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TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION J (----- ( July 1993 )
If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. , ------ l' ,J .,~ " \; .c I, ~.. 2t . · I '~i t ". ,tt:1~ •. - I I I BASIC COU·RSE INSTRUCTOR j "· I " j • 1 UNI'T GUIDE I i ~----------------------~ i : h).~ J r: .... I ( 29 ) I \1 i TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION J (----- ( July 1993 ) 144216 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the • person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this doc~ment ~re those o,f t,he authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or poliCies of the National Institute of Justice, Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been granted by California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permission of the copyright owner, /\ THiS COMMDSSiON . .' ~':) • 'ON PIEACIE OfFICER STANDARDS AND> lRAt£\H~.G .: • This unit of instruction is designed as a guideline for performance objective-based law enforcement basic training. It is part of the POST Basic Course guidelines system developed by California law enforcement trainers and criminal justice educators for the California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training. This guide is designed to assist the instructor in developing an appropriate lesson plan to cover the performance objectives which are required as minimum content of the Basic Course. • • • II UNIT GUIDE 29 II TABLE OF CONTENTS u.ming Poruin 21 Tratfie Accident InvestigaIJon Page Exercises 9.14.1 Traffic Collision Investigation ......................... -
Pavement Skid-Resistance Measurements and Analysis in The
Pavement Skid Resistance Measurement and Analysis in the Forensic Context C.C.O.Marks Pavement Skid Resistance Measurement and Analysis in the Forensic Context Christopher C. O’N. Marks Managing Director, Marks and Associates Limited ABSTRACT Skid resistance measurement and analysis is now a routine procedure in motor vehicle crash analysis. In fact it was one of the earliest investigative and analytical tools used for this work. Many different measurement methods are in common use, including: visual estimation assisted by friction tables; various dragged devices with friction force measurement and instrumented vehicle skid-to-rest testing, the last having become the preferred alternative for many investigators over the past decade or so. The skid resistance measurement devices at present commonly used by traffic engineers for pavement condition monitoring and maintenance intervention, such as SCRIM, ROAR, Griptester and the British Pendulum, are only rarely used for forensic purposes in New Zealand although in some other countries these may be applied as a routine procedure during crash-scene investigations. The interpretation and analysis of the results obtained by skid resistance measurement in the forensic context may seem to be an obvious process but it is not always straightforward. Uncertainties exist and there is considerable scope for fundamental error. The latter is of significant concern, given the potential adverse consequences of an analyst presenting flawed expert testimony in Court. This paper examines the most common skid resistance measuring methods used for forensic purposes and discusses the interpretation and analysis of the results obtained, the uncertainties involved and the expression of expert opinion in Court. -
Performance Analysis of Constant Speed Local Abstacle Avoidance Controller Using a MPC Algorithym on Granular Terrain Nicholas Haraus Marquette University
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Master's Theses (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Performance Analysis of Constant Speed Local Abstacle Avoidance Controller Using a MPC Algorithym on Granular Terrain Nicholas Haraus Marquette University Recommended Citation Haraus, Nicholas, "Performance Analysis of Constant Speed Local Abstacle Avoidance Controller Using a MPC Algorithym on Granular Terrain" (2017). Master's Theses (2009 -). 443. http://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/443 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A CONSTANT SPEED LOCAL OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE CONTROLLER USING A MPC ALGORITHM ON GRANULAR TERRAIN by Nicholas Haraus, B.S.M.E. A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Milwaukee, Wisconsin December 2017 ABSTRACT PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A CONSTANT SPEED LOCAL OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE CONTROLLER USING A MPC ALGORITHM ON GRANULAR TERRAIN Nicholas Haraus, B.S.M.E. Marquette University, 2017 A Model Predictive Control (MPC) LIDAR-based constant speed local obstacle avoidance algorithm has been implemented on rigid terrain and granular terrain in Chrono to examine the robustness of this control method. Provided LIDAR data as well as a target location, a vehicle can route itself around obstacles as it encounters them and arrive at an end goal via an optimal route. This research is one important step towards eventual implementation of autonomous vehicles capable of navigating on all terrains. Using Chrono, a multibody physics API, this controller has been tested on a complex multibody physics HMMWV model representing the plant in this study. A penalty-based DEM approach is used to model contacts on both rigid ground and granular terrain. -
