Proposal for an ISSI International Team in Space Science

Plasma Coupling in the Auroral – System (POLARIS)

Abstract Astrophysical context. Fundamental processes in the universe are often organized by magnetic fields and accompanied by energetic particles. Examples range from planetary aurorae and solar activity to astrophysical shocks and pulsar (Fig. 1). Magnetic coupling works across very different plasma regimes and may yield complex interaction patterns. An ideal test-bed for studying this type of fundamental plasma coupling is the geospace environment where the collisionless magnetospheric plasma interacts with the collisional polar ionosphere through exchange of energetic particles, electromagnetic fields and currents. While the magnetosphere–ionosphere (M–I) coupling in the morning and evening sectors is often rather steady and can be well described by simplified current systems and electromagnetic fields, the transition region in the midnight sector (Fig. 2), known as the Harang region (HR), is much more dynamic. The current and field configuration is complex and essentially three-dimensional, and the HR is believed to play an important role in the substorm cycle. The auroral M–I system is typically far from equilibrium and the substorm phases correspond to different conditions of the large scale energy flux through this system, associated with loading / unloading of magnetic energy. Even if a direct connection is difficult to establish at present, similar systems may occur quite generally in magnetized astrophysical plasmas. Project objectives. The project aims to investigate the M–I coupling modes in the HR, by exploring the 3-D configuration and temporal evolution of the system during the various substorm phases. Specific issues to be examined are the configuration of the auroral current circuit, the plasma convection and electric field, the energy conversion and transfer between magnetosphere and ionosphere. Due to a unique constellation of spacecraft missions and ground facilities, it is possible at present to probe the plasma and electromagnetic field in all the key regions of the M–I coupling chain. Data from the THEMIS mission in the inner , from the Cluster spacecraft at the top side of the auroral acceleration region (AAR), from low altitude like FAST, REIMEI, or DMSP below the AAR, and from ground based observatories, enable a comprehensive exploration, with emphasis on conjugate events. ISSI provides optimum conditions for the work of an international team holding the required expertise. The project will include three ISSI workshops devoted to: a) the collisional, ionospheric end of the M–I system; b) the collisionless, magnetospheric end of the M–I system; c) investigation of major conjunction events, with data available from all the key regions. The project, to be executed by a team of 10 people, is expected to materialize in case study papers, discussing HR specific M–I coupling features, as well as one concluding paper, providing a comprehensive view over the M–I coupling in the HR during the substorm cycle.

Figure 1. Hubble image of the planetary nebula Figure 2. Images from THEMIS ground based observatories M2-9, whose structure could be explained by a illustrating the spatial and temporal variability of the combined magnetic field-aligned plasma outflow near the midnight sector. The collage shows a snapshot of a and an equatorial expansion such as that in solar highly dynamic aurora over northern Canada and Alaska. From CMEs. From Lundin (2001). Mende et al. (2009).

Scientific Rationale Magnetic coupling and energetic particles in the plasma universe. Space-bourne solar observatories such as SOHO, TRACE, and STEREO have revealed the complex magnetic field structure in the solar atmosphere. Solar activity in general is organized by the magnetic field, including in particular the most dramatic events, such as coronal mass ejections and solar flares. The large-scale heliospheric magnetic field on the one hand, and the smaller-scale but much more intense geomagnetic field on the other, control the fluxes of galactic cosmic rays into the Earth’s upper atmosphere. In the astrophysical context, energetic particles are associated with acceleration processes at magnetized shocks, with pulsar magnetospheres, and possibly even with jet formation in active galactic nuclei. Observations of all these phenomena, however, are of remote-sensing type and thus suffer e.g. from projection and propagation effects. M-I coupling and the Harang region. The geospace environment is probed also in-situ by spacecraft missions, so we can achieve a more complete characterization of plasma regimes coupled by a magnetic field. Particle energization mechanisms potentially relevant in astrophysical context, most notably magnetic reconnection and parallel electric fields, make key contributions to magnetospheric dynamics and M–I coupling. From an observational point-of-view, the present situation is exceptionally fortunate as we have data from a fleet of scientific satellites in different magnetospheric regions and a network of ground-based observatories (Fig. 3). The project will focus on the investigation of the M–I coupling in the Harang region (HR), which makes the transition between the evening and morning sectors of the auroral oval, in terms of electric field and current configuration (Harang, 1946; Heppner, 1972; Baumjohann, 1983; Erickson et al, 1991; Koskinen and Pulkkinen, 1995; Amm et al., 2000; Lyons et al., 2003, 2009; Gkioulidou et al., 2009). The auroral activity in the HR (e.g. Nielsen and Greenwald, 1979; Zou et al., 2009) is thought to be closely associated with the substorm onset, but the details of this association are not yet fully understood (Weygand et al., 2008). M–I coupling in the HR covers a broad range of spatial and temporal scales and is achieved essentially by field-aligned currents (FACs) and Alfvén waves. A number of review papers on FACs and their M–I coupling role are included in Ohtani et al. (2000), while recent reviews on Alfvén waves are provided by Chaston (2006) and Keiling (2009). Unlike the modelling and simulation work, the observational evidence was limited so far by the one-point character of the measurements, in fortunate cases conjugated with ground data. This setup allows to analyze M-I coupling processes essentially along the magnetic field, i.e., in one spatial dimension only. Measurements along the track of polar-orbiting satellites add latitude as a second dimension particularly useful in studies of stable east-west aligned auroral arcs. It is only recently that multi-point missions like THEMIS (Angelopoulos, 2008) and Cluster (Escoubet et al., 2001) have opened the gate toward 3-D examinations of the M–I coupling (e.g. Keiling et al., 2009). The ionospheric, collisional end of the HR. The currents and plasma flow at the ionospheric end of the HR (Fig. 4a) are easiest to investigate. The closure of the FAC is realized both in meridional and longitudinal direction, reflecting the two topologies of the M–I current system (Fig. 4b), Type 1 and Type 2, introduced by Boström (1964). Unlike in the evening and morning sectors of the auroral oval, where Type 2 dominates – with meridional (perpendicular to the arc / oval) electric fields, FACs connected by meridional Pedersen currents, and divergence free longitudinal Hall electrojets – a mixed and complicated configuration is often observed in the HR, not yet fully explored and understod. The electric field is tilted westward, the FAC can be coupled to Pedersen and Hall currents flowing both in meridional and longitudinal direction (Marghitu et al., 2004, 2009), the FAC closure mechanisms can be both local and remote, depending on the location and substorm phase (Amm and Fujii, 2008). The plasma flow pattern can vary between a sharp shear reversal, associated with an upward FAC (as sketched in Fig. 4a), during the substorm expansion phase, and a rotational reversal, associated with weak (or missing) upward FAC, during quiet conditions (Kamide, 1978).

