“Gender equality is still a vision, not a reality.”
A case study on the use of gender mainstreaming in SIDA's assistance in climate projects in Bangladesh.
Bachelor thesis
Authors: Pernilla Gustafsson Tove Hestner Tutor: Heiko Fritz Examinator: Susanne Alldén Subject: Peace and Development Level: Bachelor Term: VT20 Course code: 2FU33E
Abstract Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to the effects of climate change and as one of the world's most densely populated countries, the consequences are devastating for millions of people, not least for women who have limited mobility in a strong patriarchal society like Bangladesh (Momtaz, Shameem, 2015). Sweden has a well-known development cooperation with the country that has lasted for several decades. For a long time, SIDA has, on behalf of the government, developed projects in the country to promote both gender equality and climate issues. The purpose of this study is to critically examine SIDA, the Swedish aid authority, how they work with the gender mainstreaming in environmental projects in Bangladesh. The study uses a specific environmental project in Bangladesh that spans a large geographical area across the country. Primary data are semi-structured interviews in combination with official documents developed by SIDA. The sample of interviewees is a snowball selection and the respondents consist of relevant NGOs working in the environmental project as well as individuals employed by SIDA who have expertise in the various areas relevant to the thesis. The results will be analyzed based on our analytical framework on gender integration and how to adapt the integration at different stages in development work to achieve this process. Finally, the study will examine how Swedish aid works with the gender mainstream in the climate program in Bangladesh, and then we will conclude how to use the tools available. The conclusion presents an overall picture of how SIDA uses the gender mainstream for overall purposes and has tools for development, but that the human factor plays a big role in the management work with environmental projects if it is as well integrated as it should be.
Keywords: gender mainstreaming, women, Bangladesh, SIDA, development work, climate, NGO
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Acknowledgement
We would like to thank the interviewees at SIDA that took time to participate in this study. We also would like to say thank you to all the organisations in Bangladesh that participant in this study. A extra thanks to our contact person in Bangladesh that helped us with the preparations for our field study, and that helped us with new arrangements when the field study was cancelled due to covid-19. Without you all this study would not have been possible.
We want to dedicate a special thanks to our tutor Professor Heiko Fritz, that from start encouraged us to continue the work even if the field study was canceled. This helped us from not being able to go on the field study to adapt the study to what it is today. Thank you to Jonas Ewald and Manuela Nilsson as well, professors at Peace and Development program, for the support when the field study was cancelled.
And last but not least, we give a big thanks to each other. We have supported and motivated each other when our plans to go to Bangladesh were canceled. We have also encouraged and inspired each other in the writing process. After months of essay writing, we still haven't get tired of each other's company.
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Table of contents 1. Introduction 5 1.2 Relevance 6 1.3. Research problem 7 1.4 Research ambition 7 1.5 Research question 7
2. Literature review 7 2.1 Women and climate work 8 2.2 Gender mainstream in development work 9 2.3 Swedish aid to Bangladesh 9
3. Analytical framework 10 3.1 Gender Mainstreaming 10 3.2 Gender Mainstreaming in development work 11 3.3 Macro-Policy/Sector Policy Cycle 11 3.4 The annual budget cycle 12 3.5 Aid Cycle 14 3.6 Project cycle 14
4. Methodology 15 4.1 Case study 16 4.2 Sample and interviewees 17 4.3 The Interview process 17 4.4 Limitations and Delimitations 18 4.6 Ethical considerations 20 4.7 Method discussion 21
5. Background 22 5.1 Swedish international development cooperation agency (SIDA) 22 5.2 Climate situation in Bangladesh 23 5.3 Women's role in Bangladesh 23 5.4 Non-governmental organizations role in Bangladesh 24 5.5 Swedish feminist foreign policy 24
6. Findings 25 6.1 Gender Mainstreaming 25 6.1.1 Organisations 25 6.1.2 SIDA 26 6.2 Macro-Policy/Sector Policy Cycle 28 6.2.1 Organisations 28 6.2.2 SIDA 29 6.3 Annual Budget cycle 30 6.3.1 Organisations 30
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6.3.2 SIDA 30 6.4 Aid cycle 31 6.4.1 Organisations 32 6.4.2 SIDA 32 6.5 Project cycle 34 6.5.1 Organisations 34 6.5.2 SIDA 35
7. Analysis 36 7.1 Gender Mainstreaming 37 7.2 Macro-Policy/Sector Policy Cycle 38 7.3 Annual Budget Cycle 39 7.4 Aid Cycle 40 7.5 Project Cycle 42
8. Conclusion 43
9. Bibliography 46
Appendix 49 1. Interview guides 49 1.1 Interview guide, organizations in Bangladesh 49 1.2 Interview guide SIDA 51 2. Presentation of interviewees 54
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1. Introduction
All around the world we can see the impacts of climate change and in one way or another we are all impacted. However, there are parts of the world that are more vulnerable than others and Bangladesh is one of those parts (Rahman, 2013). Bangladesh is considered one of the most vulnerable countries in the world when it comes to climate change (ibid). The organisation Germanwatch stated in their report Global Climate Risk Index 2020 (2019) that Bangladesh in the 7th most affected country in the world in relation to climate change between the years of 1999-2018. There is a tendency that the most vulnerable communities and groups are the ones that suffer the most when disasters hit, this is why women are the most affected when it comes to climate change. This is partly due to social norms, lack of access to resources, information, and decision-making power (SIDA, 2016). This is an issue that has its roots in gender inequality and therefore needs to be addressed as such (ibid). In 2017 Bangladesh was ranked 134 out of 162 countries on the Gender Inequality Index (GII) by UNDP which shows the great inequalities between men and women in Bangladesh (UNDP, n.d). With Bangladesh being a developing country there are several donors and international organizations that are involved in the development in the country (Rahman, 2013). Sweden has a history of development cooperation in Bangladesh since its independence in 1971 (SIDA, 2019a). The Swedish International Cooperation Agency (SIDA) have for a long time had gender equality and gender mainstreaming as one of their main targets in all their work, where gender mainstreaming is a strategy to achieve gender equality. In 2014 the Swedish government announced its Feminist Foreign policy which made gender equality an even more prioritized area in development work and cooperation. A action plan for
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the Feminist Foreign Policy starts by saying that “Gender equality is still a vision, not a reality” (Utrikesdepartementet, 2015). The rapid change that is happening with climate change in Bangladesh will call for adaptation to the situation and with a patriarchal society like in Bangladesh, there is a chance that women are getting left behind once again in the process. Here it becomes very important to make sure that donor countries like Sweden, that deem themselves at the forefront in gender equality, are actually using gender mainstreaming in their climate projects. Furthermore it is important to review how well this can be seen from the very top with our feminist foreign policy all the way down to the civil society organizations in Bangladesh that are implementing the climate projects.
1.2 Relevance
To achieve sustainable and positive peace, the inclusion of women will be crucial. Today, Sweden is one of the few countries that meets the UN's requirement to provide more than 0.7% of its GNI to aid, in fact, Sweden contributes with 1% of the country's GNI (SIDA, 2020). SIDA finances development projects around the world at the Swedish government's request.
Reviewing whether Swedish aid to development work includes women at all stages of the process is of high relevance for sustainable development as well as peace prevention work. It is highly relevant to study SIDA's work on integrating gender mainstreaming into an environmental project in Bangladesh due to both of these areas need urgent attention and is a part of the Sustainable Development Goals (UN, n.d). Sweden is also a country that is considered to be taking the lead on gender equality but we do not know much on how we actually do the work and what we do outside of the Swedish borders.
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Bangladesh is a country whose development has moved rapidly towards a middle-income country but is severely affected by climate change (SIDA, 2019a) Their society has long been characterized by harsh patriarchal structures in society. In order to achieve sustainable development and maintain peace, both men and women need to be included in development work financed by SIDA.
The result of this research can be used within all aid organizations to examine how to implement gender mainstreaming in development work.
1.3. Research problem
Due to women’s gendered roles in the Bangladeshi community, it makes them more vulnerable to climate change and while many countries focus their aid to address climate issues and gender issues there is a need to see how well they are combined. Sweden funds climate projects in Bangladesh, among others, and it is therefore important that projects and strategies benefit those who are the most affected, the women. Our ambition with this study is to examine and critically review the concept of gender mainstream in Swedish assistance to climate projects in Bangladesh.
1.4 Research ambition
Our research ambition with the study is to examine and critically review the concept of gender mainstreaming in Swedish assistance to climate projects through one specific climate program in Bangladesh.
1.5 Research question
I. How does SIDA use the concept of gender mainstreaming in climate projects in Bangladesh?
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2. Literature review
In this area of climate and women in Bangladesh, some research that is presented below is centered on the question of how the environment and climate affect women's living situation and how they adapt to climate change. Further on, this chapter presents a literature review in the area of gender mainstreaming. Finally, some previous research on Swedish development work in Bangladesh is presented.
The lack of research and our research gap will, therefore, see how SIDAs assistance work takes gender mainstreaming into account when working with climate projects in Bangladesh. It is an important aspect to research as we often talk about gender equality in Sweden but we lack the information of how we do it.
