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Juan Bautista Alberdi E O Império Do Brasil Olhares Cruzados Sobre a Construção Das Nações No Século Xix

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Juan Bautista Alberdi E O Império Do Brasil Olhares Cruzados Sobre a Construção Das Nações No Século Xix Almanack, Guarulhos, n. 25, ea00619, 2020 http://doi.org/10.1590/2236-463325ea00619 JUAN BAUTISTA ALBERDI E O IMPÉRIO DO BRASIL OLHARES CRUZADOS SOBRE A CONSTRUÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES NO SÉCULO XIX Maria Elisa Noronha de Sá1;2 Resumo O artigo analisa os escritos de Juan Bautista Alberdi sobre o Im- pério do Brasil na chave da História Intelectual e das Histórias Cruzadas, com a intenção de explorar os efeitos dos “olhares cruzados” para a construção das representações identitárias e das nações da Argentina e do Brasil no século XIX. A análise explora as visões de Alberdi sobre o Império em dois momen- tos: os anos 1840/50, do seu exílio no Chile, e os anos 1860/70, da Guerra do Paraguai, seu entrelaçamento com seu projeto de nação e com as questões das políticas interna e externa argen- tinas. O texto centra-se na exploração das mudanças nas ima- gens, olhares e visões desse autor sobre o Império do Brasil ao longo de sua vida e seu entrelaçamento com o projeto de nação elaborado por ele para a República Argentina, e com as ques- tões das políticas interna e externa desses países. Palavras-chave Brasil (Império do) – Argentina (Republica) – nação – século XIX – Paraguai (Guerra do) – Juan Bautista Alberdi. 1 Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro – Rio de Janeiro – Brasil. 2 Doutora em História (UFF) e Professora Assistente da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (Puc-Rio). E-mail: [email protected]. 1 Artigos Almanack, Guarulhos, n. 25, ea00619, 2020 http://doi.org/10.1590/2236-463325ea00619 JUAN BAUTISTA ALBERDI Y EL IMPERIO DEL BRASIL MIRADAS CRUZADAS SOBRE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LAS NACIONES EN EL SIGLO XIX Resumen El artículo analiza los escritos de Juan Bautista Alberdi sobre el Imperio del Brasil en la clave de la Historia Intelectual y de las Historias Cruzadas, con la intención de explorar los efectos de las “miradas cruzadas” para la construcción de las representa- ciones identitarias y de las naciones de Argentina y Brasil en el siglo XIX. El análisis explora las visiones de Alberdi sobre el Imperio en dos momentos: los años 1840/50, de su exilio en Chile, y los años 1860/70, de la Guerra del Paraguay, su entrela- zamiento con su proyecto de nación y con las cuestiones de las políticas interna y externa argentinas. Palabras clave Brasil (Imperio del) Argentina (República) – nación – siglo XIX – Paraguay (Guerra del) – Juan Bautista Alberdi. 2 Artigos Almanack, Guarulhos, n. 25, ea00619, 2020 http://doi.org/10.1590/2236-463325ea00619 ALBERDI AND THE EMPIRE OF BRAZIL CROSSED VIEWS ON THE CONS- TRUCTION OF NATIONS IN THE NI- NETEENTH CENTURY Abstract The article analyzes the writings of Juan Bautista Alberdi about the Empire of Brazil in the key of Intellectual History and Cros- sed Histories. The intention is to explore the effects of these “crossed views” for the construction of identities representa- tions and the nations of Argentina and Brazil in the nineteenth century. The analysis explores Alberdi’s visions about the Em- pire in two moments: the years 1840/50, of his exile in Chile, and the years 1860/70, of the Paraguay War, its relations with his national project and with the internal and external Argenti- nian politics questions. Keywords Brazil (Empire) – Argentine (Republic) – nation building – XIXth century – Paraguay War – Juan Bautista Alberdi. 3 Artigos Maria Elisa Noronha de Sá Almanack, Guarulhos, n. 25, ea00619, 2020 Juan Bautista Alberdi e o Império do Brasil: olhares cruzados sobre http://doi.org/10.1590/2236-463325ea00619 a construção das nações no século XIX Introdução interesse pelo tema dos “olhares cruzados” que envolvem inúmeros letrados latino-americanos que empreenderam O viagens, viveram experiências de exílio ou simplesmente demonstravam interesse por assuntos que envolviam o Império do Brasil sempre foi uma constante para quem se dedica ao estudo da História Intelectual comparada ou aos subgêneros dentro da História Intelectual que nas duas últimas décadas vêm se consolidando como importantes espaços de interrogação histórica: o das histórias trans- nacionais, das histórias cruzadas e das conexões culturais. Há muito sabemos da intensa circulação que havia entre esses letrados, polí- ticos, viajantes, publicistas e cientistas nas Américas no século XIX. Circulação esta que implicava não só deslocamentos espaciais, mas também a formação de espaços de sociabilidade nos quais as ideias circulavam, eram apropriadas e resignificadas, em um contexto mui- to especial e específico de construção de nações e de formação de novas identidades. Sabemos também o quanto o Império do Brasil, por ter vivido