The magnetospheric, collisionless end of the HR. As already pointed out, a thorough examination of the HR magnetospheric ‘headprint’ was not possible until recently. The HR is believed to map to the inner plasma sheet, at altitudes of about 10 Earth radii (RE), and a number of studies have brought convincing arguments in this respect (Erickson et al., 1991; Lyons et al., 2003, 2009; Gkioulidou et al., 2009). Several M–I coupling and substorm theories (e.g. Rothwell et al., 1988; Lui, 1991; Kan, 1993; Haerendel, 2009) suggest that the substorm onset is triggered by processes in this region, but the exact nature and sequence of these processes are matters of active research – and provide some of the key questions to be answered by the THEMIS mission. One such question, for example, is the load or generator character of the inner plasma sheet at substorm onset (e.g. Haerendel, 2009) – which could be addressed now based on multi-point data from THEMIS and Cluster, and on the newly developed techniques to process these data.

Figure 3. Sketch of the FAST, Cluster, and THEMIS spacecraft (not to scale), together with the GBOs, in the configuration to be used in the project. FAST (or another low altitude satellite) is located bellow the bottom boundary of the AAR (indicated by EII ), Cluster is close to perigee and near the AAR top side, while the three inner THEMIS satellites probe the inner plasma sheet around the equatorial plane. The three stripes at the bottom indicate the focus of the three ISSI workshops (WS1, WS2, WS3), namely (1) the low-altitude, collisional end, (2) the high-altitude, collisionless end, and (3) the whole M–I system.

Scientific goals The central goal of the project is to explore the 3-D configuration of the M–I coupled system in the HR and its temporal evolution by using the rich database of low altitude and ground data, as well as the multi-point capabilities of the Cluster and THEMIS missions. We expect that the features of the M–I coupling in the HR will be best organized in terms of phases of a magnetospheric substorm. Key issues to be addressed for each substorm phase are listed below, followed by detailed specific questions for each issue: a. Three-dimensional topology of the current circuit; b. Configuration of plasma convection and electric field; c. Energy conversion and transfer between the magnetosphere and ionosphere. a) What are the paths of the electrical current in the coupled plasma system in the HR? At the ionospheric end of the current system we shall check if the FAC closure is i) meridional / longitudinal (perpendicular / parallel to the arc); ii) local / remote, iii) achieved by Pedersen / Hall current; iv) driven by conductance / electric field variations (Kamide and Kokubun, 1996) – in order to find typical ‘mixtures’ of the Type 1 / Type 2 configurations. At the magnetospheric end of the current system we shall be interested by the current magnitude, its radial / azimuthal orientation, and its driver – flow braking (Shiokawa et al., 1997) or pressure gradient (Birn et al., 1999). For the major conjunction events we shall check if the current at the magnetospheric end is consistent with the ionospheric closure topology, namely if the magnetospheric current is radial / azimuthal when the FAC closure is meridional / longitudinal. We shall also try to separate the DC and Alfvénic components of the current at the ionospheric, AAR, and magnetospheric level. b) How do the electric field and the convection flow pattern change with the substorm phase? The electric field match between the magnetosphere and ionosphere controls the nature of M-I coupling. We shall explore the spatial and temporal scales and also the causes of ‘imperfect’ M–I coupling, in particular the decoupling introduced by the AAR, the mismatch under non-stationary conditions, and the effect of the Alfvén waves. The relationship between the electric field and plasma flow will be investigated as well. At low altitude the frozen-in condition, E+V×B=0, is expected to hold, but in the magnetosphere violations were identified during the substorm expansion phase (McFadden et al., 2008). One particularly interesting question is to check the mapping of the HR in the magnetosphere, which we plan to do by comparing multi-point plasma flow data. Operationally, the electric field is essential for deriving the ionospheric current in (a), by Ohm’s law, J=Σ•E (with Σ the conductance tensor), as well as the local energy conversion, E•J, and Poynting flux, E×H, in (c). c) How does the energy balance in the system change with the substorm phase? The energy balance in the M–I system is the result of several energy conversion and transfer steps. In the magnetosphere, we shall check the sense of the energy conversion. Through the evaluation of E•J (Marghitu et al., 2006, 2009b; Hamrin et al., 2006, 2009a, 2009b) we shall check if the converted energy is mainly related to the bulk flow or to the thermal motion, and whether E•J is dominated by the radial term, ErJr, or by the azimuthal term, EφJφ. At low altitudes we plan to identify the relative contributions of Joule heating and particle precipitation to energy dissipation, and to compare the two terms under stationary and non-stationary conditions – when it is more likely to see ionospheric closure of the FAC by Hall currents and therefore a reduction of the Joule effect. At times, the ionosphere can behave as a generator, feeding energy to the magnetosphere – this ‘active’ role of the ionosphere will be investigated as well. We shall also explore the energy transfer, whose main vehicles are the Poynting and particle energy fluxes. Examination of Polar and FAST data showed that above / below the AAR the Poynting / particle energy flux dominates (Chaston, 2006) – it will be interesting to check this finding for selected events, at various stages of the substorm cycle.

Figure 4. (a) Schematic picture of the ionospheric current and plasma flow in the HR (from Koskinen and Pulkkinen, 1995). EEJ / WEJ and R1 / R2, indicate the eastward / westward electrojet and Region 1 / Region 2 field-aligned current. (b) The two configurations of the auroral current circuit introduced by Boström (1964).

Implementation At present, a unique constellation of spacecraft missions (Fig. 3) and ground based observatories (GBOs) provides comprehensive information from all the key regions of the M–I coupling chain, namely the inner plasma sheet, the AAR, and the ionosphere. The project relies on (northern hemisphere) winter data measured the THEMIS spacecraft in the inner plasma sheet, by the Cluster spacecraft closely above the AAR, and by the FAST satellite (Pfaff et al., 2001) below the AAR. Low altitude data from DMSP and REIMEI may add valuable information to the major conjunction events, when FAST is not available. Ground data from the THEMIS GBOs, MIRACLE network, EISCAT and SuperDARN radars, will provide ionospheric information. Depending on the results to be obtained, summer events could be investigated as well, to explore seasonal effects (this time with Cluster in the inner plasma sheet). The needed data are openly available and the team members have the required expertise to use it, as indicated in the ‘Team’ section. The project will be organized as follows. We first study the two main elements of the system (ionosphere and magnetosphere) separately, and then bring the findings together to address the big picture. The emphasis will be on conjugate data. Each of these units will make the object of an ISSI workshop (WS).

