ROMANIA’S PARTICIPATION TO THE AEGIS BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE SYSTEM AS REFLECTED BY ROMANIAN NEWSPAPERS’ EVALUATIVE DISCOURSE

Raluca Mihaela LEVONIAN

Lecturer, PhD, University of Calabria / Teaching Assistant, University of Bucharest

This study aims to investigate Romanian media discourse on the current standing of the relations between Romania and the United States of America in the military fi eld. The main topic investigated is connected to Romania’s decision to host the land-based component of the Balllistic Missile Defense System on its ground, an event which attracted signifi cant media coverage during the year 2011. The corpus analyzed consisted of 37 news and opinion items and reports published on the site of three Romanian newspapers. The main research questions were to assess whether the evaluations of this event were positive or negative, who were the actors issuing these statements and what objects were discussed in association to this event. The results showed that positive evaluations were more common than negative evaluations and that the offi cial stances on this topic formed a very coherent perspective, endorsing the project.

Key words: stance, evaluation, newspaper discourse, Romania, U.S.A. 1. INTRODUCTION An important component in the imaginary of the European societies, In September 2011, the conclusion the image of America is characterized of the agreement regarding the by the combination of opposite hosting of a land-based component values: it can be represented both as of the U.S. Aegis Ballistic Missile the land of freedom and as the realm Defense (BMD) System in Romania of decadence, superfi ciality and consumerism [1]. This ambivalence marked a signifi cant moment in the is particularly visible in the case of fi eld of the military and diplomatic those European states which have relations between the two states. had a totalitarian regime in the This cooperation has proved to be 20th century. The negative image a constant in the Romanian foreign of the U.S.A. was promoted by politics after the fall of the communist the discourse of the communist regime and it has been enhanced authorities, which stigmatized it as a since Romania became a N.A.T.O. corrupt and imperialist state. At the and European Union member. same time, common people dreamed about an intervention decided by U.S. shaped by the global context. A third offi cials that would miraculously meaning results from the property of put an end to the domination of each culture to develop relations of the Soviet Union, a desire which power; media convey these cultural permeated the national mythologies specifi c representations of power and imaginaries for a long time which reinforce the current social during the Cold War. Communist structure [3]. propaganda has constantly depicted Media discourse combines the Western countries as a main intended objectivity and unavoidable enemy of the worldwide peace and of subjectivity, as the intention to depict the communist citizens’ prosperity, the real facts collides with the action but the borders between “us” and of the social and cultural values at “the others” have been completely stake [4]. This category of discourse changed at present when corresponds to two of the three types international – not only national – of stancetaking (physical action, security is facing the threat of personal attitude, social morality) terrorism. identifi ed by [5]. We believe that identifying expressions of stance in 2. THEORETICAL media texts might give an insight into FRAMEWORK the beliefs and images of a community at a given moment. Following the The investigation of the media terminology proposed by [6], this discourse in a given community offers study is particularly focused on the an insight into its systems of values actors whose opinions are expressed and beliefs. It is widely accepted that in the texts and on the objects or topics news fulfi ll more than the functions discussed, while other aspects, as the of disseminating information or discursive strategies involved might providing entertainment for the public represent a topic for further research. and that their signifi cance can only be understood in connection to the 3. DATA & METHODOLOGY social and cultural context in which they are encoded and decoded. News The corpus consists of a total discourse functions jointly with other of 37 articles (26 news articles, 9 institutions and discourses which exist opinion articles, 2 reports) which in the society at a given moment [2]. have been published online during Berkowitz identifi es three possible the year 2011 on the sites of three meanings of the cultural dimension Romanian journals. One of them, of the news. First, news articles Gândul, appears only online while refl ect the culture of their production the other two, Adevărul and România and the values of the society in which liberă, also have a print version. The they are produced; second, news is databases available on each site have been searched using the keywords this phase concerned the specifi c Romania, SUA, scut antirachetă, lexical items, stylistic devices and sistemul Aegis. The articles which the discursive strategies used in the have been selected had to refer to framing of the “strategic partnership” the development of the military between Romania and the USA. relations between Romania and the The main method used was content USA during 2011, especially to the analysis. negotiations and the treaty regarding the Ballistic Missile Defense System. 4. A MUTUALLY PROFITABLE This media event had the following PARTNERSHIP main phases. At the beginning of May 2011, Romanian authorities All texts have been read and lexical announced that the land-based items (nouns, adjectives, verbs and component of the BMD System will adverbs) functioning as evaluative be installed in the Romanian village markers have been identifi ed. Only Deveselu. In September 2011, the evaluative judgments referring to the Romanian president made an offi cial conclusion of the treaty, to the Aegis visit to Washington for the conclusion BMD System and to the general of the negotiations. On this occasion, depiction of the bilateral relations the agreement was signed by the have been taken into account. The Secretary of State Hillary Clinton results show that, on average, these and the Romanian Minister for topics have received more positive Foreign Affairs Teodor Baconschi than negative evaluations in the in Washington. The subject was also newspaper texts but also that speakers debated at the NATO Parliamentary with different social status tended meeting which took place in to evaluate the event differently or Bucharest in October. Because of to focus on different aspects of the their “news value”, all these phases event. were refl ected by the Romanian Table 1 presents the status of media, which also highlighted the evaluations in the articles analyzed as social dimension of this event as it they ranged from positive to negative, concerned the future development mixed and neutral. The labeling of the of the Romanian community in evaluations made by some articles Deveselu. as “neutral” is to be understood as The main research questions were: no evaluation being made explicit (1) how are these events evaluated neither by the journalist, nor by the in the media and who are the actors persons quoted. issuing these statements; (2) which are the main topics discussed in the texts about this event. A further topic of investigation which emerged in decision regarding the installment of Table 1. Positive and negative the system component in Romania evaluations in the articles analyzed (source 8). The offi cial stance-taking include evaluations at a macro and a micro level. Evaluation at the macro level