2.1 Women and climate work
Maia Call and Samuel Sellers (2019) have contributed to the debate about women's adaptation in policy and strategic participation about climate change. The article presents women's role in agriculture, collection of forest production, fishing, and aquaculture in different countries. The study concludes that women has less mobility regarding working and adaptation with climate-related policies (Call, Sellers, 2019). The article explains that in agricultural communities, the families benefit from male leadership, to a greater extent they can take part in, for example, seeds that are adapted to the new soil. However, the authors believe that gender equality policy has also been implemented in various policies that are around the environmental crisis but that is not to any great extent.
Monica Contestabile (2012) and Gray and Mueller (2012) support Call and Seller that women are most affected by climate change and have
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limited mobility to adapt to climate change. Contestabile claims a connection between societies where women have higher political status and reduced carbon dioxide emissions.
Tanjeela and Rutherford (2019) go deeper into Bangladesh looked into some specific climate adaptation programs to examine the role that women had in these programs. What they found was that none of the investigated programs included men and women on equal bases with women often being assigned activities that are socially considered to be of less importance.
2.2 Gender mainstream in development work
An article from the women's studies international Forum (2013) is discussing gender mainstream in relation to climate work in different contexts and countries. The article presents how gender mainstream as a concept relates to the integration of implementing a gender perspective in legislation, policies, and international statutes. However, the article points out that gender mainstream has failed in all three of the above, and that gender mainstreaming in practice in developing strategies for both genders has not received as much attention. This interpretation of the gender mainstream and its important meaning is supported by Denton (2010) and Nelson et.al. (2010). The authors support the high importance of having gender analysis and integration of gender in climate work and policies.The articles also highlight and support that women are the most affected by the negative effects of climate change and the lack of attention to study climate change and gender relations together.
Conny Roggeband (2013) and Maitrayee Mukhopadhyay (2013) have both participated in the debate on gender mainstreaming in development work in their own way. Roggeband presents how the Netherlands uses the gender mainstream in development work and how to emphasize the
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political possibilities of implementing the gender mainstream as well as the pros and cons of the process. Mukhopadhyay research refers to how the gender mainstream develops and takes shape in governmental powers where she starts from three conferences as primary data. Both authors highlight the importance of the political sphere to achieve change.
2.3 Swedish aid to Bangladesh According to The book ”Programme Aid and Development: Beyond Conditionality” written by Howard White, A. Geske Dijkstra (2003) . Sweden has provided Bangladesh with assistance since the country's independence in 1971. The aid have gone from commodity and food aid to more specific program-oriented aid (White, Dijkstra, 2003, p .36). Project-based assistance to various organizations in Bangladesh is the most frequent type of assistance (Utrikesdepartementet, 2020). In conclusion, Caroline Moser & Annalise Moser (2010), highlight that the majority of the international organisations have put in place gender mainstream policies and guidelines in assistance work but there is the implementation level of gender mainstreaming in program and projects that the significant challenge still remain.
3. Analytical framework
This chapter will present the chosen analytical framework that is implemented. Further, this chapter will clarify some key aspects from the analytical framework that is the base for this research. Some critique of the analytical framework we have used is that the paper that is used is from 1999. A lot has happened since then and with Sweden's feminist foreign policy that went into effect in 2014, development is progressing rapidly with gender mainstreaming in development projects. However, we believe that the analytical
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framework is still of great relevance when it comes to integrating gender perspectives into the various parts of development work
3.1 Gender Mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming as a concept refers to the implementation of a gender perspective in any activities such as project, development work, and different policies (Alston, 2013). The strategy is not a goal that can be achieved, it is different sub-goals as well as guidelines for finally reaching the big goal of gender equality at all levels of life (SIDA, 2015). Gender mainstream as a concept refers to seeing women as active agencies in all parts of life and to reach equality for both men and women, hence, a work that requires that inequality between men and women is not considered a separate problem, but a gender perspective needs to be included in all parts of development work (Alston, 2013). The concept seeks an understanding that is not just about including women, but focuses on power structures and gender roles that affect both women and men. Integrating gender into development work is a success for distinguishing inequalities created by social norms and for identifying concrete action.
3.2 Gender Mainstreaming in development work According to Taylor (1999), the strategy of gender integration in relation to development work is a central aspect for achieving development results for everyone, regardless of gender. Previous development planning was driven to focus on economic growth as a goal in the programs but not to focus on the fact that economic growth in the long run does not benefit women to the same extent as men. Taylor (1999) presents four major planning cycles and how to mainstream gender within these. The cycles are Macro policy/sector policy cycle, Annual budget cycle, Aid cycle and Project cycle (ibid).
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3.3 Macro-Policy/Sector Policy Cycle When creating policies on a macro level, meaning that it is policies that affect the whole country, a gender analysis is crucial in order to address the needs of the population at all levels (Taylor, 1999). Gender planning considers women more vulnerable places in the development and can, therefore, address those needs throughout the whole process from planning to implementation (ibid). When addressing gender there are three different categories that policies can fall under depending on what way they address gender (ibid). 3.3.1 Gender-neutral policies Firstly there are hardly any gender-neutral policies, policies that do not affect women and men differently. On a national level, it is hard to find policies that would affect men and women in the exact same way dues to gender structures in society (Taylor, 1999). There could be a comprehension that a policy is gender-neutral but in fact, there are several dimensions where the male norm is the starting point and that would mean that the policy in fact is gender-blind rather than gender-neutral (ibid). In order to determine if a policy is gender-neutral, there needs to be accurate and complete information when it comes to the dimensions that surround the policy (ibid). 3.3.2 Gender-specific policies Gender-specific policies have a gender dimension that targets men or women specifically but it does not address the underlying cause for the inequality (ibid). 3.3.3 Gender-aware/redistributive/transformative policies These policies aim to redistribute power between men and women. Here one wants to look at the gender-relations in society and redistribute the resources, responsibilities, and power that exists between men and women (ibid). A redistribution would in most aspects mean that they are redirected to women rather than men since men already have all of these things. This is very hard to do since that would force men to let go of
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privileges and take on responsibilities that have historically been women’s (ibid). This is the only approach that addresses both practical gender needs and strategic gender interests. Another important aspect in this stage is also the participation of the concerned departments and the communities that the policy is supposed to benefit (ibid). Without this, there is a danger of a lack of acceptance for the policy which will affect the implementation and result (ibid).
3.4 The annual budget cycle This cycle is relevant because budgeting in both national and organisation level is a key factor to change when you have control over which departments will receive funding for development (Taylor, 1999). Having a strong link between these departments that promote equality and higher funding promotes equality development. Reviewing and implementing criteria to measure how the budget takes gender, ethical differences, and classes into account should be taken for granted according to these article (ibid). Gender-aware advisers should determine women's needs in the budgeting and sections such as planning committees, and the finance ministers should play a key role in securing budget planning in a more gender-equality perspective (ibid). Integrating gender perspectives in the budget has been tried as a pilot project in countries such as Australia and Canada. Project should developed a budget to strengthen gender awareness in the process and the project should focused on policy making that promotes the integration of gender into their country's national budget (ibid). This is what the annual budget cycle aim is, that funding and budgeting in favor of equality and women's needs are needed in the national financial planning and execution (ibid). The cycle offers a seven-step process for bringing gender awareness into the budget at the national level that is influencing how project is funding in the country (ibid). Step one intends for the macroeconomic level to
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report a gender analysis where it is shown both strategically and practically how gender needs are reported (ibid). Step two means that you should not add programs and projects that solely target women and their needs, without this being done in the department's normal-grade work and not being something that requires extra donor support or created solely after pressure internationally (ibid). Step three focuses on departmental programs always implementing a gender perspective. Step four means that the budget presented and planned must meet both the financial goals and the gender goals, this goes hand in hand with step five where you as a budget planner must show that the budget reflects the gender requirements and priorities you have (ibid). Step 6, It is overlooked when the project log frame is presented on how to implement this specific project in the budget. To later monitor how the money is spent and distributed in the meantime (ibid). Last, step 7 of the process of integrating gender into the budget reflects that the accounting systems used should be designed for resource allocation and reflect a gender-neutral evaluation (ibid).
3.5 Aid Cycle The aid cycle is defined by the process of fundings policies. There is usually a political process within governments when discussing and negotiating priorities and development goals where needs and concerns regarding the majority of the population and women are often left out (Talor, 1999). One factor that can influence this is the fact that it will not only be national budgets and priorities that influence the plan implementation, donor aid also has a big impact in this regard (ibid). The relationship between governments, donor organizations and non-governmental sectors can create policies and development directions that are not in the best interest or in line with the development goals set by the receiving country (ibid). Furthermore, demands and schedules for implementation made by donors can be hard for
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governments to adapt to due to a lack of capacity. In the next step, this could affect the work being done on a local level due to governments and civil society is forced to make structural changes in order to meet the demands of the donor aid (ibid). Some other factors that also influence the priorities regarding policies and that is that wherever the donor aid is coming from there is also another set of priorities(ibid). The donors have their own goals that they are working towards and that is not always the same as the goals set by the government of the receiving country, and this can cause a conflict of interest (ibid).
3.6 Project cycle The Project Cycle is as shown in Figure 1, a technical process when gender mainstreaming in the projects are selected, formed, implemented in the context in which they will work, and then evaluated (Taylor, 1999).
