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Universidade Federal Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Centro De Ciências UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS JURÍDICAS E POLÍTICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA COOPERAÇÃO BRASIL-NIGÉRIA A Dimensão Material e Ideacional da Cooperação Sul-Sul entre Brasil e Nigéria no Campo da Bioenergia (1999-2013) Linha de Pesquisa: Relações Internacionais e Política Mundial Rio de Janeiro, Novembro de 2019 Catalogação informatizada pelo(a) autor(a) Cardoso, João Victor Marques C268 Cooperação Brasil-Nigéria: a dimensão material e ideacional da cooperação sul-sul entre Brasil e Nigéria no campo da bioenergia (1999-2013) / João Victor Marques Cardoso. -- Rio de Janeiro, 2019. 180 f. Orientadora: Enara Echart Muñoz. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política, 2019. 1. Cooperação Sul-Sul. 2. Cooperação Brasil- Nigéria. 3. Petro-Estado. 4. Maldição dos Recursos Naturais. I. Muñoz, Enara Echart, orient. II. Título. JOÃO VICTOR MARQUES CARDOSO COOPERAÇÃO BRASIL-NIGÉRIA A Dimensão Material e Ideacional da Cooperação Sul-Sul entre Brasil e Nigéria no Campo da Bioenergia (1999-2013) Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência Política, no Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas e Políticas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO). Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Enara Echart Muñoz Rio de Janeiro, Novembro de 2019 Agradeço a Deus, minha paz, refúgio e direção em todos os meus dias. Aos meus pais e meus irmãos, pois têm a confiança que às vezes me escapa. À minha família, em todos os momentos que foi a força que me levantou. À educação pública e gratuita, capaz de nos emancipar e reparar nossas desigualdades. Aos latino-americanos e africanos, que juntos podem encontrar um caminho de paz e desenvolvimento. À minha orientadora Enara Echart, cuja parceria e extraordinário conhecimento foram fundamentais nessa trajetória. Aos professores Carlos Milani e André Coelho, por acreditarem nesse trabalho e tornarem a academia brasileira um espaço mais brilhante. À Fernanda Delgado, pelo exímio trabalho, pelo carinho e socorro na Energia. Ao Leonardo Mattos, pela amizade e grande entusiasmo. Aos meus queridos amigos, às vezes tão distantes por este mundo imperfeitamente globalizado. Por último, e não menos do que especial, agradeço a Rulian Moraes, minha vida e meu encanto. E tudo de que esse sistema precisa para funcionar são enclaves fortificados, cumplicidades frequentemente criminosas no coração das sociedades locais, o menor Estado possível e a indiferença internacional. Achille Mbembe RESUMO A pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a cooperação Sul-Sul entre Brasil e Nigéria no campo da bioenergia entre 1999 e 2013, a partir do qual se pretende apontar as oportunidades mútuas no campo da energia, mas, principalmente, os desafios inerentes ao desenvolvimento energético da Nigéria, considerada um petro-Estado. Questiona-se por que a cooperação Sul- Sul entre Brasil e Nigéria no campo da bioenergia carece de resultados concretos, haja vista os vínculos materiais de longa data, sobretudo o fato de que a Nigéria é a principal parceira comercial do Brasil na África e o Brasil é o principal parceiro comercial da Nigéria na América do Sul. A hipótese a ser testada é que a ausência de resultados concretos na cooperação em bioenergia está relacionada às limitações sistêmicas enfrentadas pelo petro- Estado nigeriano, como o comportamento rent-seeking, a doença holandesa e a rigidez fiscal. Objetiva-se, mediante tal hipótese, averiguar, em perspectiva ampla, os limites da alternativa contra-hegemônica pretendida pela cooperação Sul-Sul e, em perspectiva específica, a dimensão material e ideacional da parceria estabelecida entre o Brasil e a Nigéria no campo da bioenergia. Palavras-chave: Cooperação Sul-Sul; Cooperação Brasil-Nigéria; Petro-Estado; Maldição dos Recursos Naturais. ABSTRACT The object of study in this research is the South-South cooperation between Brazil and Nigeria in the bio-energy field between 1999 and 2013. It aims to point out the mutual opportunities in the energy field, but mainly the challenges inherent in Nigeria’s energetic development, considering it a petro-State. It questions the reason why South-South cooperation between Brazil and Nigeria in bio-energy field lacks specific results, considering long ago material ties, especially the fact that Nigeria is the main trade partner of Brazil in Africa and Brazil is the main trade partner of Nigeria in South America. The hypothesis to be tested is that the lack of specific results in bio-energy cooperation is related to systemic constraints faced by Nigerian petro-State, as rent-seeking behavior, Dutch disease and fiscal rigidity. The objective upon such hypothesis is to investigate, in broad perspective, the limits in counter-hegemonic alternative intended by South-South cooperation and, in particular perspective, the material and the ideational dimensions in Brazil-Nigeria partnership in bio- energy field. Keywords: South-South Cooperation; Brazil-Nigeria Cooperation; Petro-State; Resource Curse. SUMÁRIO LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS ................................................................................ 