World Bank Documents Understanding of the Components of a Cost- with a Gender Focus, Includingpolicy Papers; Benefit Analysis
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ENVIRONMENTALLY AND SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Work in progress for public discussion D ec CIq 8 Public Disclosure Authorized Nlainstreaming Gender and Development in the World Bank PrYogess,.( Rcromol/l/W//(1///S Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized |1 1111d C '((1/~~~~r Public Disclosure Authorized (iu '(}/,'_j/ 1o,yhr ENVIRONMENTALLY AND SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Social Development Mainstreaming Gender and Development in the World Bank Progressand Recommendations Caroline0. N. Moser AnnikaTornqvist Bernicevan Bronkhorst The World Bank Washington,D.C. Copyright C 1999 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433,U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing December 1998 This report has been prepared by the staff of the World Bank. The judgments expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors or of the governments they represent. Cover photo: Brian Moser/Hutchison Library, London. In the rural altiplano of Bolivia a traditional gender-specific division of labor is essential to cultivate potatoes. Caroline 0. N. Moser is lead specialist in Social Development, and Annika Tornqvist and Bernice van Bronkhorst are social development consultants, in the Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Develop- ment network in the Latin America and Caribbean region of the World Bank. Libraryof Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Moser, Caroline 0. N. Mainstreaming gender and development in the World Bank: progress and recommendations / Caroline 0. N. Moser, Annika Tomqvist, Bernice van Bronkhorst. p. cm. - (Environmentally and socially sustainable development. Social development) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8213-4262-2 1. Women in development. 2. Women in development-Developing countries. I. Tomqvist, Annika, 1962- . II. Bronkhorst, Bernice van, 1969- . III. Title. IV.Series : Environmentally and socially sustainable development series. Social development. HQ1240.M67 1998 305.42-dc2l 98-39050 CIP ,9The text and the cover are printed on recycled paper, with a flood aqueous coating on the cover. Contents Preface v Acknowledgments vii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Review Objectives and Background 1 Methodology 2 Notes 4 Chapter 2 Searching for a Common, Bankwide Gender Rationale and Language: Review Findings 5 Finding 1: World Bank Gender Policy 5 Finding 2: World Bank Country Gender Studies, Strategies, and Regional Gender Action Plans 8 Finding 3: World Bank Staff Consultations 9 Finding 4: The Global Agenda on Gender: Equality and Sustainable Development 10 Finding 5: World Bank Socially Related Action Plans 11 Note 14 Chapter 3 Mainstreaming Gender and Development in the World Bank: Recommendations 15 Recommendation 1: Define a Rationale and Framework for Gender and Development 15 Recommendation 2: Ensure Consensus in Gender Analysis 16 Recommendation 3: Agree on Common Concepts and Language 18 Recommendation 4: Define the Components of a Gender Analysis 18 Recommendation 5: Apply Gender Analysis in Other Networks 20 Concluding Comment 20 Note 20 iii iv MainstreamingGender and Developmentin the World Bank Appendixes 21 1 World Bank Gender Policy and Beijing Documents 21 1.1 World Bank Gender Policy Documents 21 1.2 World Bank Beijing Documents 22 2 World Bank OED Documents, Country Studies, and Strategies 23 2.1 World Bank OED Documents 23 2.2 World Bank Country Studies 24 2.3 World Bank Country Strategies 26 3 World Bank Regional Action Plans 27 3.1 World Bank Regional Gender Action Plans 27 3.2 Social Development Task Group Report 30 4 Bilateral and Multilateral Donor Policies 31 4.1 Bilateral Donor Policies 31 4.2 Multilateral Policies 33 5 Steps for Conducting a Gender Diagnosis 35 References 36 Boxes 1.1 Brief definitions of basic gender and development concepts 3 1.2 Organizing concepts to assess gender and development rationale, language, and policy approach 3 2.1 WID or GAD? 6 2.2 WID/GAD policy approaches, 1970-90 7 2.3 Consultations on rationale and language for gender and social development 10 2.4 Current GAD rationales in selected international agencies 12 2.5 Mainstreaming gender into participation and social development action plans 13 3.1 Defining a rationale and framework for GAD: The "Moser Methodology" of gender planning 16 3.2 Diversity in current definitions of gender analysis 17 3.3 Definitions: Gender roles, needs, interests, and approaches 18 3.4 Potential components of a gender analysis 19 Preface The creation of the World Bank's Social De- M, ' ore than three decades have passed velopment (SDV)Family in 1997provided the since