Figure 1. The project cycle. (Taylor, 1999)
Projects themselves have major advantages in addressing gender differences on both a practical and theoretical level how the gender
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needs of women, as well as, men look in society in a specific contexts (ibid).
In order to implement gender integration in all stages of the projects, the cycle present a checklist in all part of the projects with tools for integrating gender perspective (ibid). The checklist presents some important intervention in the seven-stage of the project cycle. The first step, identification, is that the projects must use a policy direction and a targeted intervention where equality as the goal (ibid). Step two of the project cycle, initial screening and selection, focuses on implementing and working with the identification of gender roles into the context assessment of gender and finally a gender diagnosis. In step three of the cycle, training on gender roles and gender is needed for the personnel involved in the project, including mechanisms to ensure that all women, despite geographical obstacles, are able to participate and be part of the planning process (ibid). In step four, one needs to pay attention to the unpaid work women usually stand for and take this into account. Also, include a gender expert in the programs. The personnel that is working within the project should also include training on women's vulnerability and gender sensitivity(ibid). Step five, Ratification, to educate staff on gender awareness and to begin conducting feminist dialogues. The next step, implementation, involves both personnel and the target population (ibid). Provide clarity on what today's patriarchal society looks like. The final step, step 7, monitoring, and evaluation, should look at the entire project team composition, including gender relations conditions for consultation and evaluation (ibid).
4. Methodology
This chapter provides the methodological framework for this research. The chapter begins with a presentation of the case study and an
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introduction of the respondents. This follow by a description of the method such as the sampling, the semi-structured interviews and finally, a discussion of the study’s delimitation and limitation and the ethical principle that the research has taking into account.
The analytical framework shape the basis of this study's interview guide, which is referred to as Appendix 1.1 and 1.2. This presented study is based on a qualitative research method, more specifically, an interview methodology with semi-structured interviews as primary data collection. The empirical material that is collected from the interviewees is processed and analyzed based on an abductive thematic method of analysis (Bryman, 2011, p. 26). The abductive method is most suitable for the study’s purpose when analyzing the material. Furthermore, the primary empirical data will also consist of official documents such as gender and environmental guidelines and strategies for Bangladesh developed by SIDA and the Swedish government. A review of primary and secondary data where official documents and academic literature in combination with interviews become our empirical basis. This according to Bryman (2011, p.354) is triangulation method. Since in qualitative method we use semi-structured interviews and text analysis of a sample of SIDAs official documents that is relevant for our research. We want to emphasize that triangulation in the qualitative method gives a strong validity in the research.
4.1 Case study This research is using the case study of SIDA in order to address their work of implementing gender mainstreaming in environmental programs. SIDAs budget for all their work in Bangladesh including environment and climate change was for 2014-2020 1,9 billion SEK. We have researched this case study through interviewing SIDA representatives and looking thought official documents from SIDA and
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the Swedish government. We also selected one large environmental program that is funded by SIDA and stationed in Bangladesh. The program is covering a large geographic area in the country and is implemented by one large local Non-governmental organisation (NGO) with several local implementing partner organisations. According to their Website, the project have the goal to reach out to 23.000 people in the country.
4.2 Sample and interviewees
The selection of interviewees has great knowledge and direct relevance to the research ambition. In the beginning of the process, we sent out emails to twenty potential respondents with an introduction letter and the purpose of the study. In the current pandemic situation, we received a few rejections with reference to time and resources. In conclusion, we got eleven interviews with six respondents working at SIDA. These were gender experts and climate experts, some located at HQ in Stockholm, others at the regional office in Bangkok and others located in Bangladesh. The other five respondents is representing organizations that are involved in the environmental project in Bangladesh that we referred to in the chapter before. Since our study does not intend to generalize, this is a selection that is sufficient to create good reliability. The research is using a snowball sampling approach. In the sampling process, multiple of relevant individuals was contacted via email, through some participants, we get in touch with other interesting respondents that we contacted. In this way, we got a higher number of participants for our interviewers with the high relevance of the subjects. In Appendix 2, the respondents are presented more in-depth for an increased understanding of their knowledge of the subject.
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4.3 The Interview process All eleven interviews were over Skype or Zoom due to the recommendation from The public health agency of Sweden as well as half of the interviewees being based outside of Sweden. There was no timeframe for the interviews but they ended up around 40-55 minutes. The interviews were conducted on the basis of one interview guide that was created and shaped based on whether we interviewed SIDA personnel or organizations in Bangladesh and with the analytical framework as a tool. The guide to SIDA is written in Swedish as most of those interviews were conducted in Swedish. To those who worked for SIDA that were not fluent in Swedish, the questions were translated to English instead. The questions presented in the interview guide were not asked to all respondents. This due to the fact that we chose to remove and add questions so that it was fitting for their field of expertise. The sub-question was based on the answer from the different respondent and was therefore varied and these question is not a part of the interview guide. This guide is used as a thematic template with clear categories and semi-structured questions. These guides can be found in Appendix 1.1 and 1.2.
The interview thematics were sent in advance to the respondents, this was requested and we did not consider that this would do any harm or distort the answers to the study. To avoid miscommunication and to enhance the quality of the interviews, both authors of the study participated at all interview occasions. The authors introduced themselves and one held the interview and the other made notes to support the audio recording. The interviews was recorded and the authors took notes during the entire interview time. Due to bad connection in some parts of the interviews the work with transcribing the material was made difficult. The
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important part was highlighted and could therefore easy be find in the recordings without transcribing the interviews. Therefore, we consider that this process is enough for analysing the material and do not need to transcribe.
4.4 Limitations and Delimitations There are a number of limitations and delimitations in this research that are important to know. A big limitation in our research has been the outbreak of Covid-19 that has resulted in a changed approach in how to do our research and what do focus on. The research was originally going to take place in the field in Bangladesh with a different research question that was going to focus more on the women in Bangladesh and they were going to be our main group of interviewees. The outbreak of Covid-19 resulted in the fact that the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs advised against all travels abroad which made us cancel our trip to Bangladesh. Since the original research was not able to be done from Sweden we changed our research to the current one. This research also faces some limitations in regards to Covid-19. The interviews for this research will be done over skype, even with the interviewees that are based in Sweden, due to the situation with Covid-19, this can be a challenge since one can not read body language and such things as easy that could also have been helpful in reading between the lines of the answers we got. However, we believe that under the circumstances this will work since there are several technical platforms such as Skype and Zoom that will enable the interviews. Another limitation that we faced during the interviews in relation to do them being done online was that the internet connection was sometimes bad and it was hard to hear and interpret the answers.
Furthermore, finding organizations in Bangladesh that could do interviews was a bit difficult due to the fact that many of them are
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shifting focus at the moment in order to help limit the spread of Covid-19 and therefore do not have the time to do interviews. The contact person that we had in Bangladesh for our field study was helping us find other suitable organizations to interview which is also important to note as that could bring some bias when choosing. We are aware of this and did also take input from SIDA and we did our own search for organisations as well. A delimitation in this research is the fact that we have chosen to only use SIDA as Swedish development actor. There are obviously several actors in Sweden who work with development towards and in Bangladesh but here we chose to only use SIDA as they are a government agency and it was on that level that we wanted to research gender mainstreaming.
In conclusion, it is a great advantage of the study that the respondents present different perspectives on the research question. Difficulties we encountered was the difficulty in obtaining relevant respondents when we sought a clear type of competence. The hardest was to get relevant respondents who work at SIDA or other relevant authority for this study. while representatives from various organizations in Bangladesh were more willing, or had more time to participate. A high number of relevant individuals that we emailed declined to participate because they did not feel that they have the knowledge required. The majority of the emails we sent were never answered. This problem of reaching out to particular respondents within SIDA and that it would be problematic to this extent was nothing we had foreseen.
4.6 Ethical considerations This study follows the four research ethical principles that according to Bryman (2011, p. 127) are directly linked to the respondents in the study and their integrity. For those directly linked to our study, we have been informed that the study complies with the four ethical
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requirements. The Information requirement as well as the Consent requirement were given to the respondent in the introduction letter (Bryman, 2011, p.132). Here we presented the purpose of the study, as well as their access to the research question and the interview guide. We also state that this study is voluntary to participate in and that the respondent at any time during the interview and the writing process could cancel the participation. Furthermore, we presented that the information provided will only be used in this specific study. The informant will be anonymized in this research. Finally, we informed that personal data is handled with great care.These measures resulted in the Confidentiality requirement and the Usage requirement also being met and the study followed all four requirements.
4.7 Method discussion The primary data collection for this study is based on Zoom and skype interviews. We believe, just like Bryman (2011) highlights, that the benefits of these types of interviews are not only the economic factor but also more time-saving than physical meetings. The respondents for this study are located in both Bangladesh and different geographical places in other parts of the world and Sweden. It would have been impossible with physical interviews for the organisations in Bangladesh.
The purpose of using interviews is to get a broader understanding and get information based on the experiences and thoughts of specific individuals. Therefore a qualitative method was chosen. Doing a triangulation with a quantitative method in the form of questionnaires could have given more answers, but not as in-depth as well as respondents who are not relevant to the topic could have more easily answered these, so we chose to stick to the qualitative method.