9 CRONOLOGIA ........................................................................................................................ 14 INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................ 17 CAPÍTULO I – A COOPERAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO E AS VISÕES CRÍTICAS ORIUNDAS DO SUL ...................................................................... 36 1.1. Breve Histórico da Cooperação Internacional para o Desenvolvimento ................... 36 1.1.1. Motivadores da Cooperação Internacional para o Desenvolvimento ................. 38 1.1.2. Justificativas Teóricas para o Desenvolvimento ................................................ 42 1.2. Alternativa do Sul para o Desenvolvimento .............................................................. 47 1.2.1. Descolonização e Independência Nacional ........................................................ 49 1.2.2. Decolonialidade do Poder Global ....................................................................... 53 1.2.3. Dependência e Cooperação Sul-Sul ................................................................... 56 Comentários Finais ........................................................................................................ 62 CAPÍTULO II – O CONTEXTO ENERGÉTICO GLOBAL: PARADIGMA PÓS- PETRÓLEO, PAPEL DA BIOENERGIA E AÇÃO EXTERNA BRASILEIRA ................... 64 2.1. Petróleo .......................................................................................................................... 66 2.2. Bioenergia ...................................................................................................................... 74 2.3. Conjuntura Energética e Ação Externa do Brasil .......................................................... 81 Comentários Finais ........................................................................................................ 88 CAPÍTULO III – O PETRO-ESTADO NIGERIANO: POSIÇÃO SISTÊMICA PERIFÉRICA E REALIDADE ENERGÉTICA INTERNA ........................................................................... 90 3.1. O Estado na África ..................................................................................................... 91 3.2. O Petro-Estado ........................................................................................................... 97 3.2.1. Impactos da Transição Energética ao Petro-Estado ......................................... 101 3.3. O Petro-Estado Nigeriano ........................................................................................ 104 3.3.1. Energia e Petróleo na Nigéria ........................................................................... 113 Comentários Finais ...................................................................................................... 122 CAPÍTULO IV – A RELAÇÃO BRASIL-NIGÉRIA E A AMBÍGUA APROXIMAÇÃO NO CAMPO ENERGÉTICO ........................................................................................................ 123 4.1. A Corrida para a África em Busca de Energia ............................................................. 124 4.2. Relação Brasil-Nigéria ................................................................................................. 130 4.2.1. A Energia na Relação Brasil-Nigéria .................................................................... 151 Comentários Finais ...................................................................................................... 159 COMENTÁRIOS FINAIS ..................................................................................................... 161 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ................................................................................... 165 ANEXOS ................................................................................................................................ 176 9 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS 1G – Primeira Geração 2G – Segunda Geração ABC – Agência Brasileira de Cooperação ACFI – Acordo de Cooperação e Facilitação de Investimentos AGNU – Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas AIE – Agência Internacional de Energia AIOC – Anglo-Iranian Oil Company AMOCO – American Oil Company ANCAP – Administración Nacional de Combustibles, Alcohol y Portland ANP
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