The collisional element: ionospheric electrodynamics (WS1) The first workshop will focus on the examination of 29 conjunction events from 1997 and 1998, between FAST and auroral cameras flown on a jet spacecraft (Stenbaek-Nielsen et al., 1998). The magnetic local time of all these events is around 21, which makes them ideal for a systematic examination of ionospheric electrodynamics in the HR. Relevant FAST data, the conjugate optical data, and geophysical indices (AE, Dst) for these events have already been collected together in two pdf files (one for 1997 and one for 1998) available at http://gpsm.spacescience.ro/ftp/om/polaris/2010/. A preliminary evaluation of the data (included in the pdf files) shows both complicated, mixed events, most of them in 1997, and rather ‘standard’, Type 2 events, most of them in 1998. During the first ISSI workshop the individual events and possible reasons for the systematic difference between 1997 and 1998 will be examined in detail. Although these events are not conjugate to Cluster or THEMIS, the quality of the database is rather unique and we expect that the results will guide the further selection of magnetospheric events – to be explored during the second workshop. The low altitude data will be investigated by using the recently developed ALADYN method (Marghitu et al., 2004, 2009), based on satellite data, as well as well established inversion techniques, based on ground magnetic and electric field data (e.g. Inhester et al., 1992; Amm, 1995).

The collisionless element: flows, fields and particles in the magnetosphere (WS2) When writing this proposal, THEMIS proceeds to the third tail season, each season covering about three months (the first two seasons at the beginning of 2008 and 2009), and conjugate ionospheric information is available from the comprehensive network of GBOs deployed in Canada and the northern USA. The three inner THEMIS probes visit the inner plasma sheet on a daily basis, while Cluster passes closely above the AAR every 2.4 days, in about the same time sector with THEMIS. The THEMIS team compiled comprehensive lists of THEMIS / Cluster, THEMIS / FAST, and THEMIS / Reimei conjunctions, as well as of substorm events, available at ftp://justice.ssl.berkeley.edu/events/. The size and orientation of the triangle formed by the three inner THEMIS probes change during the mission, providing conditions for exploring the inner plasma sheet on multiple scales. Analysis tools for multi-point data developed within the Cluster community (Paschmann and Daly, 1998, 2008) have been recently adapted to three-spacecraft measurements (Vogt et al., 2009), becoming suitable to be used with THEMIS data. This makes possible the evaluation of the gradients needed in the project, for example ∇×B, the pressure gradient, or the Poynting flux divergence.

The coupled system: study of major conjunction events and comparison with models (WS3) The project will be concluded by a detailed examination of major conjunction events, ideally at least one event for each substorm phase. The expected outcome is a comprehensive picture of the M–I coupling modes in the Harang region, depending on the substorm phase. We hope to identify transient effects during substorm onset, possibly mediated through Alfvénic disturbances propagating along the ambient magnetic field lines (e.g., Vogt et al., 1999). Several plasma wave detection and identification techniques for multipoint measurements exist, e.g., the wave telescope / k-filtering approach (for a review see Pinçon and Glassmeier, 2008) or the recently developed wave surveyor technique (Vogt et al., 2008). The observed events will be compared with established quasi-static and transient M–I coupling models (e.g. Lysak, 1990; Vogt, 2002; Paschmann et al., 2003). The traditional ‘active’ role of the magnetosphere and ‘passive’ role of the ionosphere will be examined for each substorm phase. Timeliness The project takes advantage of a unique constellation of satellites, concentrated in critical points of the M–I coupling chain. The multi-point measurements of Cluster and THEMIS, assisted by a dense network of GBOs and low altitude satellites, together with the mature stage of the multi-spacecraft data analysis methods, open unprecedented opportunities to investigate the temporal evolution and spatial configuration of the M–I coupling, as well as its role in substorm physics. Expected output We anticipate increased visibility of the M–I coupling and Harang region in publications and conference talks. The completion of the tasks outlined above is expected to materialize in several case study papers. The project findings will be summarized in a concluding review paper. Added value by ISSI ISSI provides optimum conditions for getting together an international team holding appropriate expertise and for the required brain storming effort. While the suggested topic is too large to be handled in a conference session, we believe that it fits the size and time frame of the proposed ISSI team, and can be properly addressed by the sustained interaction within the team as well as the foreseen sequence of workshops. Team Ten people have confirmed their participation in the project, to be co-chaired by Octav Marghitu and Joachim Vogt. The relevant expertise is briefly indicated below. Contact information and CVs are attached. Olaf Amm (Finland): Ionospheric electrodynamics, M–I coupling, Cluster and MIRACLE data. Harald U. Frey (USA): Auroral physics, M–I coupling, optical and THEMIS data. Maria Hamrin (Sweden): Auroral physics, M–I coupling, multi-spacecraft techniques. Tomas Karlsson (Sweden): Ionospheric electrodynamics, M–I coupling, Cluster data. Andreas Keiling (USA): Alfvén waves, M–I coupling, Cluster and THEMIS data. Octav Marghitu (Romania): Ionospheric electrodynamics, M–I coupling, Cluster and FAST data. Rumi Nakamura (Austria): Tail and substorm physics, M–I coupling, Cluster and THEMIS data. Hans Nilsson (Sweden): Ion outflow, M–I coupling, Cluster and EISCAT data. Joshua Semeter (USA): M–I coupling, optical data, radar and optical data. Joachim Vogt (Germany): M–I coupling, multi-spacecraft techniques, Cluster and optical data. Schedule Workshop 1, fall 2010: Discussion of selected events with emphasis on the collisional, ionospheric end of the M–I system. Case studies appropriate for publication. Streamlining of further work. Workshop 2, spring 2011: Discussion of selected events, with emphasis on the collisionless, magnetospheric end of the M–I system. Case studies appropriate for publication. Workshop 3, spring 2012: Discussion of major conjunction events. M–I coupling modes and relevance for M–I coupling models, depending on the substorm phase. Discussion of the concluding review paper. Financial support and facilities required from ISSI Standard support, as described in Section 6 of the “Call for proposals”. Living expenses in Bern for the team members (10 people), as well as reimbursement of travel expenses for one of the co-chairs or for another team member. Room, projector, Internet access, coffee machine.

Appendix A – References

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Appendix B – Contact Information

Olaf Amm Harald U. Frey Finnish Meteorological Institute Space Sciences Laboratory Arctic Research Unit University of California at Berkeley P.O. Box 503 7 Gauss Way FIN - 00101 Helsinki, Finland Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Maria Hamrin Tomas Karlsson Department of Physics Space and Plasma Physics Umeå University School of Electrical Engineering Fysikhuset Royal Institute of Technology 901 87 Umeå, Sweden S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Andreas Keiling Octav Marghitu Space Sciences Laboratory Space Plasma and Magnetometry Group University of California at Berkeley Institute for Space Sciences, Bucharest 7 Gauss Way Atomistilor str. 409 Berkeley, CA 94720, USA RO-77125 Bucharest – Măgurele, Romania Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Rumi Nakamura Hans Nilsson Space Research Institute Swedish Institute for Space Physics, Kiruna Austrian Academy of Sciences Rymdcampus, Etian 100 Schmiedlstraße 6 SE-981 28 Kiruna, Sweden 8042 Graz, Austria Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Joshua Semeter Joachim Vogt Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering School of Engineering and Science Boston University Jacobs University Bremen 8 St. Mary's St., Boston, MA 02215, USA Campus Ring 1 Email: [email protected] D-28759 Bremen, Germany Email: [email protected]

