Atlas Topogenético De Grupos Indígenas Mesoamericanos: Una Aproximación Molecular

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Atlas Topogenético De Grupos Indígenas Mesoamericanos: Una Aproximación Molecular UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física ATLAS TOPOGENÉTICO DE GRUPOS INDÍGENAS MESOAMERICANOS: UNA APROXIMACIÓN MOLECULAR. MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Amaya Gorostiza Langa Bajo la dirección de los doctores Antonio González-Martín Sonsoles Rueda González Madrid, 2011 ISBN: 978-84-694-4161-9 © Amaya Gorostiza Langa, 2011 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE ZOOLOGÍA Y ANTROPOLOGÍA FÍSICA ATLAS TOPOGENÉTICO DE GRUPOS INDÍGENAS MESOAMERICANOS : UNA APROXIMACIÓN MOLECULAR AMAYA GOROSTIZA LANGA Otoño 2010 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE ZOOLOGÍA Y ANTROPOLOGÍA FÍSICA ATLAS TOPOGENÉTICO DE GRUPOS INDÍGENAS MESOAMERICANOS: UNA APROXIMACIÓN MOLECULAR MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR Presentada por AMAYA GOROSTIZA LANGA Bajo la dirección de los doctores Antonio González-Martín Sonsoles Rueda González Dpto. Zoología y Antropología Física Departamento Técnico Facultad de Biología Genomica S.A.U. Universidad Complutense de Madrid Grupo Zeltia Otoño 2010 SONSOLES RUEDA GONZÁLEZ, DIRECTORA TÉCNICA DE GENOMICA S.A.U., EMPRESA DEL GRUPO ZELTIA, Y ANTONIO GONZÁLEZ-MARTÍN, PROFESOR CONTRATADO DOCTOR DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE ZOOLOGÍA Y ANTROPOLOGÍA FÍSICA DE LA FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID, CERTIFICAN QUE: La Memoria titulada “Atlas topogenético de grupos indígenas mesoamericanos: Una aproximación molecular” que presenta Amaya Gorostiza Langa para optar al Título de Doctora en Biología, ha sido realizada en Genomica S.A.U. empresa del grupo Zeltia, y en el Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física de la Facultad de Biología de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid bajo nuestra dirección. Autorizamos su presentación a la Junta de Facultad al considerar que constituye un trabajo de tesis. Para que así conste, firmamos este certificado en Madrid a 30 de septiembre de 2010. Fdo. Antonio González-Martín Fdo. Sonsoles Rueda González A toda mi familia, aquellos con los que comparto genes y aquellos con los que no. A los que están y sobre todo a los que se fueron. A Antonio. Una tarde que estaba la virgen cosiendo y cantando sentaíta al sol, llamó al niño y el niño no estaba y atribulaíta la virgen queó. Pero apareció que en el templo a doctores y obispos les enseñaba el dogma de la religión. Hasta Herodes, Campanilleras Pepe Menese Estaba próxima la Pascua de los judíos, y subió Jesús a Jerusalén. Encontró en el templo a los vendedores de bueyes, de ovejas y de palomas, y a los cambistas sentados; y haciendo de cuerdas un azote, los arrojó a todos del templo, con las ovejas y los bueyes, derramó el dinero de los cambistas y derribó las mesas; y a los que vendían palomas les dijo: Quitad de aquí todo eso y no hagáis de la casa de mi Padre casa de contratación. Juan 2,13-22 A los directores de esta tesis. A la Dra. Sonsoles Rueda por su paciencia y su apoyo. Al Dr. Antonio González-Martín, por sus comentarios y observaciones, por su apoyo incondicional y su confianza. A ambos por tener fe en mí, muchas veces más que yo misma. A todo el equipo directivo de GENOMICA SAU, en especial a Rosario Cospedal, por su apoyo y su confianza. A todos mis compañeros de GENOMICA SAU, en especial a Chon, Nuria, Laura e Irene, que me han animado, apoyado y consolado siempre que ha sido necesario. A todos los compañeros del Departamento de Zoología y de Antropología Física de la Facultad de Biología de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, que me han apoyado y que siempre me han recibido con una sonrisa. En especial a Jorge, que compartió conmigo las múltiples dimensiones de la estadística. Al Departamento de Genética de la Facultad de Biología de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid que me apoyó cuando fue necesario. A la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), a la Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), y al Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) de Hidalgo, que apoyaron los distintos proyectos de los que ha surgido esta tesis. A algunas personas, su falta de respeto y las trabas que han puesto al desarrollo de esta tesis. Su mezquindad ha alimentado mi fuerza y mi pasión hasta el final de este trabajo. A todos y cada uno de los miembros de mi familia mexicana: los Acuña-Alonzo incluyendo los no bípedos, el Pollo, Mirsha, Paola, Celta, Ana, Juan Carlos, Julio Granados, Héctor Rangel, David Sámano y el Padre David, Cherif, Flo e Inés. Con todos ellos comparto un camino más allá de los cánones occidentales que no ha hecho más que empezar. A Víctor Ballesteros que me animó a hacer esta tesis aunque nunca sabrá de ella. A las comunidades