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Some more critique for the the chosen method ish the use of interviews when we have a prevailing pandemic in the world due to the availability of personnel within local organisations and SIDA. The study could be exchanged for text analysis and still be able to follow what procedures SIDA has to implement and the use of gender mainstreaming, but maybe not specifically in environmental projects in Bangladesh. This could have resulted in more primary data than the interviews and documents that this study present now. However, with the interviews it shows a deeper picture of the problem and more insight. The study would preferred to have more respondents from SIDA as well as other interesting development actors who did not respond to our emails.
5. Background
The following chapter will present information about Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, (SIDA). This chapter will also describe the climate situation in Bangladesh and later on the importance of including women in climate projects in Bangladesh. The aim of this chapter is to create an overview and understanding of aid work from Sweden and the inclusion of women in environmental projects in Bangladesh.
5.1 Swedish international development cooperation agency (SIDA) The Swedish government decides how much money the Swedish international development cooperation agency (SIDA) can dispose of. In 2020, SIDA received 43.8 billion SEK for international aid (SIDA, 2020). Their primary job is to finance and support thousands of development projects around the world on behalf of the Swedish government. The Swedish government decides on a result strategy for every country that SIDA have development cooperation with. These strategies have different targets that show what areas that needs to be prioritized in different countries. SIDA plan their work and projects from those strategies (SIDA, 2018).
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These projects are reported and classified in order to be able to follow up and provide statistics as well as evaluation (Sida, 2020). The agency has also developed certain guiding documents such as gender toolbox and an environmental strategy for how to integrate both gender and environmental aspects in their work. The gender toolbox aim is to integrate the gender aspects in all levels of SIDA's work. The model presents three stages of gender mainstreaming. Step 1 is a gender analysis. Each collaboration should be reviewed to see how or if the project needs to strengthen the gender perspective in the various activities and results presented (SIDA, 2015). This analysis is usually requested by the supervisor provided by SIDA. Step 2 is based on the gender analysis, one is working on identifying collaborations that are relevant and following the requirements. Finally, step 3, a presentation of the three compulsory approaches, integration of gender, targeting specific issues or groups, and dialogue with various partners on gender-related problems and solutions. These three approaches should be included separately or together. SIDA also uses a control document for environmental integration. The aim of the documents is to inform, educate, and obtain tools and guidelines for identifying problems and opportunities for environmental integration. The primary target group for control documents are those who work for SIDA and those who work primarily with other areas than climate.
5.2 Climate situation in Bangladesh Bangladesh is one of the countries most affected by climate change. The country's vulnerability to climate change can be referred to their geographical location. The country is only five meters above sea level and is therefore very vulnerable to flooding, cyclones, and rising water levels (Momtaz, Shameem, 2015). The vulnerability from climate hazards is at different levels in the country. The coastal areas in the country have been most exposed to climate change. Tropical cyclones, floods and storms hit the coastal areas hard.For a country like Bangladesh when the population is already suffering from wide poverty, with about 130 million of the population living on less than 1
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dollar/day, it is difficult for residents to invest in long-term solutions to the catastrophic destruction (Huq, 2001). 5.3 Women's role in Bangladesh In Bangladesh, strong patriarchal structures govern society, and women's mobility is controlled by men. Lack of economic self-sufficiency, political and social power, women in Bangladesh are identified as extremely vulnerable and vulnerable to environmental problems (Tanjeela and Rutherford, 2018). Gender roles limit women's mobility to develop strategies at the individual level despite their knowledge that there is a prevailing climate situation. The authors shows only positive results if you include women in environmental work (ibid). Women present sustainable long-term strategies for how household work can continue when the climate changes and women are also most responsible for food and water for the family, which also means that it is women who can plan the action when these supplies become a scarcity due to climate change(ibid).
5.4 Non-governmental organizations role in Bangladesh In the 1940s, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) began to grow steadily in Bangladesh, which is now categorized as the country that has one of the world's largest NGO sectors with nearly 26,000 NGOs registered (Asian Development Bank, 2008). There are large spaces in Bangladesh for the NGOs and at grassroots level they work mainly for the economic and social problems. The confidence of the population as well as of international support is high. Even in Bangladesh, with their high unemployment rate and large percentage of young people (almost 60% of the country's population is under 25), these organizations create job opportunities, not only within the organizations but also as support for small businesses (ibid). They also play a significant role in the country as they bring international health care and educational strategies.
5.5 Swedish feminist foreign policy In 2014, Sweden became the first country in the world to declare a feminist foreign policy (Utrikesdepartementet, 2015). The basis of this policy is that the Swedish government is convinced that in order to achieve sustainable peace, security, and international work, one can no longer exclude half the world's
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population in different parts of the world solely because of their female gender (ibid). There are six challenges that our foreign policy takes into consideration. These focus areas concern women's and girls' full use of human rights, a life free of gender-related violence, participation in peace processes, political participation and even political influence, economic freedom and property rights, and rights to their sexuality, body and health (ibid). In relation to Swedish aid work, feminist foreign policy has raised the level of ambition to include everyone, regardless of gender, further than before (ibid).
6. Findings
The following chapter present the results of the interviews conducted with the purpose of the study and questions. All questions in our interview guides are answered and the results will be analyzed in later sections in relation to the analytical framework presented by the study. The results below are presented in themes relevant for later analysis.
6.1 Gender Mainstreaming The first section in the chapter has collected all responses from the respondents regarding the first of the study’s themes, about gender mainstreaming in development cooperation. First, responses from the organizations are presented and then responses from SIDA are presented.
6.1.1 Organisations The first question asked to all respondents was "According to your expertise, would you say that social norms and rules are an obstacle to women's involvement in climate work? - if yes, please develop how you view these structures and unwritten rules "
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All respondents told us that social norms were the major challenge in society. Interview person 6 and 2 tells us that this is the key to everything, that it needs to change the mindset of individuals on how they portray women and men, “In this context in the south Asian context, and even in Bangladesh the male perception, the patriarchal system, is so strong.” - Interviewee 2 Interview persons 6 and 5 argues that even the religious context affects how social norms and rules affect women's position in society, “Actually, you know Bangladesh is a Muslim society and one of the major barriers (for women's involvement) is the religious structure”. - Interviewee 5. All respondents said that women are most exposed from the consequences of climate change. Two participants shared similar experiences about women being socially excluded and having difficulty obtaining information about a crisis that is about to happen. The same organization also highlight that women do not have the financial and decision making power to the same extent as men, this make them more exposed to climate change specifically for their gender. One of the five organisation shares that it is important for men to include women in economic activities, and that in return it will lead women into developing work. In conclusion, four out of four organizations that do not have the main responsibility of the donor money highlight that SIDA and the organization that is receiving the donations have and use guidelines how to easily implement gender in their projects.
6.1.2 SIDA All of the respondents from SIDA present a picture that social rules and norms are an obstacle to all-female development, “The first thing I think about when it comes to the biggest challenge of including women in projects overall is discriminating gender norms, I think, this is not specific to climate work. [...] underlying gender norms that exist in all countries where we work, there are changes that need to be made but that take a long time.” - Interviewee 8.
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One respondent highlight Bangladesh society's social rules and norms as a root cause of the problem, and in relation to one of the organisations answers, (Interviewer 2) addressed and discussed the patriarchal structure that is strongly rooted in the Bengali society. “In Bangladesh, which is a very patriarchal and unequal society, it is usually women and girls who are most exposed to the effects of climate change. [...]” - Interviewee 9. All SIDA employees in the interview is talking about how the norms affect not only women who want to participate in environmental projects, but how it governs and regulates women's everyday lives. How women in Bangladesh do not have the capabilities or functions to control their own lives. “It is 2020, and it is still unequal between men and women...insane” - Interviewee 1. All respondents from SIDA said that women affects more due to climate change than men. One of the respondents quotes some examples of how women are most affected by Climate change,
"Say that there is flooding or cyclone [...] their family is losing the roof of their house and this is taking them further down the poverty line [... ], it is always the girls who suffer, their education that is suffered. And then, they cannot support her [...] and the outcome is that they married her off.” - Interviewee 11.
“So… it is always women and girls, you know, that pay a heavier price” -Interviewee 11. One respondent with great insight into Bangladeshi society tells how patriarchal structures can affect women's mobility and participation in projects. Social norms in Bangladesh are governed by patriarchal structures and are male preference. The respondent states that mobility in the country for women is an issue. This makes it difficult for women to participate in any development work.
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"[...] when it becomes difficult for the family to sustain their economic situation, than it is always the daughter, regardless of age, that needs to be married off so there is one less person to feed in the family. - Interviewee 11
The respondent describes the living situation of a young girl lives in the patriarchal society in Bangladesh, also, the same respondent highlight that living situation is an obstacle for development. That the girls is falling victims for the old male structure that is deeply rooted in the society.
“Once a girl is married, there are other issues. She moves to her husband, she is expected to do the domestic work in the house, taking care of her child. So there are a lot of girls who haven't had the chance to complete an education, there are married early, and have a child early. This can lead to health problems, then it has house burden. It is difficult for any girl to participate in any economic activity. " - Interviewee 11.
Interviewers 8, 9 and 1 talked about the importance of using the gender toolbox that SIDA has developed. These guidelines are useful in order to achieve gender mainstreaming in everything relating to aid, projects, and budgeting, but also as educational material to emphasize the importance of gender in development work in all stages.
