I asked if it was possible to open it, he disappeared for several minutes to A Local Prison Transformed into a consult with the head archivist as to how we should proceed. Fortunately, they were able José Moreno to open the envelope and brought it back to me to photograph and place back in the National Archive: Lecumberri’s Past and pension fle. It felt as though I stared at his face for hours, taking in every detail I could, Present though in reality it was only a few minutes. My hands shook so much that it took several As historians, we study change over time. Unfortunately, tries to get a clear picture. change over time does not always mean progress. Mexico’s As I continue my research, I hope to fnd more photographs of the men that I study. National Archive (AGN) exemplifes this challenge. I frst Tey endured unimaginable hardships to secure their freedom and rights, and their visited the archive in 2013 because the main sources for my stories must be told as part of the diverse and complicated history of the United States. Master’s thesis were housed in its collections. Last summer, It was an indescribable feeling to say hello to Richard French, veteran of the 44th USCI, I went back to do research for my dissertation project. Te father of fourteen children, husband to Ardelia Garrett French, former slave, free man, archive had changed. I was concerned and upset when I no- and United States citizen. You never know what surprises you will fnd in the archives. ticed that some of these changes were not for the better. Located in Mexico City, just a few blocks away from the National Congress building, the National Archive is rich in history. It stores historical documents pertaining to Mexico’s modern national history and its early modern colonial his- tory. Te early modern documents speak to afairs in Mexico and Central America, to the U.S. southwest and part of the southeast (Louisiana and Florida). It even includes records on distant places such as the Philippines. Te building in and of itself is rich in history. It has served as an archive since 1982, but its original function was as Mexico City’s prison, known as Palacio de Lecumberri. Among its most famous prisoners was revolutionary Presi- dent Francisco I. Madero who was kept there in 1913, during the movement known as “Te Ten Tragic Days” (La Decena Trágica), which led to a military coup. During those days, a military commander named Victoriano Huerta usurped the Mexican president. He ordered Madero’s arrest, forced him to resign his position, and immediately after, had the pris- on guards execute him by applying an extrajudicial killing practice commonly referred to as “Prison Brake Law” or “Ley Fuga.” Although in a very diferent context, violence remains to 138 Tales from the Archive 139 Traces: Te UNC-Chapel Hill Journal of History this day part of Lecumberri’s surroundings. Last summer, a colleague and friend of mine box once returned to their storage site. who was doing a research stay was robbed at gun point two blocks away from the ar- Because of this new storage system, in chive. Te assailants punched her in the face and stole her laptop. Even though two local my experience, it is obvious that docu- police ofcers were nearby, they did nothing to help her. ments would go missing. It should be no surprise, then, that the archive is heavily guarded. Researchers are Furthermore, last year the archive required to go through a security process that involves passing four diferent checkpoints experienced signifcant administra- before gaining access to the consultation area. Te guards are part of Mexico City’s local tive changes, which afected the way police corps. Most of them are historians are able to work. Because women, although there is usually a of recent staf layofs, there appear to male guard at the gate. Te other be more guards than archivists. Tis security stations are located at the new system also reduced the number entrance of the building, at the Te Mexican National Archives still has a panopticon, a of users who can actually access the locker room, and on each section circular room designed to allow for convenient surveil- archives. Previously, researchers could lance of prisoners. (Photo courtesy of the author.) or gallery of the archive. In this walk in with no prior notice, and get respect, the building still resembles service. Now, every researcher is re- a prison. Its architectural design quired to request documents by email three days prior to consultation. Tere also used to makes it look like a small fortress, be an unlimited number of documents that could be requested per day. Now, researchers with several cell blocks that con- only have access to ten documents daily. Tis means that if you order ten folders, each verge in the center, reminiscent of Mexico’s National Archive is housed in a building that containing a one-page document, you can fnish quickly and very likely have wasted your formerly functioned as a prison. Te old cell blocks remain Jeremy Bentham’s famous panop- day. Tat is, unless you are lucky and fnd your “smoking gun” in one of those folders. as a stark reminder of the building’s history. (Photo courtesy of ticon. the author.) Moreover, the opposite scenario can occur: if you order ten volumes containing hundreds Until recently, the archive used of pages each, it would take you days, even weeks, to review all of them. to be divided by galleries accord- Tis new system requires historians to know ahead of time the type of documents ing to the documents’ time period. Each gallery was located in what used to be a cell that they are hoping to fnd. It is not an impossible system to navigate, but it does re- block. Te former cell blocks’ hallways operated as consultation areas and cells func- quire a fair amount of organization and prior knowledge—something historians often tioned as storage rooms for historical documents. While this distribution was practical do not have the luxury of having when it comes to archival documents. Te real problem and certainly gave the archive a unique touch, housing the documents in humid prison is that even if you are very organized, it limits your ability to follow unexpected leads. If cells caused many fles to mold. by chance you happen to fnd one that sparks your interest, you will have to wait another Te old cell block hallways still work as consultation areas, but the cells are now three days to explore that lead, and three days, especially in an ex-prison cell, can feel like empty and most of the material is stored ofsite. Even though the documents are in an eternity. a better place for their preservation, the fact that they are stored in another building requires archivists to transport them from one building to another every time a histori- an requests them. While documents are no longer being lost to mold, many have been misplaced, perhaps caught in the wind in transport or simply not put back in the right .
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