DOCUMENT RESUME ED 230 425 SE 041 920 AUTHOR Weisz, Diane; Kruytbosch, Carlos 'TITLE Studies of Scientific Discirilines. An Annotated Bibliography. INSTITUTION National ltience Foundation, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO NSF-83-7 PUB DATE 82 NOTE 176p. , PUB TYPE Reference Materials - Bibliographies (131) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC08 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Citations (References); Engineering; Ethics; Financial Support; Graduate Study; Higher Education;. *Intellectual Disciplines; Mathematics; *Natural Sciences; Productivity; Professional Associations; Professional Recognition; Researchers; *Research Methodology; *Social Science Research; *Social Scienees; Social Stratification IDENTIFIERS *Career Patterns; National Science Foundation- ABSTRACT Provided in this bibliography are annotated lists of social studies of science literature, arranged alphabetically by author in 13 disciplinary areas. These areas include astronomy; general biology; biochemistry and molecular biology; biomedicine; . chemistry; earth and space sciences; ecdnomicst, engineering;, mathematics; physics; political science; psychology; and sociology. In addition, each area is cross-kndexed by 23 topics of social and organizational interest, permitting users to make quick reference to" the range of topids studied within a disciplinary'area, as well as to the range of disciplines in which a topic has been explored. Index words in parentheses indicate the principal topics examined in each item. Each of the 285 annotations briefly describes the focus of the book or article and makes note of the data and methods used in the study. In cases where an item dals with more than one discipline, a full annotation appears only once, and subsequent entries refer back to the full annotation. The bibliography concludes with a short secfidn of conceptual and methodological studies/with general relevance to the study of disciplines. An index of topics, glossary, and a matrix which classifies the'distribution of annotations by diseipline and topic are provided at the end of the bibliography. (JP) 9 *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from, the original document. *. ******************************************************************t**** Le% c, STUDIES OF cc3 SCIENTIFICDISCIPLINEg anannotated bibliography U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER IERIC) /This document has Peon reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. ' Minor changes have boon made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinions stated in this docu- ment do not necessarilyrepresent official NIE Position or policy 4 , National Science Foundaticin Washington, D.C. 20550 NSF 83-7 Acknowledgements of, This report was prepared byMs. Diane WeiszandDr.''Carlos Kruytbosch, Division of Planning and Policy AhalWts,Office of Planningancl. Resources Management, National Science Foundation. The volume was typed by Ms. Antonia Metter,. with additional assistance from Ms. Marlene Wright and Ms. Linda Neuman. s.; Any opinions, findings, conclusions,:orrecommendations eXpressed in thk publication are those ofthe authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Foundation. G, STUDIES OF SCIENTIFICDISCIPLINES an annotaled bibliography t Divition of Planning and Policy Analysis Office of Planning and Resources Management National Science Foundation Washington, D.C. 20550 1982 'TABLE OF CONtENTS INTRODUCTION 1 ASTRONOMY 5 BIOLOGY, GENERAL (BIOL) 11 BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (BIOC) 23 BIOMEDICINE (B10M) 31 CHEMISTRY (CHEM) 39 EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES (E 8. SP) 59 ECONOMICS (ECON) %, 67 ENGINEERING (ENGR) 75 MATHEMATICS (MATH) 83 - PHYSICS (PHYS) 93 POLITICAL SCIENCE (POLI) 117 PSYCHOLOGY (PSY) 125 SOCIOLOGY (SOCL) 137 GENERAL: APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF DISCIPLINES (GENR) 155 GLOSSARY OF INDEX TERMS 161 INDEX OF TOPICS 4 163 AUTHOR INDEX 175 APPENDIX I: DISTRIBUTION OF ENTRIES BY DISCIPLINE AND 1700)C 183 APPENDIX II: SELECTED READINGS IN THE SOCIAL STUDIES OF SCIENCE . 