Appendix C – CVs

Short curriculum vitae Dr. Olaf Amm Personal information

Name: Olaf Amm Birth date and place: June 9, 1967, Rendsburg, Germany Citizenship: German and Finnish

Professional information

Affiliation: Senior Scientist, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland

Office address: Finnish Meteorological Institute, Arctic Research Program, P.O. Box 503, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland; email: [email protected]

Education (University Degrees): Vordiplom (B.Sc.) in Geophysics at University of Münster, Germany, 1990 (mark: “very good”) Diplom (M.Sc.) in Geophysics at University of Münster, Germany, 1994 (mark: “very good with distinction”) Doktor rer. nat. (Ph.D.) at University of Braunschweig, Germany, 1998 (mark: “magna cum laude”) Docent of Space Physics at University of Helsinki, Finland, 2002 (mark: “Excellent”)

Main posts: • Doctoral student and scientisr at Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany, 1995-1998 (partly with a research grant of the German Research Community, DFG) • Guest scientist at Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki, Finland, 1995-1997 (with a grant from the German Academic Exchange Service, DAAD) • Guest scientist at Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 1998-2000 (partly with a postdoctoral grant from the German Academic Exchange Service, DAAD) • Scientist at Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, since 2000 • Visiting professor at Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory (STELAB), University of Nagoya, Japan, January–March 2005, and September–November 2009

Main research interests: • Ionospheric electrodynamics • Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling • Potential theory and modeling • Space weather and geomagnetically induced currents in the Earth

Selected publications regarding magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling and the Harang region: • Amm, O., Method of characteristics in spherical geometry applied to a Harang discontinuity situation, Ann. Geophys., 16, 413, 1998. • Amm, O., P. Janhunen, H.J. Opgenoorth, T.I. Pulkkinen, and A. Viljanen, Ionospheric shear flow situations observed by the MIRACLE network, and the concept of Harang Discontinuity, AGU monograph on magnetospheric current systems, Geophysical Monograph 118, 227, 2000. • Amm, O., A. Aikio, J.-M. Bosqued, M. Dunlop, A. Fazakerley, P. Janhunen, K. Kauristie, M. Lester, I. Sillanpää, M. Taylor, A. Vontrat-Reberac, K. Mursula, and M. André, Mesoscale structure of a morning sector ionospheric shear flow region determined by conjugate Cluster II and MIRACLE ground-based observations, Ann. Geophys., 21, 1737, 2003.

Scientific community positions: • Member of the Cluster/ ground-based science core group • Co-Investigator for the flux-gate magnetometer (FGM) on the DoubleStar satellites • ISSI team leader for two scientific teams: Cluster/ ground-based research (2003-2005), and three-dimensional modelling of the ionosphere and of ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling (2005-2007) • Associate Editor of Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR) - Space Physics (2010-2011)

Teaching: • Lecture series “Potential Theory for Space Physics” at University of Helsinki, Finland, and at University of Uppsala, Sweden (since 2000) • Lecture “Ionospheric currents and their origin” at the Research School for Electrodynamics, Oulu, Finland (2001) • Lecture series “Ionospheric Physics” at University of Helsinki, Finland (since 2003)

Harald U. Frey

EDUCATION: University of Leipzig, Germany, Ph.D. (1986); University of Leipzig, Germany, M.S. (Diplom, 1983), Physics

EXPERIENCE: - Since 2006 Research Physicist at the Space Sciences Laboratory of the University of California at Berkeley. Working in the space plasma research group on physics of the aurora and on atmospheric emissions from airglow and sprites. Co-investigator of the Polar Experiment Network for Geophysical Upper-Atmosphere Investigations (PENGUIn). Instrument scientist and mainly involved in the ground test, calibration, and integration of the FUV instrument on the IMAGE spacecraft. After the successful launch of the IMAGE satellite responsible for the FUV science planning, instrument operation, and development of data analysis tools. Project scientist of the Imager for Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) project for the FORMOSAT-2 satellite, primarily involved in instrument environmental and science performance test. Responsible for instrument commissioning, procedure development, on-orbit test, and verification. Co-investigator of the ground-based observatories (GBO) team of the THEMIS project. - 2001-2006 Associate Research Physicist at the Space Sciences Laboratory of the University of California at Berkeley. - 1997-2001 Assistant Research Physicist at the Space Sciences Laboratory of the University of California at Berkeley. - 1991-1997 Research scientist at the Max-Planck-Institute for extraterrestrial physics, plasma physics group of Gerhard Haerendel, auroral research with ground-based optical equipment (CCD cameras), ionospheric radar, and satellite/rocket data, development and calibration of a CCD camera system for stereoscopic auroral observations, use of this system during several observational campaigns in the polar regions, data analysis and digital image processing. Development and successful use of a method for the 3D tomographic reconstruction of the volume emission in an auroral arc. - 1987-1990 Research Physicist in the research center of a semiconductor company (ERMIC GmbH) on development of semiconductor integrated circuits, use of analytical methods (Electron microscopy, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, Auger electron spectroscopy) for research and development - 1986-1987 Research assistant at the physics department of the University Leipzig, application of nuclear analytical methods on trace element analysis in semiconductors and biological samples

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: Associate Editor for Journal of Geophysical Research (Space) since 2008 Reviewer for scientific journals: J. Geophys. Res., Geophys. Res. Lett, Ann. Geophys., Space Science Rev., Pub. of the Astronomical Society of Australia (PASA), Optical Engineering, IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Radio Science, Earth Planets and Space (EPS) Reviewer for proposals to NASA, NSF, Canadian Space Agency, Swedish National Space Board, Austrian Academy of Sciences Panel member of NASA press conference about science results published in the journal "Nature" 12/03/2003 Panel member for NASA SR&T 2001, 2006, 2008 Panel member for NSF GEM 2008

MEMBERSHIPS: American Geophysical Union

AWARDS: Scholarship of the University of Leipzig 1981-1986; Georg Mayer Award of the University of Leipzig for outstanding diploma 1983; Scholarship for International Space University by DARA 1992; NASA Group Achievement Award for IMAGE mission team 2001; ESA recognition of outstanding contribution to Cluster 2005; Fellowship at Tohoku University by JSPS 2006

PUBLICATIONS: 25 refereed publications as first author, >130 refereed publications as co-author, Most important ones: Frey, H.U. et al., Proton aurora in the cusp, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 2001JA900161, 2002 Frey, H.U. et al., Continuous magnetic reconnection at Earth's magnetopause, Nature, 426, 533 - 537, 2003 Frey, H.U. et al., Summary of quantitative interpretation of IMAGE far ultraviolet auroral data, Space Science Reviews, 109, 255-283, 2003 Frey, H.U., Localized aurora beyond the auroral oval, Rev. Geophys., 45, RG1003, doi:10.1029/2005RG000174, 2007

Curriculum vitae

Maria Hamrin Born in Umeå, Sweden, Jan. 28, 1972 Department of Physics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, SE-Sweden Work phone: +49 (0)90 – 786 60 36, E-mail: [email protected]

Education 2002 Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics (Space-/Plasma Phys.), Umeå University. 2001 Teknologie Licentiate in Space Physics, Umeå University. 1996 Master of Science in Engineering physics, Umeå University.