Mitas Tires – Designed to Perform in Your Fields
AGRICULTURAL RADIAL TIRES Mitas Tires – DESIGNED TO PERFORM IN YOUR FIELDS • Product Information • Warranty Policy • Service After the Sale www.mitasag.com A TECHNOLOGY FOR TECHNOLOGY Agricultural technology is evolving rapidly, and today’s high-horsepower tractors and combines demand tires that can keep up with the pace. That’s why Mitas is committed to providing advanced radial tires to ensure your farming operation is expertly outfitted from the ground up. If your tires aren’t up to speed with your machinery, you may experience: • Subpar machine performance • Decreased productivity • Increased operating costs • Suboptimal crop yields • Lost profits EXPERTISE MEANS EVERYTHING Given the high stakes and rewards of your operation, would you rather buy your tires from a manufacturer that dabbles in agriculture or one that focuses all its resources solely on agricultural and off-road tires? At Mitas, agriculture alone accounts for 70 percent of our global business. When you purchase Mitas premium-grade agricultural radial tires, you can be confident they are engineered and manufactured to exacting standards for superior quality, durability and performance. 1 Table of Contents Tire applications .............................................................................3 List of tire sizes ...............................................................................5 SuperFlexionTire (SFT) .................................................................7 Combine drive tires: AC 70 H / G / N and SuperFlexionTire (SFT) .................................................. -
Estimation of Tire-Road Friction for Road Vehicles: a Time Delay Neural Network Approach
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Estimation of Tire-Road Friction for Road Vehicles: a Time Delay Neural Network Approach Alexandre M. Ribeiro · Alexandra Moutinho · Andr´eR. Fioravanti · Ely C. de Paiva Received: date / Accepted: date Abstract The performance of vehicle active safety sys- different road surfaces and driving maneuvers to verify tems is dependent on the friction force arising from the effectiveness of the proposed estimation method. the contact of tires and the road surface. Therefore, an The results are compared with a classical approach, a adequate knowledge of the tire-road friction coefficient model-based method modeled as a nonlinear regression. is of great importance to achieve a good performance Keywords Road friction estimation Artificial neural of different vehicle control systems. This paper deals · networks Recursive least squares Vehicle safety with the tire-road friction coefficient estimation prob- · · · Road vehicles lem through the knowledge of lateral tire force. A time delay neural network (TDNN) is adopted for the pro- posed estimation design. The TDNN aims at detecting 1 Introduction road friction coefficient under lateral force excitations avoiding the use of standard mathematical tire models, One of the primary challenges of vehicle control is that which may provide a more efficient method with robust the source of force generation is strongly limited by the results. Moreover, the approach is able to estimate the available friction between the tire tread elements and road friction at each wheel independently, instead of the road. In order to better understand vehicle handling using lumped axle models simplifications. -
Summer, All-Season and Winter Tyres 2018 Passenger Car and Van