the issue of women's role in opportunity for a Bankwide review of existing development was first placed gender and development rationale, language, squarely on the international agenda at the 1975 and operational procedures from a socialdevel- First World Conference on Women, held in opment perspective, which could, in turn, con- Mexico City. Since then numerous fundamen- tribute toward mainstreaming gender and tal changes have been introduced by social development into the Bank's lending and policymakers and practitioners working on is- nonlending operations at the policy, program, sues related to low-income women in devel- and project level. oping countries. Two issues stand out as The review focused on a number of types of particularly noteworthy: the shift in focus from World Bank materials, including gender-fo- women in development (WID) to gender and cused documents (such as gender policies, development (GAD) and the widespread ef- country gender studies, and gender action forts made to mainstream gender and devel- plans) and non-gender-specific documents opment into operational practice in a wide (such as social development and participation range of government, nongovernmental, bilat- action plans). It also included a brief review of eral, and multilateral institutions. the gender policy documents of a number of The World Bank is no exception. Over the bilateral and multilateral development institu- years different regions, departments, and di- tions. In addition consultations were held with visions have sought to develop new policies, staff both inside and outside the World Bank. approaches, and tools for mainstreaming gen- The review also examined the extent to which der into the World Bank's operational work. social assessments, as the most important Bank Despite these efforts the Bank still lacks a com- procedures related to social development, had mon, institution-wide rationale, common Ian- mainstreamed gender to provide guidelines to guage, and clearly defined policy approach to assist task managers. Other Bankwide proce- gender and development. Increasingly, coun- dures, such as poverty and environmental as- try clients and operational staff have expressed sessments, remain to be reviewed. confusion regarding appropriate language, pro- Consultations with the Bank's Gender and cedures, and tools to be used in their day-to- Social Development Thematic Team during the day work. v vi MainstreamingGender and Developmentin the World Bank course of the review led to the conclusion that mately, a considerable amount of work remains the findings could be of relevance to all Bank to create a Bankwide consensus on an issue as staff concerned with the operational main- complex as gender. Nevertheless, a stock-tak- streaming of gender and development. Conse- ing review of this sort is intended to contrib- quently, the document was expanded to be of ute to the ongoing debate on mainstreaming relevance throughout the Bank. gender in development in the World Bank; The findings and recommendations in this hopefully it will assist in reaching final conclu- volume cannot provide all the answers; ulti- sions on this important process. Caroline 0. N. Moser Acknowledgments This volume is based on a review and bean Section, UNIFEM; Rosina Wiltshire, consultation process carried out between deputy director, Social Development and February and July of 1997 by Caroline Poverty Elimination Division/Bureau for 0. N. Moser, in collaboration with consultants Policy and Programme Support (BBPS),United Annika Tornqvist and Bernice van Bronkhorst, Nations Development Programme(UNDP); for the Social Development Family of the En- Sarah Murrison, programme officer, Social vironmentally and Socially Sustainable Devel- Development and Poverty Elimination Divi- opment Network of the World Bank, under the sion/BBPS, UNDP; and Stephanie Urdang, direction of Gloria Davis. consultant. A number of people assisted the authors in Useful documentation was received from this work; their contributions are gratefully ac- gender specialists of the Canadian International knowledged. The World Bank's Gender and Development Agency, Swedish International Social Development Thematic Team provided Development Agency, Danish International advice and consultation throughout the writ- Development Cooperation, Netherlands Devel- ing and review process. Members of the team opment Cooperation, and the British Depart- include Lynn Bennett, Mark Blackden, Maria ment of International Development. Support Correia, Christine Jones, Veena Mayani, Josette for consultants was provided by both the Neth- Murphy, Michael Bamberger, Monica Fong, erlands and Swedish World Bank Consultant Wendy Wakeman, Najma Siddiqi, and Sonomi Trust Funds. Tanaka. World Bank NGO liaison officers pro- This document was presented to the Gen- vided useful feedback during