Employment 2007– Senior lecturer (50 % research), Dep. of Phys., Umeå University. 2006 Senior lecturer (40 % research), Dep. of Phys., Umeå University. 2005– Director of studies, Engineering Physics Programme, Umeå University. 2005– Permanent position as senior lecturer (0 % research), Dep. of Phys., Umeå University. 2003–2004 Assistant director of studies, Engineering Physics Programme, Umeå University. 2003–2004 Deputy senior lecturer (50 % research), Dep. of Phys., Umeå University.

Research interests • Auroral physics (data analysis, numerical simulations), and the magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling. • Energy transport and conversion in the magnetosphere as well as the relation to reconnection. • Multi-spacecraft techniques. • Ion outflow and wave-particle interactions.

Supervision Assistant supervisor for Ph.D. student Tony Giang, Umeå University / Swedish institute of Space physics. Supervision of several diploma works, Umeå University.

Selected publications • Hamrin, M., P. Norqvist, O. Marghitu, S. Buchert, B. Klecker, L. M. Kistler, and I. Dandouras, Occurrence and location of concentrated load and generator regions observed by Cluster in the plasma sheet, Ann. Geophysicae, 27, 4131–4146, 2009. • Hamrin, M., P. Norqvist, O. Marghitu, A. Vaivads, B. Klecker, L. M. Kistler, and I. Dandouras, Scale size and life time of energy conversion regions observed by Cluster in the plasma sheet, Ann. Geophysicae, 27, 4147–4155, 2009. • Marghitu, O., M. Hamrin, B. Klecker, K. Rönnmark, S. Buchert, L.M. Kistler, M. André, H. Rème, Cluster observations of energy conversion regions in the plasma sheet, Proc. 15th Cluster workshop, Springer series on Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, ch. 32, 453–459, 2009. • Giang, T. T., M. Hamrin, M. Yamauchi, R. Lundin, H. Nilsson, Y. Ebihara, H. Rème, I. Dandouras, C. Vallat, M. B. Bavassano-Cattaneo, B. Klecker, A. Korth, L. M. Kistler, M. McCarthy, Outflowing protons and heavy ions as a source for the sub-keV ring current, Ann. Geophysicae, 27, 839–849, 2009. • Hamrin, M., K. Rönnmark, N. Börlin, J. Vedin, GALS – Gradient Analysis by Least Squares, Ann. Geophysicae, 26, 3491-3499, 2008. • Hamrin, M., O. Marghitu, K. Rönnmark, B. Klecker, M. André, S. Buchert, L. M. Kistler, J. McFadden, H. Rème, A. Vaivads, Observations of concentrated generator regions in the nightside magnetosphere by Cluster/FAST conjunctions, Annales Geophysicae, 24, 637–649, 2006. • Marghitu, O., M. Hamrin, B. Klecker, A. Vaivads, J. McFadden, S. Buchert, L. M. Kistler, I. Dandouras, M. André, H. Rème, Experimental investigation of the auroral generator with conjugated Cluster and FAST data, Ann. Geophysicae, 24, 619–635, 2006. • Hamrin, M., P. Norqvist, K. Rönnmark, and D. Fellgård, The importance of solar illumination for discrete and diffuse , Ann. Geophysicae, 23, 3481–3486, 2005. • Hamrin, M., P. Norqvist, T. Hellström, M. André, and A. I. Eriksson, A statistical study of ion energization at 1700 km in the auroral region, Ann. Geophysicae, 20, 1943–1958, 2002. • Rönnmark, K., and M. Hamrin, Auroral electron acceleration by Alfvén waves and electrostatic fields, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 25333–25344, 2000. • Hamrin, M., M. André, P. Norqvist, and K. Rönnmark, The importance of a dark ionosphere for ion heating and auroral arc formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1635–1638, 2000.

Other Vice-chairman of the Swedish physical society and board member of Umeå institute of technology.

Curriculum Vitae

Tomas Karlsson Phone:+46-8-790 77 01 Space and Plasma Physics E-mail: tomas.karlssone.kth.se School of Electrical Engineering, KTH S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Date of birth: May 15, 1964

Present employment Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Oct ’99 – present:. Present title: Associate Professor.

Educational History Filosofie doktorsexamen (PhD), Royal Institute of Technology, June, ´02 Studies at the Institute for Theoretical Physics, Lund University, January ‘91 – December ‘91 Filosofie kandidat (BSc), Lund University, May ‘91

Selection of scientific papers Karlsson, T. and G. T. Marklund, A Statistical Study of Intense Low-Altitude Electric Fields Observed by Freja, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1005-1008, 1996. Karlsson, T. and G. T. Marklund, Simulations of Small-Scale Auroral Current Closure in the Return Current Region, in Physics of Space Plasmas (1998), No. 15 (Proc. of the 1998 Cambridge Symposium/Workshop in Geoplasma Physics on "Multiscale Phenomena in Space Plasmas II", Cascais, Portugal, 1998), eds. T. Chang and J. R. Jasperse, MIT Center for Theoretical Geo/Cosmo Plasma Physics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, , 401-406, 1998. Karlsson, T., G. T. Marklund, L. G. Blomberg, and A. Mälkki, Subauroral Electric Fields Observed by the Freja Satellite, a Statistical Study, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 4327-4341, 1998. Karlsson, T. and G. T. Marklund, Results from the DC Electric Field Experiment on the Freja Satellite, Adv. Space Res., 23, No. 10, 1657-1665, 1999. Karlsson, T., Auroral Electric Fields From Satellite Observations and Numerical Modelling, PhD Thesis, Alfvén Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 35 pp. + appendix, 2001. Karlsson, T., On Electric Field Patterns Associated with Night-Side Discrete Auroral Arcs - A Generalization of an Auroral Arc Classification Scheme, Royal Institute of Technology Report, TRITA-ALP-2001-01, 8 pp., 2001. Karlsson, T., N. Brenning, G. Marklund, and I. Axnäs, On Enhanced Aurora, Thin Layers, and Low- Altitude Parallel Electric Fields, in Book of Abstracts, 6th International Workshop on Interrelationship between Plasma Experiments in the Laboratory and Space (IPELS-2001), Niseko- cho, Hokkaido, Japan, 2-6 July 2001, 91-94, 2001. Marklund, G. T., N. Ivchenko, T. Karlsson, et al., Temporal evolution of the electric field accelerating electrons away from the auroral ionosphere, Nature, 414, 724, 2001. Karlsson, T.,et al., Separating Spatial and Temporal Variations in Auroral Electric and Magnetic Fields by Cluster Multipoint Measurements, Ann. Geophys., 22, 2463-2472, 2004. Kullen A., and T. Karlsson, On the Relation Between Solar Wind, Pseudobreakups, and Substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A12218, doi: 10.1029 2004JA010488, 2004. Karlsson, T., G. Marklund, N. Brenning, I. Axnäs, On Enhanced Aurora and Low-Altitude Parallel Electric Fields, Phys. Scr., 72, 5, 419-422, 2005. Karlsson, T., Using multipoint satellite measurements to separate spatial and temporal variations of the aurora, Proceedings of XXVII International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases, July 17 – 22, 2005, The Netherlands, Eindhoven, No. 00/187, 2005. Karlsson, Tomas, et al., High-altitude signatures of ionospheric density depletions caused by field- aligned currents, arXiv:0704.1610v1 [physics.space-ph], 2007. Streltsov A., T. Karlsson, Small-scale, localized electromagnetic waves observed by Cluster: Result of magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions, Gepohys. Res. Lett., 35, 22, L22107, doi: 10.1029/2008GL035956, 2008. Marghitu, O., T Karlsson, B. Klecker, G. Haerendel, J. McFadden, Auroral Arc and Oval Electrodynamics in the Harang Region, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A03214, doi:10.1029/2008JA013630, 2009.