SUMMER, ALL-SEASON AND WINTER TYRES 2018 PASSENGER CAR AND VAN SPORTY. STRONG. SAFE! Viking. A brand of Continental. SUMMER TYRES 2018 SPORTY. STRONG. SAFE! Viking is a brand of Continental, developed in Germany and manufactured in Europe. With more than 80 years of experience ProTech HP CityTech II TransTech II as a European tyre manufacturer and the continuous further development of For middle-class vehicles For compact- and For transporter our products in state-of-the-art develop- and executive cars. middle-class cars. and vans. ment centres, Viking stands for cutting- edge technology. Convincing ALL-SEASON & WINTER TYRES 2017/18 quality features Sporty: Outstanding performance, even for powerful vehicles Strong: Durable products which deliver even in demanding conditions FourTech FourTech Van WinTech WinTech Van Safe: For compact- and For transporter For compact- and For transporter Reliable protection due to state-of-the- middle-class cars. and vans. middle-class cars. and vans. art technology 2 3 ProTech HP The UHP tyre CityTech II The compact tyre The well balanced high performance tyre The CityTech II is an economical attractive tyre with sporting capabilities. with low rolling resistance and high mileage. For middle-class vehicles and executive cars. For compact-class and middle-class vehicles. Technical highlights Technical highlights Exemplary handling in dry conditions. Improved protection against aquaplaning. The closed outer shoulder of the tyre increases the The modern lateral groove system in the tread transverse rigidity and enlarges the area in contact grooves means that water is effectively channelled with the road. This results in exemplary handling in from the contact area in the middle to the large dry conditions and improves the transfer of forces, circumferential grooves. -
VTI Rapport 971A Published 2021 Vti.Se/Publications
The effect of water and snow on the road surface on rolling resistance Annelie Carlson Tiago Vieira VTI rapport 971A Published 2021 vti.se/publications VTI rapport 971 A The effect of water and snow on the road surface on rolling resistance Annelie Carlson Tiago Vieira Author: Annelie Carlson, VTI, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8957-8727 Tiago Vieira, VTI, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-6031 Reg.No.: 2016/0589-9.1 Publication: VTI rapport 971A Published by VTI, 2021 Publikationsuppgifter – Publication Information Titel/Title Effekten på rullmotstånd av vatten och snö på vägytan/The effect of water and snow on the road surface on rolling resistance Författare/Author Annelie Carlson, Linköpings Universitet, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8957-8727 Tiago Vieira, VTI, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-6031 Utgivare/Publisher VTI, Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut/ Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) www.vti.se/ Serie och nr/Publication No. VTI rapport 971A Utgivningsår/Published 2021 VTI:s diarienr/Reg. No., VTI 2016/0589-9.1 ISSN 0347–6030 Projektnamn/Project State-of-the-art om påverkan av vatten och snö på rullmotstånd/State-of-the-art om påverkan av vatten och snö på rullmotstånd Uppdragsgivare/Commissioned by Trafikverket/Swedish Transport Administration Språk/Language Engelska/English Antal sidor inkl. bilagor/No. of pages incl. appendices 43 VTI rapport 971A 3 Sammanfattning Effekten på rullmotstånd av vatten och snö på vägytan av Annelie Carlson (VTI) och Tiago Vieira (VTI) Rullmotstånd uppkommer vid interaktionen mellan vägyta och däck och utgör en del av det färdmotstånd som ett fordon behöver överkomma för att röra sig framåt. -
The Effect of the Tractor Tires Load on the Ground Loading Pressure
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS Volume 65 165 Number 5, 2017 https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765051607 THE EFFECT OF THE TRACTOR TIRES LOAD ON THE GROUND LOADING PRESSURE Lukáš Renčín1, Adam Polcar1, František Bauer1 1 Department of Technology and Automobile Transport, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic Abstract RENČÍN LUKÁŠ, POLCAR ADAM, BAUER FRANTIŠEK. 2017. The Effect of the Tractor Tires Load on the Ground Loading Pressure. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 65(5): 1607 – 1614. The contribution, based on the experimental measurement, analyses the issue of a specific pad loading pressure in relation to radial wheel load and tire inflation. Tile inflation in terms of allowed radial load, which we wish to be high as far as possible in terms of the power transmission from the wheels to the ground is important for the field tensile works, on the other hand, the pressure in the tire is closely related to the contact area and ground loading pressure. The obtained results show the following: Michelin Multibib 650/65 R38 tire, inflated to a pressure of 80 kPa has a sufficient reserve in radial load. As the measurement results show, ground loading pressure at the highest load of 36.55 kN, which was used during the measurement, is under the value of 100 kPa, which would mean on loamy soil at a humidity of 17 % that the limit of the ground pressure on the ground has not been exceeded. Keywords: stress transmission, tire inflation pressure, area of imprint, pressure in area of imprint layer. -
The Crime Scene