only is focused on the project as a whole evaluations Neutral tone and on its benefi ts for Romania as Positive Positive evaluations Negative evaluations only Mixed a nation. The idea of partnership between Romania and the USA is highlighted in the discourse of the 13 4 11 9 offi cials representing both states.

of articles The Romanian secretary of state for Total number Total foreign affairs alleged that “această Most quotations in the news participare a României va contribui articles come from public authorities, la consolidarea relaţiilor bilaterale” representing what can be labeled [“this participation of Romania will the “offi cial” stance, as the quoted concur to the strengthening of the persons do not voice their individual bilateral relations”] (source 12) opinions but the perspective of the while the Minister of Foreign Affairs institutions represented. Such actors said, during his visit to Washington, in the public sphere are the Romanian “stăm alături de voi, cum am stat government offi cials, namely the întotdeauna” [“we are standing by President, Traian Băsescu, and the your side, as we have always done”] Secretary of State, Bogdan Aurescu (source 32). According to Hillary or the representatives of the local Clinton, Romania has thus gained administration, for example the mayor a major role in the NATO missile of Deveselu. U.S. offi cials (e.g. the defense architecture, an assertion Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, which was afterwards quoted in the and the Under Secretary of State for headlines and in the news texts. Arms Control, Ellen Tauscher) are Another idea which attracted also frequently quoted. In the case of positive evaluations was connected the Romanian authorities, their public to the economic benefi ts of this act of stancetaking is combined with decision for Romania. The idea was the necessity to inform the people formulated by Romanian offi cials and the media about the development and it has been widely reiterated by of the negotiations, the conclusion of the media both in headlines like Cum the treaty and its consequences. These ar putea aduce scutul antirachetă actors voice a coherent perspective, bani pentru România [How could highlighting the advantages of the the antimissile shield bring money project, and even representatives of for Romania]; Ce câştigă România opposition parties have endorsed the din scutul american antirachetă [What does Romania gain from the the macro level, hence contradicting American antimissile shield] and in the main “elite” perspective. Two articles: “târg reciproc avantajos cu news items mentioned that foreign americanii” [“a mutually profi table offi cials expressed their skepticism deal with the Americans”] (source regarding the effi ciency of the project 29); “Însă de la scutul antirachetă at the NATO Parliamentary Meeting american mulţi români se aşteaptă in Bucharest, in September 2011. The şi la benefi cii concrete” [“But from status of the speaker, in this case, was the American antimissile shield considered to justify the character of many Romanians are also expecting the news: “Chiar vicepreşedintele tangible benefi ts”] (source 17). Adunării Parlamentare a NATO, At the micro level, the evaluations francezul Jean M. Boucheron, a address the situation of the village explicat că sistemul este inefi cient Deveselu. The media depicted şi că scutul ar atrage mai mult it as a rather “poor” community, agresiuni. [“Even the vicepresident whose inhabitants were affected by of the NATO Parliamentary Meeting, unemployment. The hosting of the the French Jean M. Boucheron, Aegis component has been perceived explained that the system is ineffi cient as a means to create working places and that the shield would attract more for Romanians and to attract funding aggressions.”] (source 1). Seven for future investments: „«Dar articles reported the negative stance ştiţi de când îi aştept?!» răspunde taken by Russian offi cials and media însufl eţit primarul Gheorghe Beciu. on this topic. «[...] aeroportul s-a dizolvat. Şi uite că, după