Other - Member of the author team of ”Auroral Plasma Physics” (Space Science Series, vol. 14), produced by the International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland. - Teaching Award, ‘En fjäder i hatten’, awarded by the students at the Engineering Science Programme, KTH, 2008.

Andreas Keiling

Mailing Address Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

Education 2001 Ph.D., Physics, University of Minnesota, USA 2001 Certificate in Teaching in Higher Education, University of Minnesota 1994 B.Sc., Physics, University of London, Imperial College, U.K. 1992 M.Sc., Computer Science, Technical University of Berlin, Germany

Positions 2004-present Assistant Research Physicist, Space Sciences Laboratory, Berkeley, USA 2002-2004 ESA Postdoctoral Fellow, Paul Sabatier University, CESR, France 2001-2002 Lecturer of Physics, University of Wisconsin – River Falls, USA 1997-2001 Research Assistant, University of Minnesota, USA 1995-1997 Teaching Assistant, University of Minnesota, USA

Research Activities Analysis and interpretation of field and particle data from various satellites (Polar, Cluster, THEMIS) and ground observatories. Dr. Keiling is well familiar with the performance and caveats of electric and magnetic field instruments. Research interests include magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, ULF waves, and auroral/substorm physics. In these research areas, Dr. Keiling has acquired an assortment of invited and contributed talks at national and international conferences, invited lectures and seminars at various organizations, invited review paper, research papers, and he has been the lead convener at several international conferences.

Honors Associateship of the Royal College of Science, 1994 (ESA) Postdoctoral Fellowship, 2002-2004

Selected publications Keiling, A., et al., THEMIS ground-space observations during the development of auroral spirals, Ann. Geophys., 27, 4317–4332, 2009. Keiling, A., Alfvén waves and their roles in the dynamics of the Earth’s magnetotail: A review, Space Science Reviews, 142, 73-156, doi: 10.1007/s11214-008-9463-8, 2009. Keiling, A., et al., Substorm current wedge driven by plasma flow vortices: THEMIS observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A00C22, doi:10.1029/2009JA014114, 2009. Keiling, A., et al., Multiple intensifications inside the auroral bulge and their association with plasma sheet activities, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A12216, doi:10.1029/2008JA013383, 2008. Keiling, A., et al., Correlations of substorm injections, auroral modulations, and ground Pi2, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17S22, doi:10.1029/2008GL033969, 2008. Keiling, A., et al., Energy-dispersed ions in the plasma sheet boundary layer and associated phenomena: Ion heating, electron acceleration, Alfven waves, broadband waves, perpendicular electric field spikes, and auroral emissions, Ann. Geophys., 24, 2685–2707, 2006. Keiling, A., et al., Some properties of Alfven waves: Observations in the tail lobes and the plasma sheet boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 110, 10.1029/2004JA010907, 2005. Keiling, A., New properties of energy-dispersed ions in the plasma sheet boundary layer observed by Cluster, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2003JA010277, 2004. Keiling, A., J.R. Wygant, C. Cattell, F. Mozer, C. Russell, The global morphology of wave Poynting flux: Powering the Aurora, Science, 299, 383-386, 2003. Keiling, A., J.R. Wygant, C.A. Cattell, W. Peria, M. Brittnacher, G. Parks, M. Temerin, F.S. Mozer, C.T. Russell, and C.A. Kletzing, Correlation of Alfven wave Poynting flux in the plasma sheet at 4-7 RE to ionospheric electron energy flux, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2001JA900140, 2002. Octav Marghitu

Education 1991: Diploma in Physics (Univ. of Bucharest); 1997: Diploma in Mathematics (Univ. of Bucharest); 2003: PhD in Physics, Auroral arc electrodynamics with FAST satellite and optical data (TU Braunschweig).

Positions 1991–1995: Teaching Assistant, Ecological University, Bucharest. 1994–1998: Research Assistant, Insitute for Space Sciences (ISS), Bucharest. 1998–present: Research Scientist, ISS Bucharest, Space Plasma and Magnetometry Group. 1997–2003: PhD grants at Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching. 2003–2007: PostDoc grants at MPE Garching.

Research Interests • Ionospheric electrodynamics • Auroral acceleration and magnetosphere – ionosphere coupling • Energy conversion and transfer in the auroral magnetosphere • Substorm physics • Charged particle beams

Selected publications • Hamrin, M., P. Norqvist, O. Marghitu, S. Buchert, B. Klecker, L. M. Kistler, and I. Dandouras (2009), Occurrence and location of concentrated load and generator regions observed by Cluster in the plasma sheet, Ann. Geophys., 27, 4131-4146. • Marghitu, O., M. Hamrin, B. Klecker, K. Rönnmark, S. Buchert, L.M. Kistler, M. André, and H. Rème (2009), Cluster observations of energy conversion regions in the plasma sheet, in: The Cluster Active Archive, eds. H. Laakso et al., Springer series on Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, 453–459. • Vogt, J., A. Albert, and O. Marghitu (2009), Analysis of three-spacecraft data using planar reciprocal vectors: methodological framework and spatial gradient estimation, Ann. Geophys., 27, 3249-3273. • Marghitu, O., T. Karlsson, B. Klecker, G. Haerendel, and J. McFadden (2009), Auroral arc and oval electrodynamics in the Harang region, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A03214, doi:10.1029/2008JA013630. • Nilsson, H., M. Waara, O. Marghitu, M. Yamauchi, R. Lundin, H. Rème, J.-A. Sauvaud, I. Dandouras, E. Lucek, L.M. Kistler, B. Klecker, C.W. Carlson, M.B. Bavassano-Cattaneo, and A. Korth (2008), An assessment of the role of the centrifugal acceleration mechanism in high altitude polar cap oxygen ion outflow, Ann. Geophys., 26, 145–157. • Vedin, J., K. Rönnmark, C. Bunescu, O. Marghitu (2007), Estimating properties of concentrated parallel electric fields from electron velocity distributions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16107, doi:10.1029/2007GL030162. • Marghitu, O., M. Hamrin, B. Klecker, A. Vaivads, J. McFadden, S. Buchert, L.M. Kistler, I. Dandouras, M. André, and H. Rème (2006), Eperimental investigation of auroral generator regions with conjugate Cluster and FAST data, Ann. Geophys., 24, 619–635. • Marghitu, O., B. Klecker, J. McFadden (2006), The anisotropy of precipitating auroral electrons: A FAST case study, Adv. Space Res., 38, 1694–1701, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2006.03.028. • Marghitu, O., B. Klecker, G. Haerendel, and J. McFadden (2004), ALADYN: A method to investigate auroral arc electrodynamics from satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A11305, doi:10.1029/2004JA010474.