6.2 Macro-Policy/Sector Policy Cycle Next sector, the interviewees' responses that focus on gender-aware policies and the results that presents is first from organizations and then from SIDA.
6.2.1 Organisations There is an agreement among the organizations based in Bangladesh that we have interviewed that there is a need to put the focus on women in their projects since they are the more vulnerable group. The project that they are working with is targeting women and this is due to how women's position in society looks like and the social norms that make it harder for women to otherwise get involved in
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climate issues even though they are the most affected group. The organizations put an emphasis on the fact that women need to be given information and knowledge about climate issues in order for them to be able to be active agents and not only be the victims of climate change. There is a majority of the female participant in the projects at all sites in the country where the project is active which is due to previously mentioned reasons, but several of the organizations want to highlight that including men is also of great importance in order to be able to change social norms in society. One of the organizations mentions that even if there are social norms that hinder women, rapid change is happening within this area in Bangladesh, women are more involved in all sectors than ever before. “We need the men too because we have to change the men’s perceptions also otherwise this will not work.” - Interviewee 2 When talking about gender and how the use of gender expert in the organization and project looks like there are, one of the organizations mentions that gender mainstreaming is what they do. Other organizations mention that there are gender advisors in their organizations, one of the organizations also mentions that the main organization is giving necessary advice in order for them to this the right way. That this organization has so much knowledge within the field of gender mainstreaming that they have a lot to learn from them.
6.2.2 SIDA The Swedish Government state in an action plan that gender equality is not a reality today but rather a vision and for it to become a reality all over the world there is a need to take a step further (Utrikesdepartementet, 2015). The government states that for achieving this goal it will require gender mainstreaming on a systematic level (ibid). The Swedish government emphasizes the fact that gender equality is not only a goal in itself but also a necessity in order to reach other objectives set by the Government such as sustainable development. SIDA has been working with gender equality for a long time, where it has been an important part of Swedish development cooperation. There is a political
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aspect to development cooperation where it is the Government that sets the agenda for this type of cooperation as well as the budget which will be allocated. When asked about the effects of the Swedish feminist foreign policy, that came in place in 2014, several of the respondents from SIDA emphasized its importance. Stating that it have an impact on their work with gender equality. “We worked with equality before this but it definitely became more of a core value in our work, a more clear directive when you bring it up on such a high political level. [...] I think it has been very important” - Interviewee 9 There is also a notion that this policy has made gender equality not only an important aspect of development cooperation but also on a political level when working with other countries. One of the respondents says that other countries expect Sweden to bring up gender equality wherever they are now due to this strong statement from the Swedish government. “And I know that many organizations say that this (feminist foreign policy) is fantastic, they feel that someone finally has taken a step forward and helped in this dialogue”- Interviewee 8. Several of the interviewees from SIDA stated that this policy has brought more integrated work between different sectors at Swedish embassies, that there is not only the development sector that has this as an important part of their work which gives more weight to this issue in different contexts. “It has been very important ( the feminist foreign policy), now we work much more integrated.[...] It is very known among other countries,(that) when you walk into a meeting it is obvious that Sweden will talk about gender equality.”- Interviewee 8 Just like the organizations in Bangladesh, one of the interviewees from sida points out that it is crucial to include men in the process of gender equality. “When we are working with gender equality we are often talking about women in gender equality but it is of great importance that we are working with men and boys as well. And in order to work with discriminatory social norms that (men and boys) is the base for all work, whether we work with climate or other areas, it is extremely important. It something that we are starting to work more
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and more with and are starting to realize how important that is.” -Interviewee 8
6.3 Annual Budget cycle This section will present the findings regarding to the budget cycle. First the answer from the different organisation from Bangladesh will be presenting and later on the interview answer from SIDA at the end of this section.
6.3.1 Organisations Out of the organizations that have been interviewed in Bangladesh, there is one of them that have the main responsibility and cooperation with SIDA. This organization highlights that there are several gender experts that have been working with this project and that the project is aimed towards gender and therefore that is a natural part of the whole process including the budget.
6.3.2 SIDA Some respondents from SIDA have had transparency in the budget, some have no complete experience of budgeting or non experience at all. Interviewer 9 gave a fairly comprehensive picture of how they work with budgeting. The respondent tells that the funding from the Swedish government is distributed in different categories that is presented at SIDAs website. The category environmental protection category comes quite far down how the money is distributed. “I think it depends on how the statistics are made, in our climate portfolio we have a lot of water and sanitation. [...] It is a bit misleading with these different sectors that are shown because it depends on how different markings in our planning systems are noted.” The same respondent also highlight “We have a fairly large environment and climate portfolio. [...] We have an ambition to increase the environment and climate portfolio, and it is a pity that it is not shown in the statistics.” - Interviewee 9
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In conclusion, financing the money for the environment and climate is increasing, but SIDA's team wants to see a faster and higher increase in order to get more environmental-climate started “The goal is for the portfolio to grow, and it has grown, but not as much as we wanted it to grow, now it stands at about 12% of the entire portfolio [...] and we would like to get up to 20-25 %.” - Interviewee 9. Majority of the respondent that work within SIDA also highlight the importance of a gender analysis of the project. The analysis report that the presented activities have a gender perspective in the budget and that the budget have solutions for a gender equal project.
6.4 Aid cycle The aid cycle present the answers from the respondents which is focused on the complex relationship between the donor organisation, the government and the civil society. First, the organizations answer in this category and later on SIDAs findings.
6.4.1 Organisations All organizations except one, claimed that they have no direct contact with SIDA other than occasional field visit. The organization that have the main responsibility for financing the project have all direct contact with SIDA. the respondent tells in the interview that in order to receive support money from SIDA, they first present a logframe and with the support from the agency they formulated the plan for a project that SIDA participates in and finances. The respondent then states that the Bangladeshi government must approve this project plan and know which international donors that will support and finance the project. In relation to this theme, three organizations say that they think that financing from SIDA is complex and difficult to meet the requirements. One organization claimed that they didn't make any attempt to get direct financing from SIDA without having intermediaries.
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Interviewer 3, and 6 state in the interview that there may be no insight from international donations what the core problem is ,despite this, all of the organizations collectively, in this study, shared the same visions and values as SIDA. One respondent also confirms that it can considered that international donors and organizations have different agendas and goals even if they share the same visions. Interviewer number 5 tells in the interview; “Every year we are facing the flood, because of the climate change issues, So, every year when we facing the flood, the donor countries are coming to provide some daily basis, some food, and some other existence. But this is not enough, it is not important. The importance is to develop the capacity of the people. Donor country does not give us support to build this capacity.” - Interviewee 5
6.4.2 SIDA The strategy for Bangladesh 2014-2020 is set by the Swedish Government and will guide SIDA in their work in Bangladesh. For Bangladesh, there are 5 target areas that the Government finds important to work with (Utrikesdepartementet, 2014). These target areas include; Strengthened democracy and gender equality, greater respect for human rights and freedom from oppression and A better environment, limited climate impact, and greater resilience to environmental impact, climate change and natural disasters (ibid). There are two sub-targets under the climate target which says that a focus should be put on greater resilience to deal with climate change and natural disasters and strengthen the institutional capacity to manage water resources. Under this target there is no mention of women, the other 4 targets all mention women in their sub-categories (ibid). These targets guide SIDA in what areas to focus on and what projects and organizations that can be suitable to cooperate with. SIDA interviewees mention that the strategies are their base when looking for new projects and partners. “We get proposals to the embassy, but it is not the proposals that regulate (what we fund), it is our strategies and goals that regulate.[...] most of the proposals get rejected, but if they fit with our targets we start looking into it more” - Interviewee 9
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The strategies that the Swedish Government set are a combination of swedish interests and agendas as well as the context and the goals set by the Government of Bangladesh (Utrikesdepartementet, 2014). “When we are talking about gender equality we (Sweden) are driving so a feminist foreign policy requires that we confront these issues.” - Interviewee 8 When asked if gender-neutral projects exist the interviewees agree on the fact that they do not believe that there are projects that will affect men and women exactly the same. SIDA, however, receive projects proposals that are gender blind that have not taken gender into account but that this is not a project that would pass approval without modifications. The interviews also show that gender experts are used when looking at project proposals but it is also up to the officers handling the projects if they see the need for including a gender advisor. It can also vary how much the gender advisor can participate in the process. When asked about the demands organizations have to comply with in order to get funding from SIDA the interviews show that there are tough demands. That not many smaller organizations have the capacity to live up to the standards. Smaller organizations have a bigger chance to become a partner organization with a larger organization that can work directly with SIDA. One of the interviewees also mentions that SIDA has gotten comments regarding the fact that they work a lot with UN agencies. “We are collaborating with different UN agencies a lot, I know that there are some views that we work too much with UN agencies and that we should work more with civil society.” - Interviewee 8
6.5 Project cycle The project cycle reports the results from the interviews where the questions are focused on the specific environmental project and are focused on planning, implementation, and follow-up on programs and projects to see how and if gender mainstreaming is following the project from start to finish in relation to a guideline that is presented from our analytical framework. The result is presented first from organization level and then from SIDA.