atâţia ani, vin americanii 5. NEW MASTERS tocmai la Deveselu. Ei ştiu despre ce AND OLD COMMUNITIES e vorba, iar lucrurile s-au negociat profesionist, între ofi ţeri, nu între An interesting situation occurs politicieni.»” [‘But do you know how when voices which do not play a long I’ve been waiting for them?!’ role in the public sphere are heard. The mayor Gheorghe Beciu answers While the discourse of the public eagerly. ‘[...] the airport has been authorities is reported mostly in closed. And look, after so many news items, private actors are quoted years, the Americans are coming in opinion texts and in reports. precisely to Deveselu. They know According to [7] “it is important to what it’s all about and the matter the newspapers to include references has been negotiated in a competent to people – because of the factor of manner, between offi cers, not between ‘personalization’ mentioned above – politicians.’] (source 33). but their status as sources is There were a few cases when accidental rather than privileged”. actors who played a role in the public Though the “private actors” are fewer sphere issued negative statements at than the “public” ones, the insertion of their opinions and judgments in the master is changing”]; “Cu ce să ne newspaper articles is meant to give ajute pe noi americanii?” [“How can the impression of authentic depiction the Americans help us?”] (source 29). of the Romanian reality. It is also The voices of the common people important that, according to recent mingle, contrast and collide with the research, editorials or opinion pages public discourse and their status may are more trusted by the public “for be more important for the message understanding and interpreting the conveyed as it may appear; such voices meaning of international affairs”[8]. are able to express a specifi c attitude The persons quoted in the reports without threatening the newspaper’s were mostly inhabitants of the village position. The simple echoing in the Deveselu. They were interviewed newspaper texts functions sometimes because of their belonging to this as a tacit agreement. In other cases, specifi c community. The reporter the journalists openly assert their asked them to evaluate the effi ciency knowledge of the attitudes and of the project and/ or to express opinions of the public: “Mulţumiţi?! their judgments and feelings about Zic, conştient că deveselenii [...] sunt what was described as the “arrival perfect sastisiţi de interesul pogorât of the Americans” in their village, peste capetele lor [...]” [“Satisfi ed?! an allusion to the historical period I say, aware that the people of between 1945 and 1965. After the Deveselu are absolutely tired of the Romanian communist party had interest suddenly concerning them”] taken the power, the citizens hoped (source 33). that they would be saved by an American action at the political and the military level. 6. TERRORISM & The “personal” stances expressed SECURITY ISSUES in the corpus included mostly negative IN THE NEWS AND OPINION evaluations of the topic. Besides TEXTS providing a counter-perspective on the event, their statements manage In all the analyzed texts, the to shift the discussed topic from the broad objects were considered to complexity of the bilateral relations be the BMD System and Romania’s to the stereotypical „us”/ „them” hosting of one of its components. binary scheme. Instead of the idea of Four specifi c issues have been partnership, the lexical choices and associated to the objects considered, the stylistic devices employed suggest namely terrorism, technical features that the relationship between the of the system, details of the treaty, two states is depicted as profoundly and economic consequences, as asymmetrical: “Deveselu: se schimbă presented in Table 2. doar stăpânul” [“Deveselu: only the Table 2. Specifi c issues discussed in the readers’ attention: Bogdan Aurescu: analyzed corpus. România poate fi ţintă! Vezi ce conţine acordul privind scutul de la Deveselu! [Bogdan Aurescu: Romania may be a target! See what articles Reports