Other • Co-Investigator for the Cluster Ion Spectrometer (CIS) experiment. • Cluster Certificate awarded by ESA (2005). • Reviewer for Annales Geophysicae (2005) and external reviewer for NASA Heliophysics Division (2006). • Co-organizer of the STIMM workshops (2005, 2007), of the 6th COSPAR Capacity Building Workshop STIINTE (2007), and of the 19th Cluster workshop, http://gpsm.spacescience.ro/workshops. • Commitment to build up the Space Plasma and Magnetometry Group at ISS Bucharest. • Project lead of an ESA contract under the program Plan for European Cooperating States (PECS). • Member of AGU, COSPAR, DPG.

Dr. Rumi Nakamura

Address: Institut für Weltraumforschung, Schmiedlstr. 6, 8042 Graz, Austria Tel/Fax: +43-316-4120-573/590, email: [email protected] Career Summary: 1990-1991 Research Associate, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan 1991-1993 Research Associate, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 1993-1998 Assistant Professor, tenured, Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Japan 1998-2001 Senior Scientist, Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Germany Since 2001 Group Leader, Institut für Weltraumforschung der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Austria Publications: All 207 [2011 Citations in SCI] Refereed 151 [1984] First Author 50 [490] Hirsch Index 22 Project Participation: Co-Investigator: Cluster (Magnetic field experiment, Electron drift Instrument, Ion spectrometry measurement), DoubleStar (Magnetic field experiment, Hot ion analyzer instrument), THEMIS (Magnetic field experiment) Venus Express (Magnetic field experiment), Radiation Belt Storm Probes (Magnetometer/Wave Package), BepiColombo/MPO (Magnetic field experiment) Collaborator: Magnetospheric Multiscale (Field measurement team) Research Interests: ƒ Space plasma physics based on data analysis from satellites and ground- based measurements.

Recognition: 1998 NASA Group Achievement Award, Global Geospace Science Investigation Team 2000 Editor’s Citation for Excellence in Refereeing, Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU) 2004 NASA Group Achievement Award, Cluster Science Team 2005 Woman Researcher of the Month, May 2005" from FEMtech Initiative of the Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation, and Technology, Austria, American Geophysical Union 2005 Tanakadate Award from the Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, Japan 2005 ESA Certificate, Cluster Mission 2006 ESA Certificate, Venus Express Mission 2008 ISI Most-Cited Scientist, Geosciences, top 1% 1997-2007 2008 Corresponding Member, International Academy of Astronautics Recent Committee 1996-1998 Japanese Representative on Geospace Environment Modeling Assignments: Steering Committee 2004-2006 Austrian Deputy-Representative, International Living with the Star 2005- Austrian Representative, COST 724 action, EU 2007- Austrian Representative, International Living with the Star (ILWS) 2007-2009 Associated Editor, Geophysical Research Letter 2007-2010 Editor for Special Issues, Magnetosphere & Space Plasma Physics, Annales Geophysicae 2007-2010 ESA Cosmic Vision, Cross-Scale Science Study Team member 2008-2010 Associated Editor, Journal of Geophysical Research

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Hans Nilsson Date of birth: 19 January 1968 Position: Research Scientist Address: Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF) Box 812, S-98128 Kiruna phone/fax: 0980-79127/0980-79050 Email: [email protected]

Degree: 1991 Master of Science in Applied Physics and Electrical Engineering, Linköping University, Technical Department 1996 PhD in Space Physics, Umeå University, successfully defended 23 February Thesis title: Ionospheric plasma studies with the EISCAT and Søndre Strømfjord Radars Supervisors: Prof. Bengt Hultqvist and Sheila Kirkwood, Swedish Institute of Space Physics 2006 Docent Umeå University

Employment: 1992-1996: Research student, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna 1996-present: Permanent Scientific Staff (90 % since 1998) at Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna 1998-present: Head of the computer group at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna (10%) 50% paternal leave: October 1995 - August 1996

Relevant experience: • Member of the Swedish EISCAT committee 1999 – 2002 • Co-PI for the Ion Composition Analyzer (ICA) of the ESA Rosetta mission • Co-I for Miniaturized Ion Particle Analyzer (MIPA) on ESA's Bepi Colombo mission • Co-I for Solar Wind Ion Monitor (SWIM) on Indian Chandrayan mission • Participation in SWEDARP 2006/2007 Antarctic expedition

Publications, Selected Publications on ion outflow and M-I coupling 60 publications in refereed journals of which 17 first-authored

(21) Nilsson, H., A. Kozlovsky, T. Sergienko, Radar observations in the vicinity of prenoon auroral arcs, Annales Geophysicae, 23, 1785 - 1796, 2005 (22) Nilsson, H., T.-I. Sergienko, M. Yamauchi and Y. Ebihara, Quiet time mid-latitude trough: influence of convection, field-aligned currents and proton precipitation, Annales Geophysicae, 23, 3277 - 3288, 2005 (32) Nilsson H., M. Waara, S. Arvelius, O. Marghitu, M. Bouhram, Y. Hobara, M. Yamauchi, R. Lundin, H. Rème, J.-A. Sauvaud, I. Dandouras, A. Balogh, L. M. Kistler, B. Klecker, C. W. Carlson, M. B. Bavassano-Cattaneo and A. Korth, Characteristics of high altitude oxygen ion energization and outflow as observed by Cluster; a statistical study, Ann. Geophys.,24,1099-1112, 2006 (53) H. Nilsson, M. Waara, O. Marghitu, M. Yamauchi, R. Lundin, H. Rème, J.-A. Sauvaud, I. Dandouras, E. Lucek, L. M. Kistler, B. Klecker, C. W. Carlsson, M. B. Bavassano-Cattaneo and A. Korth, Transients in oxygen outflow above the polar cap as observed by the Cluster spacecraft, Ann. Geophys.,3365-3373 , 2008

Joshua Semeter

RESEARCH INTERESTS Ionospheric and space plasma physics; Spectroscopy of atmospheric airglow and the aurora; Image reconstruction and tomography; Multi-spectral sensors and analysis; Radar signal processing; Physics based fusion of radio and optical diagnostics.

