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RED000953.Pdf IDENTIFICACION Y RECONSTRUCCION DE LA RED DE APOYO A JOSE URREA EN SONORA DURANTE SU CONFLICTO ARMADO CON MANUEL MARIA GANDARA 1837-1845 Tesis que para obtener el grado de Maestro en Ciencias Sociales Línea de investigación: Estudios Históricos de Región y Frontera Presenta Ivan Aarón Torres Chon Directora de Tesis: Dra. Zulema Trejo Contreras Hermosillo, Sonora Febrero del 2011 INTRODUCCION I Planteamiento del problema III CAPITULO I. El SISTEMA DE GOBIERNO FEDERAL. I.1. Balance historiográfico sobre la pugna entre gobierno federalista y centralista. 1 I.2. El pronunciamiento por el federalismo-centralismo en la frontera norte. 5 I.3. José Urrea en la historiografía sonorense. 7 CAPITULO II. ANALISIS DE RED SOCIAL II.1. Análisis de redes en sociología, antropología e historia. 14 II.2 Marco Teórico referencial. 26 CAPITULO III. SONORA EN LA PRIMERA MITAD DEL SIGLO XIX. III.1.Descripción geográfica de Sonora en las décadas de 1830 y 1840. 34 III.2 Principales poblaciones sonorenses. 37 III.2.1 Población general de Sonora. 42 III.2.1.1 Arizpe. 43 III.2.1.2 Horcasitas y Ures. 44 III.2.1.3 Hermosillo. 45 III.2.1.4 Álamos. 46 III.3 Tribus y asentamientos indígenas. 46 III.3.1 Incursiones Apache y sublevaciones indígenas en Sonora. 52 III.4 El intercambio comercial en Sonora en la década de 1830. 54 III.4.1 Agricultura. 55 III.4.2 Ganadería. 56 III.4.3 Minería. 57 III.5 Sistema de gobierno Nacional. 59 III.5.1 Grupos representativos de la política regional. 62 III.5.2 Participación de los militares en la administración estatal. 66 CAPITULO IV. IDENTIFICACION Y RECONSTRUCCION DE LA RED DE APOYO A JOSE URREA EN SONORA DURANTE SU CONFLICTO ARMADO CON MANUEL MARIA GANDARA 1837-1845 IV.1 Biografía de José Cosme Urrea Elías González. 70 IV.1.1 Trayectoria de José Cosme Urrea Elías González, 1807 a 1837. 75 IV.2 El Pronunciamiento federal del 26 de diciembre de 1837. 78 IV.2.1 El congreso extraordinario y campaña de la Columna Federal. 83 IV.3 Inicios del conflicto Gándara-Urrea. 90 IV.3.1 El general Urrea regresa a Sonora. 93 IV.4 José Cosme Urrea y los federalistas en Tamaulipas. 101 IV.5 Identificación de la red de apoyo a José Cosme Urrea en Sonora 1837-1841. 110 IV.6 José Cosme Urrea asume los mandos de Sonora. 114 IV.6.1 Resurge el conflicto entre Manuel María Gándara y José Cosme Urrea. 117 IV.6.2 El gobierno de Urrea busca conciliar con los sublevados. 123 IV.4.3 Enfrentamientos armados entre gandaristas y urreistas. 126 IV.6.4 El ataque de Manuel María Gándara a Sahuaripa y otras poblaciones. 138 IV.6.5 Casa Íñigo y Compañía se enemista con José Cosme Urrea. 130 IV.6.6 Los gándaras intensifican su ataque contra las fuerzas del gobierno. 132 IV.6.7 José Cosme Urrea deja el mando político y militar de Sonora. 142 IV.8.8 El pronunciamiento de Horcasitas. 14 CONCLUSIONES 150 BIBLIOGRAFIA 156 II Bibliografía consultada 163 Índice de Mapas No.1. Mapa geográfico de Sonora a mediados del Siglo XIX. 36 No.2. División territorial de Sonora en 1842. 41 No.3 Territorio habitado por indígenas en Sonora Siglos XVIII -XIX. 51 Índice de Cuadros No1 División territorial de Sonora en 1842. 38 No.2 Poblaciones en el distrito de Arizpe. 38 No.3 Poblaciones en el distrito de Horcasitas. 39 No.4 Poblaciones en el distrito de Hermosillo. 39 No.5 Poblaciones en el distrito de Baroyeca. 40 No.6 Habitantes en las principales poblaciones de Sonora 1822-1845. 42 No.7 Congreso federalista 1838 83 No.8 Junta departamental 1839-1842 106 No.9 Junta departamental 1843-1846 126 No.10 Junta departamental 1846 149 Índice de Esquemas No.1 Vínculos de José Cosme Urrea Elías González por distrito en Sonora 1837-1841. 111 Índice de Anexos 1.- Jefes políticos, Gobernadores y Legislaturas en Sonora 1819-1837 164 2.- Interrogatorio a partidarios del federalismo en Sonora 165 3 .- El agradecimiento de Anselmo Zúñiga y José Manuel Estrella 167 4.- Interrogatorio a Manuel María Gándara y editoriales en ciudad de México 170 5.- Conflicto de Casa Iñigo y Compañía con la Tesorería departamental 169 I INTRODUCCION En 1837 se realizó en Arizpe, Sonora, un congreso extraordinario en el cual –apoyado por representaciones de otras poblaciones-, el ayuntamiento y las principales autoridades de la región, decidieron desconocer el sistema de gobierno nacional que había impuesto la constitución de 1836, y elevar un plan para pronunciarse a favor de regirse bajo la carta magna de 1824. Los precursores principales de este hecho eran integrantes de familias influyentes en el territorio sonorense y habían ocupado cargos gubernamentales importantes. El congreso extraordinario designó al general José Cosme Urrea Elias González como su principal representante, entregándole el mando militar y político del territorio. A partir de ese momento dieron inicio una serie de acontecimientos en Sonora, que derivaron en un conflicto de intereses entre José Cosme Urrea y sus partidarios, contra el gobernador Manuel María Gándara, el cual llegó al enfrentamiento armado. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal reconstruir la red social que apoyó a José Cosme Urrea en los acontecimientos políticos y armados que siguieron al pronunciamiento de Arizpe en 1837, y culminaron a fines de 1845. Una de las causas que motivó a la elección de esta investigación, es el hecho de que tanto en la historiografía nacional, como en la regional, no se abordan los aspectos que hicieron posible la existencia de un grupo de aliados a José Cosme Urrea, que mantuvieron un firme apoyo durante las etapas que duró el conflicto, aun a costa de poner en riesgo pertenencias e integridad física propia y de sus familias. La historiografía consultada se limita a narrar acontecimientos, causas y efectos, basándose en decretos oficiales, sin dejar entrever cuál era la vinculación entre los personajes. Para identificar y reconstruir la red, se utilizaron los planteamientos teóricos II del análisis de redes sociales. De inicio destaca el hecho de que José Cosme era originario de la zona norte de Sonora, estuvo emparentado con las familias más importantes del territorio, y poseía una carrera militar destacada por su participación en la contrainsurgencia y otros eventos políticos nacionales, como la campaña contra los separatistas texanos. En 1837, José Cosme Urrea Elías González fue designado comandante general de Sonora, procedente de ciudad de México, su participación política y militar en Sonora inició a partir del pronunciamiento a favor del federalismo, con esto, surgen cambios estructurales en la organización gubernamental de la región. En busca de la reorganización política nacional, José Cosme Urrea sale de Sonora en mayo de 1838, tras ser derrotado en Sinaloa, el apoyo que su causa recibió entre las poblaciones cambió rotundamente al desconocerse el plan de Arizpe y reconocerse el sistema de gobierno central y a Manuel María Gándara como su representante, desconociendo así la autoridad de José Cosme Urrea y los funcionarios designados durante su mandato, a partir de ese momento da inicio una serie de conflictos políticos que obligó a la toma de las armas en diversas poblaciones sonorenses. José Cosme Urrea regresó a Sonora, las diferencias con Manuel María Gándara continuaron sin que cesaran los eventos bélicos, dando por resultado la salida del general Urrea del territorio para refugiarse en Durango y posteriormente encabezar la rebelión federalista en Tampico. Capturado tras su participación en Tamaulipas, Urrea fue trasladado a la ciudad de México donde protagonizó una contienda civil en 1840; reapareciendo temporalmente en Sonora a inicios de 1841, lo cual fue considerado como una resistencia al gobierno de Manuel María Gándara. En enero de 1842, José Cosme Urrea fue designado gobernador y comandante general de Sonora, Manuel María Gándara y III familia le declaran una guerra personal. Durante tres años, el gobierno urreista emprendió la persecución contra los sublevados. En 1845 el gobierno de la república despojó a José Cosme Urrea de los cargos de gobernador y comandante general de Sonora. A partir de ese momento, sus opositores exigieron una sola cosa: su salida inmediata de Sonora. Cuando en agosto sus enemigos deciden tomar las armas para atacarle, la red urreista se hizo presente nuevamente para defenderlo hasta que a fines de ese año, Urrea decidió emprender su marcha fuera de Sonora y nunca regresó. Planteamiento del problema. Con el pronunciamiento de José Urrea a favor del federalismo en Arizpe, en Sonora inició una lucha entre notables por el control del poder político. En apoyo del establecimiento del sistema de gobierno centralista se encontraba la red social encabezada por Manuel Gándara. Los pueblos sonorenses participaron en el conflicto y personajes importantes de la entidad financiaron económicamente la campaña militar de ambos ejércitos que se extendió por un periodo aproximado de 10 años. Este investigación parte de dos hipótesis: 1.- Si en 1837 José Urrea encabezó el Pronunciamiento de Arizpe a favor del federalismo, entonces existió una red social compuesta por algunos miembros de la milicia, clérigos, y notables de la región de Arizpe y otras partes de Sonora y la nación con los recursos económicos y políticos suficientes para apoyarlo durante el tiempo que se prolongó el conflicto; 2.- Los integrantes de la red que apoyó a José Urrea, tenían intereses económicos y políticos comunes que les motivaron a respaldarlo en su lucha contra Gándara. Las preguntas que se propusieron para la comprobación de las hipótesis planteadas fueron: ¿Quiénes fueron los personajes que apoyaron el pronunciamiento de IV José Urrea a favor del federalismo en 1837 y durante el tiempo que duro el conflicto?, ¿Cuáles eran los cargos públicos, clericales y militares que ocuparon los integrantes de la red que apoyó a Urrea? y ¿Cuáles fueron los intereses que compartían los personajes que apoyaron a José Urrea y les impulsaron a enfrentar de manera política, civil y armada a Manuel María Gándara y quienes le apoyaron durante el tiempo que se prolongó el conflicto? La importancia de llevar a cabo esta investigación representa la posibilidad de establecer un análisis detallado de la red social que apoyó la instauración del federalismo en Sonora.
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