um processo de independência marcado por algumas singularidades, por ter se tornado a única monarquia constitucional das Américas e por ter conservado a escravidão como um de seus pi- lares, se constituiu em objeto de curiosidade, interesse e estudo para a Hispano América no século XIX. Nos últimos vinte anos tem ganhado cada vez mais espaço entre os historiadores, a discussão em torno de enfoques que pretendem ir além das fronteiras nacionais estabelecidas pelo Estado-nação mo- derno. O debate tem questionado as propostas da mais tradicional História Comparada e abarcado mais recentes concepções como as Histórias Conectadas, a História Transnacional3 e as Histórias Cru- 3 Há uma vasta bibliografia sobre História Transnacional que discute a contradição de se aplicar um enfoque transnacional a momentos históricos nos quais as nações eram emergentes como é o caso desse estudo. Ver especialmente: PEYROU, Florencia; MARTYKÁNOVÁ, Darina. Presenta- ción. Revista Ayer, nº 94. Dossier: La Historia Transnacional. Madrid: Marcial Pons, Ediciones de Historia, 2014. p. 13-144; BAYLY, Cristopher et al. AHR Conversation: On Transnational History. 4 Artigos Maria Elisa Noronha de Sá Almanack, Guarulhos, n. 25, ea00619, 2020 Juan Bautista Alberdi e o Império do Brasil: olhares cruzados sobre http://doi.org/10.1590/2236-463325ea00619 a construção das nações no século XIX zadas. Penso que essa crítica ao nacional encontra na historiografia do século XIX um campo mais do que profícuo. Estudar aquele tempo de “nacionalidades flutuantes”, quando as ideias e projetos de nação estavam sendo gestados e experimentados, quando as fronteiras do nacional eram fluidas, impõe ultrapassar a visão tradicional de uma história comparada que parta do nacional4. Daí a escolha pelo enfoque das Histórias Cruzadas, um enfoque historiográfico que permite lidar com “procedimentos relacionais”5, entendidos aqui como aqueles que se encaminham para além das tradicionais abordagens historiográficas e atentam para os gestos historiográficos da comparação, do cruzamento, da interconexão e ultrapassagem dos limites nacionais na escolha e no trato dos obje- tos historiográficos.6 Em um trabalho como este em que se pretende estabelecer a circulação de ideias, de pessoas e de olhares, a noção de interseção torna-se central porque rompe com uma perspectiva uni- dimensional, simplificadora e homogeneizadora, em defesa de uma abordagem multidimensional que reconheça a pluralidade e as rela- ções complexas que daí resultem. A escolha do enfoque das Histórias Cruzadas mostra que, mais do que insistir na comparabilidade dos objetos, a pesquisa está preocupada com as percepções recíprocas ou American Historical Review, 11, 5, (2006). p. 1441-1464; ALBA, Carlos et al (eds.). Entre espacios. Movi- mientos, actores y representaciones de la globalización. Berlín: Walter Frey Verlag, 2013. 4 Ver PRADO, Maria Ligia Coelho. América Latina: Historia Comparada, Historias Conectadas, Historia Transnacional. Anuario nº 24, Escuela de Historia, Revista Digital nº 3, Facultad de Humanidades y Artes (UNR), 2011-2012; PRADO, Maria Ligia Coelho. Repensando a História Comparada da América Latina. Revista de História, 153, 2005. 5 Expressão utilizada por ZIMMERMANN, B.; WERNER, M. Pensar a História Cruzada: entre empiria e reflexividade. Textos de História, v. 11, n. 1-2, 2003, p. 83-127. 6 Ver CONRAD, Sebastian. What is Global History? Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016; PRE- USS, Ori. Bridging the island. Brazilian’s views of Spanish America and themselves, 1865-1912. Madrid: Iberoamericana; Frankfurt: Vervuert, 2011; PREUSS, Ori. Transnational South America. Experiences, ideas and identities, 1860-1900s. London: Routledge Press, 2016; BARROS, José D’Assunção. Histórias Cruzadas – considerações sobre uma nova modalidade baseada nos procedimentos relacionais. Anos 90. Porto Alegre, v. 21, n. 40, dez. 2014. p. 277-310. 5 Artigos Maria Elisa Noronha de Sá Almanack, Guarulhos, n. 25, ea00619, 2020 Juan Bautista Alberdi e o Império do Brasil: olhares cruzados sobre http://doi.org/10.1590/2236-463325ea00619 a construção das nações no século XIX assimétricas, com os processos entrelaçados que se constituem um ao outro, com as influências mútuas.7 O foco nas interconexões, cruzamentos e nexos existentes entre intelectuais, letrados, suas redes e ideias, tem demonstrado que, con- trariamente a uma visão muito difundida entre historiadores, ensa- ístas e estudiosos brasileiros, que insistem em negar a existência de importantes contatos e trocas culturais entre o Brasil e seus vizinhos hispano-americanos durante o século XIX, nossos intelectuais, pe- riodistas e políticos sempre olharam para os povos vizinhos do conti- nente, com quase tanto interesse e insistência quanto o faziam com relação à Europa ou aos Estados Unidos. Esses estudos também têm chamado a atenção para o papel crucial que o esforço para contras- tar a própria experiência
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