185 5 INTRODUCTION Tht) impetus for:I-his annotated bibliography derived from theauthor§' observations of a communication gap between, on 'the one hand, the managers and practitioners inscientific and engineering disciplines, and on the other hand,the community of social studies ofscience. Science and engineering managers and policymakers (broadly defined toinclude both program:edminrstrators and advisory committees of practicing scientists and engineers) frequently make resource allocations that affect disciplinary social structure. Such decisions are thoughtfulsly made, but generally without reference to socialstudies of science literature related to the problems they are addressing. Conversely, the toncerns of those engaged in social studies of science with their models and theories of the behaviorof scientists and engineers, sometimes blind them to significant problemsand phenomena well' known to those who livein the world of the disdipline. Their studies are consequentiyiess rich andless useful to the practi- tioners than they might otherwise be. The primary objective of this bibliography is to make accessible to the managers and practitioners of science and engineering thefindings from the social studies of scienbe in a form that will be useful to them. A secon- dary and longer-term objective is to create an awardhess of aninformation resourcerelevanttotheir activities, andconsequently tostimulate additional research. A third objective is to provide a useful resource for those who -study social asgects of science. To our knowledge, this biblio- graphy is the first attempt to catalogue and index studiesof, disciplines. The wide range of studies annotated may stimulate comparative examination of hypotheses. The roots of one of the authors' interest in these issues go back to his experiences in the mid-1960's in the Social Studies Group of the NASA supported Space Sciences Laboratory 'at the University of California at Berkeley. NASA Administrator James Webb's hope,in supporting groups of social "scientists at acadeMic space science centers, was that their close proximity to the emergence of exciting new space related disciplineswould stimulate studies of the dynamics and organization ofthese activities. Such studies would contribute to an understanding of bowto mana0 re- search. With this view, Webb expressed confidencein the potentialof basic social-studies of scienceto contribute to practical understanding ( and action.. METHODP .. There were two phases in the collection of.materials for thisbiblio- graphy -- the first phase culminated in the Draft Bibliographycirculated for suggestion and comment 4 the November 1979 meeting of theSociety for SocialStudies of Science (45) in Washington,D.C. The second phase, during the following 18 months,incorporated many of the suggestions and contributions of the 4S attendees and others, as well as items dlscoVered through additional search. The Search Process Studies of _scientific disciplines are widely dispersed in the litera- ture. The searcWprocedure throughout was characterizedoby the "snowball" technique. An initial set of books and articles on socialaspects of science wa assembled with assistance of knowledgeable NSF staff members and others. These were reviewed in order to identify further reference's to studies of specific disciplines. Eachitem identified led,in turn, to other materials. In this manner, by October1979, over 450 books and ar:ticlesdealing with disciplines wereidentified. The articles were obtained from 70 different profepsional journals. One hundred sixty-five oftheseitems were annOtated and indexed for the first draft of the bibliography, with another 100 candidateJtems awaiting treatment for the next edition. During phase two,ap. additional 120 items were identified and selected for annotation. These( were partly suggested by 4S members and others,and partly derivedfrom further search. In all the current version of the bibliography contains 285 annotated studies with the latest publication dates extending up to mid-1980. There are nearly 500 entries in the bibliography because manrof the studies pertain to more than one discipline. The Selection Criteria The principal criterion for the inclusion of an item for annotation was that it present Information on some enduring aspect of a sctence or engin- eeringdiscipline. Studies treatingmoreephemeral phenomena, e.g., manpower studies presenting only current figures, are not included. A few seminal conceptual pieces werealso included. Anothercriterion was availability, thus most of the entries are ftom the published literature though, again, a few unpublished pieces of interest were included. Several items were generated in the search process whicn described agpects of interdllsciplinary research. At the end of the search process, they were adjudged to be too few to justify the creation of a separate category for interdisciplinary research. On the whole, we belleVe that insufficient justice was done to well researched pieces from the history of science literature which deal with important social aspects of disciplines. Several have come to our attention since the deadline for the production of the bibliography, and we recommend that future snowballs rollmore con- sciously in the fields of tistorical case Studies and research. ORGANIZATION AND CONTENTS 4 The body of the bibliography'llsts studies of thirteen disciplinary areas which are further cross-indexed