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Romania's Participation to the Aegis Ballistic Missile

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Romania's Participation to the Aegis Ballistic Missile ROMANIA’S PARTICIPATION TO THE AEGIS BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE SYSTEM AS REFLECTED BY ROMANIAN NEWSPAPERS’ EVALUATIVE DISCOURSE Raluca Mihaela LEVONIAN Lecturer, PhD, University of Calabria / Teaching Assistant, University of Bucharest This study aims to investigate Romanian media discourse on the current standing of the relations between Romania and the United States of America in the military fi eld. The main topic investigated is connected to Romania’s decision to host the land-based component of the Balllistic Missile Defense System on its ground, an event which attracted signifi cant media coverage during the year 2011. The corpus analyzed consisted of 37 news and opinion items and reports published on the site of three Romanian newspapers. The main research questions were to assess whether the evaluations of this event were positive or negative, who were the actors issuing these statements and what objects were discussed in association to this event. The results showed that positive evaluations were more common than negative evaluations and that the offi cial stances on this topic formed a very coherent perspective, endorsing the project. Key words: stance, evaluation, newspaper discourse, Romania, U.S.A. 1. INTRODUCTION An important component in the imaginary of the European societies, In September 2011, the conclusion the image of America is characterized of the agreement regarding the by the combination of opposite hosting of a land-based component values: it can be represented both as of the U.S. Aegis Ballistic Missile the land of freedom and as the realm Defense (BMD) System in Romania of decadence, superfi ciality and consumerism [1]. This ambivalence marked a signifi cant moment in the is particularly visible in the case of fi eld of the military and diplomatic those European states which have relations between the two states. had a totalitarian regime in the This cooperation has proved to be 20th century. The negative image a constant in the Romanian foreign of the U.S.A. was promoted by politics after the fall of the communist the discourse of the communist regime and it has been enhanced authorities, which stigmatized it as a since Romania became a N.A.T.O. corrupt and imperialist state. At the and European Union member. same time, common people dreamed about an intervention decided by U.S. shaped by the global context. A third offi cials that would miraculously meaning results from the property of put an end to the domination of each culture to develop relations of the Soviet Union, a desire which power; media convey these cultural permeated the national mythologies specifi c representations of power and imaginaries for a long time which reinforce the current social during the Cold War. Communist structure [3]. propaganda has constantly depicted Media discourse combines the Western countries as a main intended objectivity and unavoidable enemy of the worldwide peace and of subjectivity, as the intention to depict the communist citizens’ prosperity, the real facts collides with the action but the borders between “us” and of the social and cultural values at “the others” have been completely stake [4]. This category of discourse changed at present when corresponds to two of the three types international – not only national – of stancetaking (physical action, security is facing the threat of personal attitude, social morality) terrorism. identifi ed by [5]. We believe that identifying expressions of stance in 2. THEORETICAL media texts might give an insight into FRAMEWORK the beliefs and images of a community at a given moment. Following the The investigation of the media terminology proposed by [6], this discourse in a given community offers study is particularly focused on the an insight into its systems of values actors whose opinions are expressed and beliefs. It is widely accepted that in the texts and on the objects or topics news fulfi ll more than the functions discussed, while other aspects, as the of disseminating information or discursive strategies involved might providing entertainment for the public represent a topic for further research. and that their signifi cance can only be understood in connection to the 3. DATA & METHODOLOGY social and cultural context in which they are encoded and decoded. News The corpus consists of a total discourse functions jointly with other of 37 articles (26 news articles, 9 institutions and discourses which exist opinion articles, 2 reports) which in the society at a given moment [2]. have been published online during Berkowitz identifi es three possible the year 2011 on the sites of three meanings of the cultural dimension Romanian journals. One of them, of the news. First, news articles Gândul, appears only online while refl ect the culture of their production the other two, Adevărul and România and the values of the society in which liberă, also have a print version. The they are produced; second, news is databases available on each site have been searched using the keywords this phase concerned the specifi c Romania, SUA, scut antirachetă, lexical items, stylistic devices and sistemul Aegis. The articles which the discursive strategies used in the have been selected had to refer to framing of the “strategic partnership” the development of the military between Romania and the USA. relations between Romania and the The main method used was content USA during 2011, especially to the analysis. negotiations and the treaty regarding the Ballistic Missile Defense System. 