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6.5.1 Organisations One question we asked was “When receiving Swedish aid, from your experience, what are the demands for including women?” Interviewer 2, that has the main responsibility for the project that SIDA is funding describes; “[..]This is mandatory and it is inbuilt (gender mainstream) when you call for a proposal, so there is no cautions and my organization also has good experience of a good strategy of gender issue and transparency.” - Interviewee 2 This organization have the main responsibility for the contact with SIDA, and also to guide the organizations working in the project. For them to receive donation money from SIDA, a logframe was presented as part of the proposal for the project, this logframe presented activities, budget, and goals. In order to start projects in Bangladesh of this kind, the government needs to approve the project plan and where the donation money comes from. The same organization also said that part of the planning of the project is bordered by finding the 17 organizations that will be involved in running the project, to select the organization, there is field visits and interviews. Interviewer 2 tells that the candidate must support the same visions and values that they and SIDA have. During the project time, interviewee 2 explains that they have follow-up meetings with SIDA every 6 months. The organization also have constant contact with both SIDA and the side organizations..
Interviewee 7 talk about the fact that it is important to include women from the start of all projects but this is also where the challenge for projects is located “There is a big challenge of include women in climate change projects, or activities, were trying from the beginning of the project to include the women.” - Interviewee 7 This is supported by interviewee 10,
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“[...] so the time is an issue. Women have so much tasks in the home to do and their daily lives, that is taking women’s time. It is very hard. They don’t have the time.” - Interviewee 10
6.5.2 SIDA When asked about gender mainstreaming in the area of environment and climate project the findings show that it was not as clear in this area as in human rights and democracy for example. “It's not always forgotten, but I notice that gender mainstream is better integrated when talking about democracy and human rights” - Interviewee 1. Interviewee 4 also confirmed that this could be the case even if they did not have an specific case in mind where the respondent could see this. "I can't say yes or no because I don't have any good example [...]. On the one hand it (climate) is very much connected to gender but it is also easy to ignore due to how it is closely connected to another system (economy) as well where we take a lot for granted." - Interviewee 4 Interviewee 9 also highlight this aspect. The respondent states that SIDA could get climate projects that are completely gender blind ”Yes, I think there is, I think... I think it becomes more and less rare to see it. [...] but there are definitely sometimes projects that come into us that are gender blind.” - Interviewee 9 This respondent adds that these projects are unlikely to receive funding from SIDA. If a climate program is completely gender blind, one gender advisor from the agency will be connected to this project for support and integration of gender. Interviewees 9, 1 and 8 also mention and highlight the importance of SIDA’s use of documents such as Gender toolbox. ”We have tools to use, we have the gender tool box with many document that are helpful in analysis[…] on the other hand it is not used enough, we do not have regular trainings for our employees about gender equality, there is a need for more training. […] We have come a long way, but we are not there yet” - Interviewee 8
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These are guidelines from SIDA and used extensively both among employees at SIDA and those working in the local project. These are guidelines on how to implement and work with a gender mindset throughout the project time. Interviewer 8 describes that there are never or will never be gender neutral projects. All projects, whether they have climatic or democratic thematics, need a gender perspective. “That is my belief, there is no gender-neutral project at all” - Interviewee 8. Interviewee 11 also confirms that SIDA has no direct contact with implementation partners in the programs. All contact is made through their collaborative organization.
7. Analysis This chapter will analyse findings from the primary data by applying the main assumptions from the analytical framework that is used to create an understanding of how the gender mainstream is used in Swedish aid to environmental projects. The results are presented in the categories from our interview guide which are also the categories the framework presents.
7.1 Gender Mainstreaming
Firstly, all respondents who participated in the study discussed that social norms and structures were underlying issues for women's development and involvement in climate projects. The majority of respondents who worked at the organizational level report that women are difficult to include and reach. The analytical framework suggests that in development work there is a tendency to see women as passive participants in the projects rather than active players in their economic and social lives. Respondents from SIDA also referred to difficulties in including women in the projects this refers to the fact that development work cannot see women's exclusion and needs as external problems, but that a gender perspective needs to be implemented in development planning at all levels than the inclusion of women in development work would be more inbuilt in the process.
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Documents from Sida, the gender toolbox, claimed that including both men and women in gender integration is important in order to overcome the structural differences. The framework is agreed with this statement that SIDA claimed. The document support the argument that the framework present, that gender issues is not a isolated question and it is important to include men as women. To change the root causes and the patriarchal structure that often hinders women to be a part climate projekt, the framework suggests that donation agents need to include the gender mainstream to get a picture of how both men and women should get the best results. Finally, gender mainstream as a process to use in development work advocates both the analytical framework and SIDA. The findings that we have found show that SIDA has difficulty applying gender mainstream to the highest degree in climate-related programs when it does not occur naturally. The analytical framework presents the great importance of having gender-integrated projects and policies, which SIDA in theory stands for, but in practice in climate projects, the integration of gender mainstream may be lost along the way.
7.2 Macro-Policy/Sector Policy Cycle Sweden has an outspoken feminist foreign policy since 2014 and that in itself could be an indicator that as a government there is a belief that gender neutral policies do not exist, that those policies instead would be referred to as gender blind policies which is not to be funded by SIDA. The feminist foreign policy translates to the importance to always have a gender perspective in our development cooperation with other countries, that this is a perspective that needs to be put forward in every aspect where Sweden is involved. Since this is a political decision from the Swedish government it will have an affect on the work that SIDA does as an agency. The interviews with SIDA employees show that the feminist foreign policy has affected their work even if there was a big focus on gender within SIDA before this policy came into place. The findings show that Sweden has gotten to a power position when it comes to gender equality since the introduction of this policy due to how Sweden are expected to
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bring up the issue of gender equality wherever they are. Other countries and organisations expect that representatives from Sweden bring up this issue. What this does in terms of the analytical framework and the categories is that Sweden work more towards gender specific and gender transformative policies. There are several programs and projects that target women specifically and there is a agreement that this is needed in order to reach women. This can be seen from the interviews with the organisations in Bangladesh as well where they all highlighted the fact that there is a need to focus on women in their projects since they are the ones that are most affected by the climate issues, as well as in other aspects. This means that they target them specifically in order to reach out and change the situation for women and their ability to cope with climate change. The majority of participants in the projects were women which was deemed as necessary due to their situation and the structures in society that made sure that men had others channels where they could receive help. As stated this shows that there are several policies that are gender specific, however it is important to note that this is not enough when it comes to reaching the goal of gender equality. It is of great importance that Sweden and SIDA combines their gender specific policies with gender transformative ones in order to reorganise the power structures between men and women. One of the interviewees from SIDA mentions the importance of including men in the work for gender equality and not only the women. The fact that it is pointed out that there is a focus on women in order to reach gender equality confirms that there is a lot of gender specific policies that target women but less focus on the men that have to give up part of their power in order to let women in and to deconstruct social norms that benefit men over women. Gender transformative would require not only to help women get access to resources and power, it also requires men to give up certain privileges and that is a process where men have to be a part of the work as they are the one sustaining this patriarchal system. With this in mind it will be important to work with gender specific policies and gender transformative policies simultaneously in order to advance at several fronts at the same time.
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It is also important that the Swedish government continue their work for gender equality in Sweden in order to be even better role models and advocates for gender equality abroad.
7.3 Annual Budget Cycle
The analytical framework presents several steps on how to integrate gender at the national level as projects can be influenced by how gender is to be applied and taken into account when designing their budget. The first stage of the framework is presented is a gender analysis in which gender aspects are presented and can be seen clearly. The employees at SIDA talk that the first thing they look for when they receive projects is a gender analysis. Here, we investigate whether the gender aspect is inclusive and that the project idea has a gender sensitivity and a gender aspect of how the budget is distributed. Here you can see that SIDA is meeting the first step. The step 2 framework presents is not to add programs for women alone, but to integrate a gender perspective into pre-existing programs so that it becomes an important part. This is important to include in the budget to meet the needs of both women and men in the programs. In this study, SIDA states that one should always integrate gender and environmental aspects into all projects one does, regardless of what kind of project it is. Here, you meet what the framework presents, that you integrate gender aspects into the budget in all projects, regardless of the project's purpose. This study did not fill all the steps in the budget as many respondents did not have access to budgeting, but more saw the activities and the project purpose.
This in turn will create difficulties to see if gender mainstream is included in all steps of the annual budget cycle. From SIDA's point of view there could be some lack of gender integration in the other steps, but lack of insight in the budget from the respondent generates in that you cannot guarantee that the gender mainstream is included in every step.
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7.4 Aid Cycle In the aid cycle it is important with the relation between donors and the receiver of the aid. As the analytical framework outlines, every government, aid agency, organization and non-governmental organisation set their agendas and development goals and these does not always align with each other. The Swedish government are the ones that decides on an strategy with target areas that are to work towards in the specific countries. Here the government decides on what the development goals are and what the expected outcomes will be, SIDA then get assigned the task to do the how. The findings show that there are several different objectives that influence what the strategy should target, reports from the field, the goals set by the government of Bangladesh and also interests from Sweden are all influencing the strategy. As the findings show there are 5 targets for Bangladesh and 4 out of those 5 targets specifically mentions women, however there is no mention of women in the target that is about environment and climate change. This is important to note as all the people that have been interviewed for this study have agreed on the fact that women are more vulnerable and more affected by climate change. Yet this is not something that one can understand by reading the environment and climate change target set by the swedish government in the strategy for Bangladesh 2014-2020. SIDA is then to work from that strategy when they distribute funds for projects and to organizations. Even with SIDA having their procedures in order to include a gender aspect in every climate project that they are a part of funding, the targets in the strategy sets the tone for the focus and by not including a gender aspect at this crucial stage could lead to less attention to that area later on as well. Furthermore, the findings show that there is a notion of how gender is easier to forget or argue for it to not be as important within the field of environment and climate change than in other areas where it is more naturally integrated. The findings also show that it is up to every officer to decide when gender experts need to be consulted and included in a climate project, this makes it very dependent on that officers knowledge in the field and how they view a good integration of gender in a project. It is obvious that not every officer can be a expert in every field that SIDA works with and therefore
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the gender experts are of great importance when talking about gender mainstreaming since they can see things that maybe an officer with basic knowledge does not see.
