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Karl Andree's Globus Popularizing the World: Karl Andree’s Globus KIRSTEN BELGUM UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN In April 1836, a young man from Braunschweig wrote to Rudolf Vieweg, one of the major publishers of that city,to submit the first part of his translation of an American text. Knowing it might not be accepted, he concluded his letter with an invitation: «Sollten Sie einmal wieder ein ausländisches Werk übertragen lassen,» the letter writer would guarantee, «daß ich es so schnell und elegant übertragen werde, wie irgend einer in Deutschland; denn ich bin kein Neuling in solchen Arbeiten» (Andree, Letter). This offer is repre- sentative of the energy and creativity of Karl Andree (1808 – 75) who, over the next few decades, would have a notable impact on the type and amount of knowledge about the world distributed in Germany.The story of Andree and his successful periodical Globus (published from 1862 to 1910) suggests that the increase in travel itself was only one factor in the rapid expansion of travel writing in the nineteenth century.1 The role of translators, editors, publishers, and the networks of borrowing and recycling that they created were central to the ways in which travel and travel writing spread across Europe and presented ever more perspectives on life around the globe. In recent decades excellent research has been conducted on the significant increase in the writing, publication, and consumption of texts (both factual and fictional) about far-flung places in the world in the nineteenth century. Some of the best scholarship has been dedicated to uncovering dominant European cultural and racial prejudices that lay at the base of much travel and travel writing. Mary Louise Pratt’s discussion of Humboldt’s «empty landscapes» has demonstrated perhaps only one of the more benign examples of Western blind spots. Suzanne Zantop and Russell Berman have written compellingly (albeit in different ways) about the power of colonial imagina- tion in the German tradition, even prior to the development of an organized colonial movement in Germany. Similarly, and more recently, scholars who Open Access Download von der Narr Francke Attempto Verlag eLibrary am 25.09.2021 um 10:43 Uhr have drawn on articles from the nascent geographical press, including Karl Andree’s Globus, have focused on the presentation of idyllic and paradisiacal fantasies about Pacific islanders, on colonial discourses about Africa, and on the pan-German national ideology regarding «Auslandsdeutsche» (Dür- beck; Naranch 2005; Naranch 2011). Given Andree’s racialist views this scholarship makes an important contribution to the study of nineteenth- century European cultural history.2 246 Kirsten Belgum As significant as these studies are, they do not tell us about the processes by which these nineteenth-century views of the world were disseminated.Travel writing deserves attention not only for the «themes» and «attitudes» it reveals, but also for how it exposes the way in which a new publishing sector emerged and presented the world to German readers. Uncovering the publishing practices of one major mediator of works about the world from this period paints a complicated picture of the various dynamics at work in the second half of the nineteenth century as travel writing came into its own. This article focuses on Andree’s Globus from an institutional rather than a content-based vantage point. Andree was both a product of and a novel participant in this development. As a talented and well-connected publicist who had studied geography,Andree was ideally positioned to present reports about the world to a large segment of the population. And yet, commercial pressures on the popular press also played a role in what appeared in print. The need to attract and keep a loyal readership contributed to the impulse to sensationalize. The demand for ever-more and ever-new material led to borrowing from other sources that at times resulted in composite articles, editing shortcuts, and, in some cases misleading, if not deceptive reporting. This important aspect of disseminating geographical knowledge, which can only be accessed through comparative study, is the subject of the present article. Globus distinguished itself from existing German geographical periodicals in being intended for a mainstream readership. As Andree pointed out in the foreword to the magazine’s first volume, Germany already had valuable scholarly geographical journals;3 his goal was to popularize knowledge about the world. Beginning in 1862 Globus appeared in bi-monthly issues, each thirty-two pages in length. From the first volume, the periodical presented articles in non-technical, descriptive language that covered all parts of the world, from China to Brazil, from Oregon to Madagascar. Each issue began with a set of in-depth articles, from six to twelve pages long and often serialized. These were followed by shorter notes about curiosities and cultural or geographical detail. Each issue ended with notes about trade, transportation, and