4. A MUTUALLY PROFITABLE This media event had the following PARTNERSHIP main phases. At the beginning of May 2011, Romanian authorities All texts have been read and lexical announced that the land-based items (nouns, adjectives, verbs and component of the BMD System will adverbs) functioning as evaluative be installed in the Romanian village markers have been identifi ed. Only Deveselu. In September 2011, the evaluative judgments referring to the Romanian president made an offi cial conclusion of the treaty, to the Aegis visit to Washington for the conclusion BMD System and to the general of the negotiations. On this occasion, depiction of the bilateral relations the agreement was signed by the have been taken into account. The Secretary of State Hillary Clinton results show that, on average, these and the Romanian Minister for topics have received more positive Foreign Affairs Teodor Baconschi than negative evaluations in the in Washington. The subject was also newspaper texts but also that speakers debated at the NATO Parliamentary with different social status tended meeting which took place in to evaluate the event differently or Bucharest in October. Because of to focus on different aspects of the their “news value”, all these phases event. were refl ected by the Romanian Table 1 presents the status of media, which also highlighted the evaluations in the articles analyzed as social dimension of this event as it they ranged from positive to negative, concerned the future development mixed and neutral. The labeling of the of the Romanian community in evaluations made by some articles Deveselu. as “neutral” is to be understood as The main research questions were: no evaluation being made explicit (1) how are these events evaluated neither by the journalist, nor by the in the media and who are the actors persons quoted. issuing these statements; (2) which are the main topics discussed in the texts about this event. A further topic of investigation which emerged in decision regarding the installment of Table 1. Positive and negative the system component in Romania evaluations in the articles analyzed (source 8). The offi cial stance-taking include evaluations at a macro and a micro level. Evaluation at the macro level only is focused on the project as a whole evaluations Neutral tone and on its benefi ts for Romania as Positive Positive evaluations Negative evaluations only Mixed a nation. The idea of partnership between Romania and the USA is highlighted in the discourse of the 13 4 11 9 offi cials representing both states. of articles The Romanian secretary of state for Total number Total foreign affairs alleged that “această Most quotations in the news participare a României va contribui articles come from public authorities, la consolidarea relaţiilor bilaterale” representing what can be labeled [“this participation of Romania will the “offi cial” stance, as the quoted concur to the strengthening of the persons do not voice their individual bilateral relations”] (source 12) opinions but the perspective of the while the Minister of Foreign Affairs institutions represented. Such actors said, during his visit to Washington, in the public sphere are the Romanian “stăm alături de voi, cum am stat government offi cials, namely the întotdeauna” [“we are standing by President, Traian Băsescu, and the your side, as we have always done”] Secretary of State, Bogdan Aurescu (source 32). According to Hillary or the representatives of the local Clinton, Romania has thus gained administration, for example the mayor a major role in the NATO missile of Deveselu. U.S. offi cials (e.g. the defense architecture, an assertion Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, which was afterwards quoted in the and the Under Secretary of State for headlines and in the news texts. Arms Control, Ellen Tauscher) are Another idea which attracted also frequently quoted. In the case of positive evaluations was connected the Romanian authorities, their public to the economic benefi ts of this act of stancetaking is combined with decision for Romania. The idea was the necessity to inform the people formulated by Romanian offi cials and the media about the development and it has been widely reiterated by of the negotiations, the conclusion of the media both in headlines like Cum the treaty and its consequences. These ar putea aduce scutul antirachetă actors voice a coherent perspective, bani pentru România [How could highlighting the advantages of the the antimissile shield bring money project, and even representatives of for Romania]; Ce câştigă România opposition parties have endorsed the din scutul american antirachetă [What does Romania gain from the the macro level, hence contradicting American antimissile shield] and in the main “elite” perspective.
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