indígenas mexicanas, por su generosidad, curiosidad y por haberme permitido conocer otras realidades. Lo que se refleja en esta tesis es una ínfima parte de lo que compartí y aprendí de ellas. A todo el equipo de Ángel Carracedo de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, en especial a él mismo, a Paula y a María. A la familia de Falco tinnunculus que habita la fachada norte de la Facultad de Biología, por su compañía. A Carlos Martín y Silvia Gutiérrez, por su amistad y su apoyo con el instrumental. A Madrid, mi casa, por haberme acogido. A Barcelona, mi hogar, por haberme dejado marchar. Al Bar Los Toreros de Barcelona, donde nació esta tesis. Y al Bar Los Morales de Madrid, Los Caracoles, donde maduró. …a Antonio, mi luz del alma. Mía divina. Que a mí me alumbra mi corazón. ÍNDICE Objetivos……………………………..........……………………………………………………1 I. Introducción………………………………………………………………..…………………5 I.1. Antecedentes…………………………………………………………..………….7 I.2. La información molecular como herramienta……………………..……………8 I.2.I. Características generales de las mitocondrias I.2.II. Características del ADNmt humano I.2.III. Genes mitocondriales codificantes. I.2.IV. Región no codificante o D-Loop I.2.V. Tasa de mutación I.2.VI. Herencia materna I.2.VII. Ausencia de recombinación I.2.VIII. Polimorfismos y heteroplasmia en el ADNmt I.3. Aplicaciones del ADNmt…………………………………………………..…….20 I.3.I. Primeros estudios I.3.II. Relaciones genealógicas entre primates y Homo sapiens I.3.III. Utilidad forense: la familia Romanov I.3.IV. Dispersión humana y origen geográfico I.3. V. Uso potencial del ADNmt en biomedicina I.4. Expansión de Homo sapiens…………………..……………………….……...25 I.4.I. África, el origen I.4.II. El éxodo africano I.4.III. El sudeste asiático y Australia I.4.IV. El centro del continente asiático I.4.V. Europa occidental I.4.VI. La convivencia con Neandertales I.4.VII. Consideraciones climatológicas I.4.VIII. La velocidad de expansión I.5. El poblamiento de América…………………………………………………….39 I.5.I. La cultura Clovis: presencia humana en el Nuevo Mundo I.5.II. Información osteológica I.5.III. Familias lingüísticas y poblamiento I.5.IV. Estudios y evidencias moleculares del poblamiento de América I I.6. Regiones culturales: Oasisamérica, Aridoamérica y Mesoamérica………..55 I.6.I. Occidente de México I.6.II. Norte I.6.III. Centro de México I.6.IV. Golfo de México I.6.V. Guerrero I.6.VI. Oaxaca I.6.VII. Costa Sur I.6.VIII. Centroamérica I.6.IX. Maya I.7. Cronología del México antiguo………………………………………………....63 I.7.I. Período Preclásico temprano I.7.II. Período Preclásico medio. I.7.III. Período Preclásico tardío I.7.IV. Período Clásico temprano. I.7.V. Período Clásico tardío. I.7.VI. Período Posclásico temprano. I.7.VII. Período Posclásico tardío. I.7.VIII. Período colonial I.8. Clasificaciones de las lenguas indígenas……………………………………..74 I.9. Estudios moleculares en la región de estudio………………………………..82 I.10. Zonas y grupos indígenas estudiados…………………………………….....87 I.10.I. Pimas I.10.II. Mayos I.10.III. Huicholes I.10.IV. Nahuas I.10.V. Otomíes I.10.VI. Tepehuas I.10.VII. Mayas II. Material y métodos....................................................................................................99 II.1. Muestreo de las poblaciones....................................................................101 II.2. Planificación del muestreo........................................................................101 II.3. Estrategias de muestreo...........................................................................102 II.4. Toma de muestras en las comunidades indígenas..................................103 II.4.I. Pimas II.4.II. Mayos II II.4.III. Huicholes II.4.IV. Nahuas II.4.V. Otomíes II.4.VI. Tepehuas II.4.VII. Mayas II.5. Extracción y cuantificación de ADN..........................................................108 II.5.I. Sangre II.5.II. Pelo con raíz mediante Chelex® II.5.III. Pelo con raíz mediante ChargeSwitch Kit (Invitrogen) II.5.IV. Epitelio bucal II.6. PCR: Amplificación de la región control o D-Loop....................................114 II.7. Electroforesis en geles de agarosa..........................................................125 II.8. Purificación de amplificados y reacción de secuenciación......................127 II.9. Purificación de secuencias y análisis........................................................130 II.10. Alineamiento de secuencias y determinación del haplogrupo................131 II.11. Software y determinaciones estadísticas................................................134 III. Resultados..............................................................................................................139 III.1. Consideraciones metodológicas..............................................................141 III.2. Resultados D-Loop para población total..................................................144 III.3. Resultados
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