other statistical information, also from all corners of the Open Access Download von der Narr Francke Attempto Verlag eLibrary am 25.09.2021 um 10:43 Uhr globe. In order to inform a generally educated reader, Andree was convinced that his periodical should include illustrations: «[B]ildliche Darstellungen [. .] sind geeignet, das Natur- und Völkerleben uns sinnlich nahe zu rücken, sie vermitteln eine klare Anschauung vieler Gegenstände, welche sich vermöge der Schrift nur andeutungsweise schildern lassen; der Text ergänzt die Bilder und diese ergänzen jenen» (Globus 1 (1862): iii). Illustrations would also make the publication more appealing. Popularizing the World: Karl Andree’s Globus 247 Open Access Download von der Narr Francke Attempto Verlag eLibrary am 25.09.2021 um 10:43 Uhr Illustr. 1: Title page of a bi-monthly issue of Globus (1871) 248 Kirsten Belgum Andree’s plan worked. Within a few years, he was pleased to announce not only that his magazine was thriving, but also that it was being used in schools as an educational resource.4 Andree’s model did not emerge in a vacuum, however. In fact, Globus was the product of a perfect storm. This confluence of forces included the emerging field of geographical study, the rise of the periodical press, and previous successful and transnational experiments that combined image and text. The man at the center of Globus, Karl Theodor Andree, studied geography as well as history under leading scholars of the 1820s, including Karl Ritter, considered one of the founders of scientific geography in Germany, and Alexander von Humboldt, the noted traveler and naturalist. Andree com- pleted his dissertation by age 22 in 1830, but due to his participation in the Burschenschaft movement he was denied the opportunity to write his habilitation in Tübingen and to pursue an academic career.5 As a result, his early publications were not scholarly works, but rather adaptations of foreign books, such as a version of a French work on Poland in 1831, and translations of works on the United States, including the letters of Achilles Murat in 1833 and Captain G. Back’s travels in 1836. This experience led Andree to produce a school textbook on geography, Lehrbuch der allge- meinen Erdkunde für höhere Gymnasial- und Realklassen, sowie für Hauslehrer und zum Selbstunterricht (1836). By age 28, married and in need of a profession and a steadier source of income, Andree turned to journalism. For a decade he edited daily newspapers first in Mainz, then in Karlsruhe, Cologne, and Bremen before taking over the Deutsche Reichs- zeitung back in Braunschweig, published by Rudolf Vieweg. Andree’s writing and work as editor for various papers exposed him to the growing industrial enterprise of the Ruhr region and the international trade center of Bremen, where he returned in the early 1850s to edit two periodicals: first, Das Westland, Magazin für Kunde amerikanischer Ver- hältnisse (1852 – 54), and then the Bremer Handelsblatt. These experiences affected his focus and expanded his network of connections around the world (R. Andree 6 – 8). These connections would serve him well in his continued work, alongside his journalistic career, as a prolific disseminator (adaptor, Open Access Download von der Narr Francke Attempto Verlag eLibrary am 25.09.2021 um 10:43 Uhr translator, complier, and editor) of foreign works for German readers. Andree’s breakthrough came in 1851 when he published Nord-Amerika in geographischen and geschichtlichen Umrissen. It appeared in serial form and included material ranging from summaries of recent excavations of mounds built by early inhabitants of the continent to demographic and business statistics from various regions of the United States. Nord-Amerika was to a great extent based on American works that a German lawyer and lay Popularizing the World: Karl Andree’s Globus 249 historian in New York, Hermann E. Ludewig, sent to Andree over the years. It eventually reached a length of over 800 pages and was successful enough to warrant a second edition within three years. Between 1855 and 1861 Andree edited five more works on other regions of the world: Mongolia and Tibet, China, Argentina, Mecca and Medina, and Eastern Africa. His extensive experience in compiling sources, editing, publishing, and working in the periodical press would eventually contribute to the creation of Globus, but his connections to seminal institutions in the field of geography were also central to the conceptualization and creation of that periodical. Beginning in 1853, Andree became a contributing author to and was listed, along with the major names in the field, as a co-editor of the Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Erdkunde, the main organ of the Berliner Gesellschaft für Erdkunde that had been founded by Ritter. By 1862 Andree was a corresponding member of the Imperial and Royal Geographical Society in Vienna, of the Nature Society in Wetterau, of a language and literature society in Brussels, and of the Natural History Society of Buenos Aires.
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