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Valles Caldera National Preserve Land Use History More Than a Scenic Mountain Landscape: Valles Caldera National Preserve United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Land Use History Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-196 September 2007 Kurt F. Anschuetz Thomas Merlan Anschuetz, Kurt F.; Merlan, Thomas. 2007. More than a scenic mountain landscape: Valles Caldera National Preserve land use history. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-196. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 277 p. Abstract This study focuses on the cultural-historical environment of the 88,900-acre (35,560-ha) Valles Caldera National Preserve (VCNP) over the past four centuries of Spanish, Mexican, and U.S. governance. It includes a review and synthesis of available published and unpublished historical, ethnohistorical, and ethnographic literature about the human occupation of the area now contained within the VCNP. Documents include historical maps, texts, letters, diaries, business records, photographs, land and mineral patents, and court testimony. This study presents a cultural-historical framework of VCNP land use that will be useful to land managers and researchers in assessing the historical ecology of the property. It provides VCNP administrators and agents the cultural-historical background needed to develop management plans that acknowledge traditional associations with the Preserve, and offers managers additional background for structuring and acting on consultations with affiliated communities. The Authors Kurt F. Anschuetz, an archaeologist and anthropologist, is the Program Director of the RÍo Grande Foundation for Communities and Cultural Landscapes in Santa Fe, New Mexico. He provides educational opportunities and technical assistance to Indian, Hispanic, and Anglo communities working to sustain their traditional relations with the land, the water, and their cultural heritage resources in the face of rapid development. Kurt also serves as an Expert Witness in court cases involving Native American water and land issues. He has prepared assessments of pre-Columbian and Historic period Pueblo water management systems, agricultural landscapes, and settlement histories for expert witness testimony in water rights adjudications. Thomas Merlan, is a historian and historic preservation specialist. He was New Mexico Historic Preservation Officer between 1974 and 1994, and served as the president of the New Mexico Heritage Preservation Alliance from 1995 to 1998. Tom received the George Clayton Pearl Award for outstanding contributions to the preservation of New Mexico’s cultural heritage in 2006. He has performed historical research and written reports and briefs for San Felipe Pueblo, Isleta Pueblo, Jémez Pueblo, and San Juan Pueblo (including investigations in archives in the United States and Mexico. cover photo: By Rourke McDermott. You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media. Please specify the publication title and series number. Fort Collins Service Center Telephone (970) 498-1392 FAX (970) 498-1122 E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/rmrs Mailing address Publications Distribution Rocky Mountain Research Station 240 West Prospect Road Fort Collins, CO 80526 Rocky Mountain Research Station Natural Resources Research Center 2150 Centre Avenue, Building A Fort Collins, CO 80526 Acknowledgments This land use history of the Valles Caldera National Preserve (VCNP) would not have been possi- ble without the cooperation and support of a number of individuals. These people not only assisted us in enhancing the productivity of our efforts, they made this undertaking a much more enjoyable and rewarding experience. Carol B. Raish, Ph.D., Research Social Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Albuquerque, NM oversaw the project and the shaping of the report. We are thankful for her critical insight and guidance as we developed a research strategy that deviated from that often fol- lowed in land use history studies. Carol’s review of our draft manuscript also was a great benefit in helping us to communicate our findings with greater clarity. William deBuys, Chairman, Board of Trustees, Valles Caldera Trust, discussed the project with us at the outset. As a professional historian, he made specific suggestions about sources and meth- ods that guided our work, and helped us to avoid dead ends and repetition of research already done by others. Craig Martin of Los Alamos generously shared notes and sources with us. In particular, he allowed us access to his personal research materials, which made our own archival efforts more efficient. When Craig gave us a copy of his excellent book Valle Grande: A History of the Baca Location No. 1 (Los Alamos, NM: All Seasons Publishing) upon its publication in the fall of 2003, he inspired us to redefine the scope of our study such that we would not repeat a job that already was well done but would explore new research questions made possible because of the foundations that he had es- tablished in his contribution. Craig, who was accompanied by Dorothy Hoard of Los Alamos, later met us in the Valle Grande to search for the site of Old Fort. Robert M. March, Court Clerk, Federal District Court, District of New Mexico, helped us in our search for the record of appeal in Baca Land and Cattle Company and Dunigan Tool and Supply Company, and George W. Savage, Trustee Under Liquidating Trust Agreement, v. New Mexico Timber, Inc., and T. Gallagher and Co., Inc. This record had been filed under an incorrect accession number in the National Archives, Rocky Mountain Region, Denver. Eric Bittner and Rick Martinez, archivists in the National Archives, subsequently located the records for us and facilitated our re- search in Denver. References in this record then led us back to the New Mexico State Archives in Santa Fe, where we also located the record of the partition suit of 1893 (Joel Parker Whitney v. Mariano S. Otero et al.). Fraser Goff of Los Alamos discussed the geological history and literature of the Valles Caldera with us. During these conversations, he helped us to choose essential publications for inclusion in this volume’s annotated bibliography. This subject matter is perhaps the only area in which the anno- tated bibliography remains incomplete because it was impractical to annotate the several thousand relevant publications. Fraser’s contributions have helped us ensure that our selections for the anno- tated bibliography were representative statements of a huge and complex subject matter. We also wish to recognize the contributions of Dr. Bob Parmeter, VCNP, for his advice throughout this effort. His patient assistance during the review and editing process was invaluable. Dr. Ron Hartman, University of Wyoming, provided us with a comprehensive list of plant species document- ed with the Preserve; Dr. Anastasia Steffen, VCNP, and Dr. Jeremy Kulisheck, Santa Fe National Forest, were generous in sharing their knowledge of the archaeology of the locality. Mara Yarborough, Laboratory of Anthropology Library, Museum of Indian Arts and Culture, helped us during our research of Navajo oral traditions that mention the Valles Caldera. We are thankful to Richard I. Ford, Professor Emeritus, University of Michigan, for sharing with us a story that he heard many years earlier about a quiet little Valles Caldera fishing enterprise run by a few Santa Clara Pueblo men between the late 1800s and the early 1900s. We wish to extend our gratitude to Cherie L. Scheick, President, Río Grande Foundation, for her unflagging support and always helpful advice during the preparation of this document. Although she did not play an active role in either the research or writing of the VCNP land use history, Ms. Smith-Savage fulfilled a valuable role in the completion of this report. Ms. Sheron Smith-Savage i completed the technical edit of portions of the first draft of the manuscript completed before the publication of Martin’s (2003) book. (Martin’s publication necessitated substantial revision of the ex- isting manuscript.) Ms. Smith-Savage also shared several useful articles about the history of sheep herding in New Mexico. Ms. Gloria J. Vigil provided valuable assistance during the preparation of the final version of this volume. Loa Collins and Kristi Coughlon, Editorial Staff, Publishing Services, Rocky Mountain Research Station, have earned our appreciation for editing the original manuscript for publication. Their ef- forts greatly improve the flow of the story that we tell. In addition, they will enable the reader to find reference materials that we have cited by correcting numerous omissions in our citations. We thank the University of Chicago Press and the University of Minnesota Press for granting us permission to adapt illustrations from their publications for use in chapter 9. These materials include fig. 2 in Alfonso Ortiz, “The Tewa World: Space, Time, Being, and Becoming in a Pueblo Society” (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), and fig. 15 inYi-Fu Tuan, “Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience” (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977). This research was supported in part by funds provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, (Joint Venture Agreement Number: 02-JV-11221601- 265 [RGF 119]), in cooperation with the Valles Caldera National Preserve. ii Executive Summary The
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