How Sweden will achieve the goals set by the government and what collaborating partners are appropriate to use in the context is up to SIDA to map out and decide. What the findings show from both SIDA and the organisations in Bangladesh is that the requirements to get funding directly from SIDA is very tough which means that it is mainly big organisations that can receive funding. These bigger organisations can then have local implementing partners. The funding that SIDA have distributed can therefore go to smaller organizations, but SIDA do not have much contact with those implementing partners at all. Instead the findings show that is is the organisations that have the agreement with SIDA that have the main responsibility of making sure gender is implemented at all stages. Furthermore, the findings from the organisations in Bangladesh reveal that besides matching the criterias that SIDA has the Government of Bangladesh has to approve any foreign aid that national organisations receive. This can create problems for organisations in Bangladesh because the government can reject proposals.
7.5 Project Cycle The analytical framework presented that projects can address specific gender needs at the local level but have certain limitations. One participant in the interview who worked at SIDA told us that projects in areas around the environment and climate can make gender integration more difficult to implement than in projects that have a major in human rights. The theory claims that projects have limitations in introducing gender integration but that during the seven process steps different tools need to be used to get a gender perspective.
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It is clear from the findings that SIDA could get some gender blind projects on their desk that is climate related. Our analytical framework presents a checklist over current efforts to answer practical gender needs that are relevant. Step one and two, the identification and screening and selection a gender perspective. The main findings in these two step is that respondents from SIDA say that if a gender blind project comes in right from the start, they make sure a gender advisor is engaged and supported with the help of integrating gender perspectives. Unless a gender idea is included in the project, this will not receive funding until the action is implemented. The guidelines from the analytical framework indicates in step 3, 4 and 5 that gender training is required for all personnel included in the program, also, highlight the importance of gender experts participations. To address this in projects, SIDA has developed a gender tool box that aims to train and guide both staff working in the project and SIDA employees. Respondents from the organizations said that they receive training in gender mainstreaming in order to implement and complete this through project time. However, this is not done on a systematic level. Not all employees have enough training and the document that exist is not used to the extent that it should and could be. Step 6, the implementation and step 7 the monitoring/evaluation part, the framework discuss the importance of women's role in the implementation of a program. The findings highlight that they face difficulties to involve women in climate projects overall. The framework describes that women faces difficulties in participating in the projects that our findings support. One of the reasons that the findings states is that women do not have the time. Their primary chores, which are household chores, take care of the children and cooking takes up their days. One conclusion to be drawn is that just as the framework presents, the limit of time for women to participate is a link to their limited mobility and their position in a society that is governed and characterized by male dominance. Making use of the gender mainstream here is the key to gender equality according to the framework. SIDA employees say that they look at the project ideas so that there is an inclusion of women in everything from budget to activities, and than follow up in the project cycle. However, there are difficulties
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in this particular environmental projects to always, at all stages, have a gender mainstream thinking and work from SIDAS direction.
The evaluation process of a project is in the hands of the development cooperation partner of SIDA. To integrate gender into this process, SIDA refer to the gender tool box and their evaluation guide. In relation to the framework, the staff is gendered educated, but as mentioned before, to what extent is the education? More specific gender-oriented education and evaluation is needed to go fully to the point of integrating gender mainstream into the evaluation process and in the whole project process. Here in relation to the framework, SIDA is lacking some of the education part. In all stage of project planning, the framework highlight the importance of gender education. SIDA has the tools, but the findings showed that they don't use the tools in the extent that they can. Hence you can see from SIDA's perspective that there is a shortage when it comes to educating its staff and the organizations on the high importance of using the gender mainstream in environmental projects that SIDA supports.
8. Conclusion
This study has demonstrated that the concept of gender mainstreaming is present in SIDAs assistance work in climate related programs. The research has identified that a gender perspective is included at all stages of the climate related programs, from drafting policies before starting a program until the evaluation after the project time has ended. There is knowledge about the importance of gender mainstreaming within different thematic areas and areas of expertise. It is very clear that gender is an important aspect within SIDA and that the Feminist Foreign policy have been helpful when advocating for gender equality abroad. However, the research also shows that there are flaws in the system when working with gender mainstreaming. As a first step it shows that on the political level with the swedish government there is a lack of inclusion of gender
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in the environment target in the strategy for Bangladesh which then can have an affect on how SIDA work with environment, climate change and gender. It is clear that the integration of gender could be improved and that the level of gender integration is depending on the officers. There are tool boxes that exist as a help to integrate gender but it is also up to every officer to make sure to use those and decide when and if it is needed to contact a gender advisor for drafting proposals together with organisations.
What we also found was that gender does not come as naturally when talking about environment and climate change as it does with democracy or human rights for example. One step forward for SIDA could be to always include gender advisors in projects to make sure that their expertise is used as gender equality is not just a goal in itself but it is also of great importance in order to reach other development goals set by the Swedish government, the government of Bangladesh and the international community.
Some critique for the study is primary that the limited amount of interviews in the study is not enough to generalize the findings. However, the research has identify some aspects in SIDAs work with gender mainstream that could contribute for future research. A study in which more respondents could have participated in would've been if the research is based on more climate related projects and not just one project in Bangladesh that this study used. This could resulted in more respondents that have expertise in the field being able to participate. However, this study as a base in the field of how gender mainstream is implemented and used in Swedish development work and how it is taking into account in climate related project, not just in Bangladesh.
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9. Bibliography
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Alston, M. (2013). Gender Mainstreaming And Climate Change. Women's Studies International Forum. Monash University
Asian development bank, (2008). Overview Of NGOs And Civil Society, Bangladesh. Dhaka: BRAC Centre. Bryman, A. (2011). Samhällsvetenskapliga Metoder . 2nd ed. Malmö: Liber, pp.341-445.
Call, M. and Sellers, S. (2019). How Does Gendered Vulnerability Shape The Adoption And Impact Of Sustainable Livelihood Interventions In An Era Of Global Climate Change? Washington: IOP Publishing Ltd. Contestabile, M. (2012). Women and climate change. Nature Climate Change volume 2.
Denton, F. (2010). Climate Change Vulnerability, Impacts, And Adaptation: Why Does Gender Matter? Gender and Development, volume 10: 2, pp.10-20. Eckstein, D., Künzel, V., Schäfer, L., Winges, M. (2019). GLOBAL CLIMATE RISK INDEX 2020 Who Suffers Most from Extreme Weather Events? Weather-Related Loss Events in 2018 and 1999 to 2018. Germanwatch e.V. Bonn
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Huq, S. (2001). Climate Change and Bangladesh. Science, volume 294. Washington
Momtaz, S. and Shameem, M. (2015). Experiencing Climate Change In Bangladesh : Vulnerability And Adaptation In Coastal Regions. Elsevier Science & Technology, pp.2-25.
Moser, C. and Moser, A. (2010). Gender Mainstreaming Since Beijing: A Review Of Success And Limitations In International Institutions. Gender and Development, volume 13:2, pp.11-22.
Mukhopadhyay, M. (2013). MAINSTREAMING GENDER OR RECONSTITUTING THE MAINSTREAM? GENDER KNOWLEDGE IN DEVELOPMENT. International Development, volume 26:3 Nelson, V., Meadows, K., Cannon, T., Morton, J. and Martin, A., (2010). Uncertain Predictions, Invisible Impacts, And The Need To Mainstream Gender In Climate Change Adaptations. Gender and Development, volume 10:2 Rahman, S (2013). Climate Change, Disaster and Gender Vulnerability: A study on Two Divisions of Bangladesh. American Journal of Human Ecology, volume 2:2, 2013, pp.72-82
Resurrección, B.P., Bee, B.A., Dankelman, I., Park, C.M.Y, Halder, M., & McMullen, C.P. (2019). Gender-transformative climate change adaptation: advancing social equity. Rotterdam and Washington, DC Roggeband, C. (2013). GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN DUTCH DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION: THE DIALECTICS OF PROGRESS. International Development, volume 26:3.
