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Ellis Thesis Time-Dependent Deformations of Concrete for Precast/Prestressed Bridge Components by Morgan Alise Ellis A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Auburn, Alabama December 8, 2012 Keywords: Creep, Self-Consolidating Concrete, Maturity, Shrinkage, Strain Copyright 2012 by Morgan Alise Ellis Approved by Robert W. Barnes, Chair, James J. Mallett Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Anton K. Schindler, Professor of Civil Engineering James S. Davidson, Professor of Civil Engineering ABSTRACT Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is a material that has properties capable of improving the quality and durability of structures. However, much is still unknown about the hardened properties of this material, including the creep and shrinkage behavior. This thesis presents research aimed at improving knowledge in this area by investigating the creep performance of SCC mixtures and corresponding conventionally-vibrated concrete (CVC) mixtures used for the construction of precast/prestressed concrete bridge girders in Alabama. All mixtures contained Type III portland cement and included several chemical admixtures as well as slag cement. While the girder concrete was placed, representative cylindrical test specimens were also cast. Each of these mixtures was cured using two forms of accelerated curing, which are representative of typical curing conditions used in prestressed concrete, and two loading ages. Match-cured specimens were loaded at prestress release and tarp-cured specimens were loaded at 26 hours. Time-dependent deformations of the concretes were measured using standard creep testing procedures. The accuracy of the following nine creep and shrinkage models was also investigated as part of this research. ACI 209 AASHTO 2004 AASHTO 2010 NCHRP 628 ii MC 90 MC 90-99 MC 90-KAV MC 2010, and Eurocode The test results were compared against the prediction models investigated and overall, the CVC performed no better than the SCC used in this project. For the prediction of load- induced strain, AASHTO 2010, MC 2010, and ACI 209 all provided acceptable predictions for both SCC and CVC produced in accordance with ALDOT specifications for precast/prestressed concrete girders. For the prediction of shrinkage strain, none of the methods investigated provided accurate predictions for SCC or CVC. Of the most current methods, AASHTO 2010 was the most accurate method for estimating shrinkage strains for the concretes tested in this project. When older methods were considered, the original MC 90 method was more accurate than AASHTO 2010. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank God for allowing me the opportunity to come to graduate school and obtain my Master’s Degree. Without His blessings and help, none of this would have been possible and I would not have made it to the end. “Now all glory to God, who is able, through his mighty power at work within us, to accomplish infinitely more than we might ask or think or imagine.” Ephesians 3:20 I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Robert W. Barnes, for all of the help and direction he has given throughout this entire process. His time, input, and assistance were invaluable to me over the years and I appreciate the opportunity he gave me to come to Auburn and work for him. In addition, the efforts of other graduate students who assisted me in the laboratory have not gone unnoticed. To Will Minton, Leslie Warnock, Brian Rhett, Sam Keske, and the structural laboratory technician Billy Wilson: I say thank you for your time and help conducting research for this project. Finally, the support of my family and friends has been tremendous and is greatly appreciated. To my parents: I thank you for the countless hours spent driving to Auburn and helping me when my work-load seemed unbearable. To Justin: Thank you for the numerous late nights you devoted to assisting me in the lab. I can never repay what you, and many others, have done for me or begin to express how much your encouragement has meant to me, but I thank you for everything and I love you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ......................................................... xxvii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ................................................................................... 3 1.3 RESEARCH SCOPE .............................................................................................. 4 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS ............................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................. 7 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 7 2.2 CREEP .................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 CREEP PREDICTION METHODS ....................................................................... 9 2.3.1 ACI 209 CREEP PREDICTION METHOD ............................................................ 9 2.3.2 AASHTO 2004 CREEP PREDICTION METHOD .............................................. 12 2.3.3 AASHTO 2010 CREEP PREDICTION METHOD .............................................. 14 2.3.4 NCHRP 628 CREEP PREDICTION METHOD ................................................... 17 v 2.3.5 MC 90 CREEP PREDICTION METHOD ............................................................ 20 2.3.5.1 Effect of Temperature During Curing................................................. 22 2.3.6 MC 90-KAV CREEP PREDICTION METHOD .................................................. 24 2.3.7 MC 90-99 CREEP PREDICTION METHOD ....................................................... 25 2.3.8 MC 2010 CREEP PREDICTION METHOD ........................................................ 27 2.3.9 EUROCODE CREEP PREDICTION METHOD ...................................................... 29 2.4 SHRINKAGE ....................................................................................................... 30 2.5 SHRINKAGE PREDICTION METHODS .......................................................... 30 2.5.1 ACI 209 SHRINKAGE PREDICTION METHOD ................................................. 31 2.5.2 AASHTO 2004 SHRINKAGE PREDICTION METHOD ...................................... 34 2.5.3 AASHTO 2010 SHRINKAGE PREDICTION METHOD ...................................... 36 2.5.4 NCHRP 628 SHRINKAGE PREDICTION METHOD ........................................... 38 2.5.5 MC 90 SHRINKAGE PREDICTION METHOD .................................................... 39 2.5.6 MC 90-99 SHRINKAGE PREDICTION METHOD ............................................... 41 2.5.7 MC 2010 SHRINKAGE PREDICTION METHOD ................................................ 44 2.5.8 EUROCODE SHRINKAGE PREDICTION METHOD ............................................. 45 2.6 FACTORS AFFECTING CREEP AND SHRINKAGE ...................................... 47 2.6.1 AGGREGATE CONTENT AND TYPE ................................................................. 48 2.6.2 CEMENT CONTENT AND COMPOSITION ......................................................... 48 2.6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ..................................................................... 52 2.6.4 CURING DURATION AND AGE AT LOADING ................................................... 53 2.6.5 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH .............................................................................. 55 2.7 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON CREEP AND SHRINKAGE OF SCC ..................... 56 vi 2.8 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM ................................................................. 60 3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 60 3.2 GIRDER PRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 60 3.2.1 FABRICATION OF GIRDERS AND TEST SPECIMENS ......................................... 61 3.2.1.1 Test Specimen Number and Types ..................................................... 72 3.2.1.2 Test Specimen Identification .............................................................. 74 3.2.2 CURING REGIMES .......................................................................................... 76 3.2.2.1 Match-Cured Specimens ..................................................................... 76 3.2.2.2 Tarp-Cured Specimens........................................................................ 80 3.3 GIRDER CONCRETE PROPERTIES ................................................................. 82 3.3.1 CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTIONS .............................................................
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