discussed the agreement regarding the Deveselu News items Opinion Opinion Topic Topic shield consists of!] . Terrorrism 4 3 2 Some authors of opinion articles Technical mentioning the terrorism topic features of the 8- 1 express a clear dissent with the system possibility that Iran may construct Details of the 17 - - and launch ballistic missiles. The treaty headline of an opinion text is based Economic 51 1 on a rhetorical device, formulating a consequences question and immediately denying it: De ce ne temem de Iran? O întrebare The most extensive coverage pe care nu o punem [Why are we was obtained by the two topics afraid of Iran? A question that we strictly connected to the event: the do not ask]. The author of this text conclusion of the agreement and clearly states his agreement with the the technical features of the AEGIS general positive evaluations of the system. Although the system has Aegis System while also insisting been designed to counteract terrorist on the importance of avoiding a threats, this main function has stereotypical representation of Iran received limited coverage in the and of its citizens as a dangerous Romanian media. One possible “other” which must be fought explanation for the little information against. At the geopolitical level, on the topic of terrorism is that it may another journalist draws attention have been regarded as a remote danger to a closer (and therefore possibly without any direct consequences more dangerous) “other” represented for Romanian people till present. by Russia and thus reminds the The idea was also reinforced by the readers of the narratives of the Cold offi cial speeches, which asserted War. In his opinion, the fi ght against that raising Romania’s warning level terrorism in the Arab world is less for terrorism was unnecessary. The signifi cant than the incapacity of allegation that the cooperation with the U.S.A. to control the Black Sea the U.S.A. included both risks and area (to introduce democracy in benefi ts was mentioned in a few the Republic of Moldavia, as the articles but not further developed. author puts it). The deictic used by At most, it led to the construction of the writer, the Romanian pronoun headlines in the style of the tabloids, “noi” (“us”) forces an agreement being used as a device to attract the with the readers and thus asserting his belonging to a greater and more Placing the village Deveselu in this signifi cant community: “Pentru noi, series indicates a logic incongruence cei din ‘Noua Europă’, care nu am regarding the importance and a crede povestea cu scutul american shift from traditional or “canonical” anti-Iran nici dacă ar fi adevărată, history to what can be termed as miza este crucială” [“For us, those “contemporary” history. from the New Europe, who wouldn’t believe the story of the American 7. CONCLUSIONS shield against Iran not even if it were true, the stake is crucial”] (source The conclusion of the agreement 20). between Romania and the U.S.A. The offi cial discourse mentions was likely to attract news coverage, the raise of Romania’s security level not only because of the general as a positive consequence of the interest of the media in dealing with participation in the Aegis system. On “important” nations [9], but also the other side, the journalists manifest because it had been anticipated by doubts about this advantage in terms the strong cooperation in the fi ght of security, because it is considered against terrorism in the last decade. of less importance in comparison to Romania’s decision to host the land- other topics and to the internal state based component of the system of affairs. This proves to be a constant has generally received positive feature of the newspaper discourse evaluations from public actors on the Aegis topic, as the internal and from a part of the journalists. politics and problems of Romania Negative evaluations issued by are brought into discussion and public actors were directed against opposed to its evolution in the sphere the effi ciency of the project while of foreign affairs (e.g. source 11). negative evaluations coming from The author of another opinion text private persons showed doubtfulness denies the depiction of the event (the regarding the possibility that Romania conclusion of the bilateral agreement might benefi t from the military in Washington) as “historical” and cooperation with the U.S.A. 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