EDUCATION B.S., Electrical Engineering, University of Massachusetts at Amherst (1987). M.S., Ph.D., Electrical Engineering, Boston University (1992, 1997).

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 1987–1990 Control Systems Engineer, Pratt and Whitney Aircraft, East Hartford, CT. 1990–1991 Teaching Assistant, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University. 1991–1997 Research Assistant, Boston University Center for Space Physics. 1997–1999 Staff Scientist, Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany. 1999–2004 Senior Research Engineer, SRI International. 2004– Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering, Boston University. 2005– Associate Director, Boston University Center for Space Physics.

PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION AND SERVICE Prize Lecture, NSF CEDAR Workshop, Boulder, CO (2000) SRI Presidential Achievement Award, for contributions to geospace research (2004) NSF early career development (CAREER) award (2006) Associate Editor, Journal of Geophysical Research (2002-2004) Member AGU, EGU, APS; Senior Member of the IEEE

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS • Semeter, J., M. Mendillo, and J. Baumgardner, Multi-spectral tomographic imaging of the midlatitude aurora, J. Geophys. Res., 104(A11), 24,565-24,585, 1999. • Semeter, J., J. Vogt, G. Haerendel, K. Lynch, and R. Arnoldy, Persistent quasiperiodic precipitation of suprathermal ambient electrons in decaying auroral arcs, J. Geophys. Res., 106(A7), 12,863-12,874, 2001. • Semeter, J., D. Lummerzheim, and G. Haerendel, Simultaneous multispectral imaging of the discrete aurora, J. Atm. Sol. Terr. Phys. 63(18), 1981–1992, December 2001. • Semeter, J. and R. Doe, On the proper interpretation of ionospheric conductance estimated through space-based photometry, J. Geophys. Res. 107(A8), 10.1029/2001JA9101, 2002. • Semeter, J., Critical comparison of OII(732 nm), OI(630 nm) and N2(1PG) emissions in auroral rays, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1225, 2003. • Semeter, J., C. Heinselman, J.P. Thayer, R.A. Doe, and H. Frey, Ion upflow enhanced by drifting F-region plasma structure along the nightside polar cap boundary, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(22), 2139, doi:10.1029/2003GL017747, 2003. • Thayer, J.P., and J. Semeter, The dissipation of magnetospheric energy flux in the polar atmosphere, J. Atmos. and Sol. Terr. Phys. 66, 805–817, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2004.01.035, 2004. • Semeter, J. and F. Kamalabadi, Determination of primary electron spectra from incoherent scatter radar measurements of the auroral E-region, Radio Science, submitted February, 2004. • Semeter, J., C.J. Heinselman, G.G. Sivjee, H.U. Frey, and J.W. Bonnell, The ionospheric response to wave- accelerated electrons along the nightside polar cap boundary, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A11310, doi:10.1029/2005JA011226, 2005. • Blixt, E.M., J. Semeter, and N. Ivchenko, Optical flow analysis of the aurora-borealis, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. 3, 159, 2006. • Semeter, J., and E.M. Blixt, Evidence for Alfvén wave dispersion identified in high-resolution auroral imagery, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L13106, doi:10.1029/2006GL026274, 2006. • Semeter J., et al., Volumetric Imaging of the Auroral Ionosphere: First results from the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., accepted August, 2008.[PDF] • Semeter, J., M. Zettergren, M. Diaz, and S. Mende (2008), Wave dispersion and the discrete aurora: New constraints derived from high-speed imagery, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A12208, doi:10.1029/2008JA013122. • Zettergren, M., J. Semeter, P.-L. Blelly, and M. Diaz (2007), Optical estimation of auroral ion upflow: Theory, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A12310, doi:10.1029/2007JA012691. [PDF]

Joachim Vogt

Education 1993: Diploma in Geophysics (U Köln); 1997: PhD in Physics (TU Braunschweig).

Positions 1993-1997: Research Associate, Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching. 1997-1998: Head of the Auroral Imaging Team, MPE Garching. 1999-2001: Wissenschaftlicher Assistent (equiv. Assistant Professor), Institut für Geophysik und Meteorologie, TU Braunschweig. 2002-2007: Executive Director (2002-2005) and Director (2005-2007) of the Computational Laboratory for Analysis, Modeling, and Visualization, Bremen. 2001-present: Associate Professor of Physics, Jacobs University Bremen.

Participation in earlier ISSI activities 1996-1998: Author, ISSI SR-001 (Analysis Methods for Multi-Spaceraft Data). 2007-2008: Author, ISSI-SR-008 (Multi-Spacecraft Analysis Methods Revisited).

Professional recognition 1989-1992: Stipend from the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, full member since 1991. 1996-1997: Research grant from the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. 2002-present: Co-Chair of the COSPAR Panel on Capacity Building. 2002 & 2006: Teaching Award, Jacobs University Bremen. 2007: Editor's Citation for Excellence in Refereeing, American Geophysical Union. 2008-present: Associate Editor, Journal of Geophysics Research (Space Physics).

Recent publications on multi-spacecraft analysis techniques Vogt, J., A. Albert, and O. Marghitu (2009), Analysis of three-spacecraft data using planar reciprocal vectors: methodological framework and spatial gradient estimation, Ann. Geophys., submitted. Vogt, J., Y. Narita, and O. D. Constantinescu (2008), The wave surveyor technique for fast plasma wave detection in multi-spacecraft data, Ann. Geophys., 26, 1699-1710. Vogt, J., G. Paschmann, and G. Chanteur (2008), Reciprocal vectors, in "Multi-Spacecraft Analysis Methods Revisited", eds: G. Paschmann & P. Daly, ISSISR-008.

Selected publications on magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling Vogt, J. (2002), Alfvén wave coupling in the auroral current circuit, Surveys of Geophysics, 23, 335-377. Vogt, J., G. Haerendel, and K.-H. Glassmeier (1999), A model for the reflection of Alfvén waves at the source region of the Birkeland current system: the tau generator, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 269-278. Vogt, J., and G. Haerendel (1998), Reflection and transmission of Alfvén waves at the auroral acceleration region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 277-280.

Teaching At Jacobs University Bremen (2001-2009): graduate and advanced undergraduate courses on Space Plasma Physics (2007, 2006, 2005, 2003), Earth and Planetary Physics (2009), Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data (2007), and Space Physics and Global Geophysics (2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2002); computer labs on time series analysis (2009, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002) and on computational modeling (2008); course units on geophysics, space physics, and aeronomy as part of introductory undergraduate lectures in Earth and Space Sciences (all semesters since Fall 2001); lecture on Earth and Space Sciences Theoretical Concepts I (2008); General Mathematics II (2002); Electromagnetism (2001). At TU Braunschweig (1999-2001): lectures on Modern Aspects of Magnetospheric Physics (1999/2000), Physics of the Solid Earth (2000/2001), and Potential Theory in Geophysics (2001).