SIDA, (2015). Gender Tool Box; Gender Mainstreaming. [Online]. Available at; https://www.sida.se/contentassets/9d450477fa6b49be81a77ded3c2e474a/gender -tool-mainstreaming.pdf [Accessed 2020-04-15]
SIDA, (2016). Gender Tool Box; Gender and the environment. [Online]. Available at; https://www.sida.se/contentassets/0b57532e484543199b0485c0984d731a/gende r_and_environment.pdf [Accessed 2020-04-25]
SIDA, (2018) Strategier för svenskt bistånd. [Online]. Available at; https://www.sida.se/Svenska/Om-oss/Sa-styrs-vi/Policyer-och-strategier/ [Accessed 2020-06-07]
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SIDA, (2019a). Utvecklingssamarbete i Bangladesh. [Online]. Available at; https://www.sida.se/Svenska/lander/Asien/Bangladesh/Vart-arbete-i-Bangladesh / [Accessed 2020-05-29]
SIDA, (2019b). Environmental Integration at Sida: The short version. [Online]. Available at; https://www.sida.se/contentassets/f3ac8ddc7ac742bd8129e214bd45e327/enviro nmental_integration_at_sida.pdf [Accessed 2020-05-02]
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Tanjeela, M. and Rutherford, S. (2018). The Influence Of Gender Relations On Women’S Involvement And Experience In Climate Change Adaptation Programs In Bangladesh. SAGE Open. Taylor, V. (1999). Gender Mainstreaming In Development Planning A Re F Erence Manual For Governments And Other Stakeholders. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.
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Appendix
1. Interview guides
1.1 Interview guide, organizations in Bangladesh
Introduction; Hi and thank you for taking the time for this interview, we really appreciate it. We are entering our final semester at Peace and Development Program at Linnaeus University here in Växjö and are now writing our Bachelor thesis. Our research is to identify gender mainstreaming in Swedish assistance from SIDA for climate projects in Bangladesh. We want to see how gender mainstreaming is implemented from start to finish, All the way from Sweden to the developing programs in Bangladesh. It is voluntary to participate in the interview and to answer the questions. You can terminate your participation at any time and all names will be anonymized in this study. Later on, the thesis will be read by us authors, opponents, examiners, and other stakeholders. When the thesis is approved it will be uploaded on a student website for thesis work. All information provided in this interview is dedicated to this study and will not be used for any other purpose. Before we start we just want to ask if it is okay for us to record our conversation, the recording will be used to easily analyze the material but will be deleted after the thesis has passed. Do you have any questions before we start?
Intro-questions: 1. What’s your position in the organization? 2. How long have you been working at (org name)? 3. For how long have you been working with these kinds of questions? (ex climate)
Category 1. Gender mainstreaming ● According to your expertise, would you say that social norms and rules are an obstacle to women's involvement in climate work? - if yes, please develop how you view these structures and unwritten rules
Category 2 Macro policy/sector policy cycle
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● What are your thoughts about women’s position in climate work in Bangladesh? Is this vision supported by other actors, such as SIDA? the government?
Category 3 Budget cycle
● With your expertise in mind, how would you say that women's involvement in the climate issue favors or hinders work?
Category 4 Aid cycle
● How does the use of gender experts look like in the planning of projects? - Do you have your own gender experts in your organization? ● You receive funds from MJF that get funding from SIDA, what do your contact with SIDA look like? Do you get any support from advisors? ● When receiving Swedish aid, from your experience, what are the demands for including women? ● Do you think Sweden as an aid country needs to take more responsibility? - if yes, develop. ● Can you see differences between how men and women adapt to climate change? If so, which ones?
Category 5 Project cycle ● How many women compared to men generally take part in your projects? - From your experience, why do you think it looks like that? ● Why is it important to include men in the projects? ● How does the evaluation process of a project look like? ● What challenges do you need to overcome to reach out to women and make them participate in the project? How do you overcome these challenges? ● From your own words, as the last question, What do you think needs to be doing in developing work here in Bangladesh to include women more? if there is something that is on your mind
Finish: Thank you for your time, Is there anything you want to add? or do you have any questions?
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We just want to remind you of the information we gave in the beginning, It is voluntary to participate in the interview and to answer the questions. You can terminate your participation at any time and all names will be anonymized in this study. This thesis will be read by our authors, opponents, examiners, and other stakeholders. When the thesis is approved it will be uploaded on a student website for thesis work.§ All information provided in this interview is dedicated to this study and will not be used for any other purpose. If you know anyone else that you think could be interesting for us and this study, please let us know, we would be grateful.
Thanks again for your time!
1.2 Interview guide SIDA
Inledning: Hej och tack för att du ställer upp på denna intervju, det uppskattas väldigt mycket. Vi går vår sista termin på Freds- och utvecklingsprogrammet vid Linnéuniversitetet i Växjö och skriver nu vår kandidatuppsats. Vi undersöker gender mainstreaming i svenskt bistånd från SIDA till klimatprojekt i Bangladesh. Vi vill se hur gender mainstreaming implementeras från start till slut, från svensk myndighet ner till projektnivå i Bangladesh. Det är frivilligt att ställa upp på intervjun och man kan alltid välja att inte svara på frågor samt att man får avbryta sin medverkan när som helst. Namn kommer att anonymiseras i studien. Uppsatsen kommer sedan att läsas av oss som studenter, opponenter, examinatorer samt att när uppsatsen är godkänt kommer det att laddas upp på en studentportal för examensarbeten. Vi kommer även att lämna den vidare till intressenter som deltagit i studien. All information som lämnas i denna intervjun är tillägnad denna studien och kommer inte användas till något annat. Innan vi börjar vill vi fråga om det är okej att vi spelar in vårt samtal, inspelningen kommer att användas när vi analyserar material men kommer sedan att raderas.
Inledningsfrågor
Vad är din roll på SIDA?
Hur länge har du jobbat på SIDA?
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Kategori 1. Gender mainstreaming Det finns mycket forskning och många undersökningar som visar på att kvinnor är mer utsatta än män när det kommer till klimatförändringarna; ● Hur uppfattar du att SIDA inkluderar det här i sitt arbete? ● Utifrån din erfarenhet i vilken utsträckning är sociala normer och regler ett hinder för kvinnors deltagande i klimatarbetet? ● Vilka utmaningar finns det i att få kvinnor att engagera sig i klimatprojekt? ● - Blir jämställdhet en naturlig del av klimatarbete och projekt eller är det en lins som alltid måste läggas på? - I så fall hur arbetar man med det?
Kategori 2 Macro policy/Sector policy ● År 2014 antog Sverige en feministisk utrikespolitik, hur tror du att detta har influerat ditt arbete med frågor om gender i klimatfrågor? - Om ja, nämn några konkreta exempel på hur arbetet kan ha förändrats sen 2014. ● I vilken utsträckning används rådgivare för gender i era klimatprojekt? -Finns det projekt som är helt gender-neutral?
Kategori 3. Annual budget cycle ● Utefter din erfarenhet, hur ser er budgetplanering ut när ni budgeterar för olika program och projekt? ● Finns det verktyg för att integrera olika behov som är genusrelaterade? - om ja, vilka? ● När man går in i OpenAid och kollar på Sveriges bistånd till Bangladesh, Så har miljöskydd en ganska liten del av budgeten till Bangladesh. Hur ser du på detta?
Kategori 4 Aid cycle ● Miljö och klimatförändringarna är en del som ska integreras i SIDAs alla projekt, hur upplever du att man uppnår det målet? ● Hur ser kraven ut på en organisation för att få direkt stöd från SIDA?
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● Olika länder har olika behov av insatser, vem sätter agendan för vilka insatser som behövs? ● När SIDA finansierar miljöprojekt som har samarbetsorganisationer, Hur ser kontakten ut mellan er på SIDA och dessa organisationerna? - Måste ni på SIDA godkänna dessa parter? - Hur kan SIDA se till att dessa parter implementerar Gender mainstreaming i deras arbete?
Kategori 5 Project cycle ● Vad är det största utmaningarna för klimatarbete i Bangladesh? - Hur/med vilka arbetar man med detta? ● När man kollar på lokal nivå, hur tycker du att förståelsen för att inkludera kvinnor i klimatprojekt är? - vänligen utveckla. ● Vad tror du man kan göra med hjälp av organisationer på plats i Bangladesh för att skapa jämställdhet? ● Utifrån din egen erfarenhet, hur tycker du att SIDA ser till att pågående projekt implementerar gender genom hela projekttiden? ● Vilket stöd kan SIDA erbjuda till klimatprojekt och organisationer för att implementera Gender mainstreaming?
Avslut: Tack igen för er tid. Vi uppskattar det. Vi vill återigen påminna om att ni får avsluta er medverkan på studien när ni vill och att ni även kommer bli anonyma. Informationen i denna intervju är enbart tillägnad till att vara en del av denna studie. Om det dyker upp frågor eller funderingar, är det bara att höra av sig eller om ni har något nytt att tillägga. Tack igen för er medverkan!
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2. Presentation of interviewees
Name Location Experience Male/female within the field
Interview SIDA Approximately Female person 1 20 years
Interview Organisation Approximately Female person 2 in Bangladesh 16–17 years
Interview Organisation Approximately Male person 3 in Bangladesh 30 years
Interview SIDA Approximately Female person 4 18 years
Interview Organisation Approximately Male person 5 in Bangladesh 40 years
Interview Organisation Approximately Male person 6 in Bangladesh 30 years
Interview Organisation Approximately Male person 7 Bangladesh 10 years
Interview SIDA Approximately Female person 8 23 years
Interview SIDA Approximately Female person 9 11 years
Interview SIDA Approximately Male
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person 10 28 years
Interview SIDA Approximately Female person 11 14 years
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