11/18/2013 Got Cars? Demonstrative Evidence & Visual Trial Theory Investigation & Prosecution of Vehicular Homicides Warren Diepraam Montgomery County District Attorney’s Office Vehicular Crimes Cases The Crime Scene • High Profile • Highly Emotional • Location? • Highly Likeable Defendants • Move Along? • High Degree of Expertise • Cleared Scene? • Highly Complicated • Police Attitudes? Question? • Evidence? What Evidence? No, Really! What Evidence? • Photos • 911 Calls • Maps • Medical Records • Photos • Diagrams • Autopsy • Charts • Insurance Records • Measurements • Reconstruction • Receipts • Cars • SFSTs • GPS Data • Phones • Blood Evidence • Dispatch Recordings • OnStar / AAA Roadside • Blood • Videos • Civil Documents • Cell Phones • Social Media • Internet Posting • Social Media • Statements • Doctor’s Records 1 11/18/2013 Got the Evidence –Now What? Learning Types • Demonstrative Evidence vs. Exhibits • Kinetic Learners = 5% • Predicates • Auditory Learners = 30% • Rules of Evidence • Visual Learners = 65% Kinetic • Publishing & Presenting 5% –Trial Fusion (www.trialfusion.net) Auditory –PowerPoint 30% Visual 65% • Consider . Visual Learners Introduction ‐ Visual Facts You MUST Make It Visual! Sounds Fun, But . • We Don’t Have the Equipment. – Forfeiture Funds? – Grants? – MADD or Other Organizations – Beg, Borrow, or Buy Your Own – Go “old school” and blow it up! = WINNING! 2 11/18/2013 When You Can –Bring It In! Photos –Key Points • Quantity? • Quality? • Get there Fast! • All the Evidence. • Think Outside the Box. • Consider the Defenses. Good Photo of Damage Better Photo of Damage Good Photo of Scene Good Photo of Scene 3 11/18/2013 Better Photo of Scene Better Photo of Scene Some Beer… Wine Cooler… 4 11/18/2013 Still Cold… Here’s Why DNA On the driver’s seat . and the wheel. -
Chapter 1. Tuning of Iveco Stralis Multibody Model in Adams/Car 14
POLITECNICO DI TORINO MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Master’s Degree Course in Automotive Engineering Master’s Degree Thesis EXPERIMENTAL-NUMERICAL COMFORT ANALYSIS OF A HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE Academic supervisors: Prof. Mauro VELARDOCCHIA Prof. Enrico GALVAGNO Company supervisor: Dott. Vladi Massimo NOSENZO Student: Michele GALFRE’ ACADEMIC YEAR 2018–2019 Index INDEX ............................................................................................................................................. 2 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 4 PICTURE INDEX .......................................................................................................................... 5 TABLE INDEX ............................................................................................................................. 10 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 11 THE COMPANY ..................................................................................................................... 12 IVECO STRALIS ..................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 1. TUNING OF IVECO STRALIS MULTIBODY MODEL IN ADAMS/CAR 14 1.1 POSITIONING ................................................................................................................... 15 1.2 -
HVE Data Inputs Based on Testing for a Wet Pavement Accident Involving an Intercity Bus and an SUV
WP#2005-1 HVE Data Inputs Based on Testing for a Wet Pavement Accident Involving an Intercity Bus and an SUV Lawrence E. Jackson, PE, MS, ACTAR, David Rayburn, Dan Walsh, PE, Jennifer Russert, National Transportation Safety Board and David Gents, George A. Tapia, Vincent M. Paolini General Dynamics Tire Research Facility ABSTRACT speeds, and with different water depths. The surface used on the TIRF was This paper will discuss the technique validated with the ASTM ribbed and used to simulate a wet pavement smooth tires. The results of these tire accident. It will discuss the weather tests are presented. Finally, the data data, the environment data and the inputs for the surface friction factors and surface friction inputs and the bus tire the tire in-use factors will be discussed. friction inputs used for an HVE SIMON(1)1 loss-of-control simulation on INTRODUCTION wet pavement. By knowing the rain intensity, texture, drainage path length In 2002, the National Highway Traffic and cross slope of the pavement, it could Safety Administration (NHTSA) be determined that the surface was reported that there were 2,981 fatal flooded. The surface was documented crashes, 207,000 injury crashes, and with an ASTM skid trailer using a 479,000 property damage only (pdo) treaded and a smooth tire. This data crashes when rain was reported(2). This showed that for smooth tires the friction represents 7.8% of the fatal crashes, changed both longitudinally every 0.1- 10.7% of the injury crashes and 11.0% mile and laterally between wheel paths, of the pdo crashes. -
Tire-Pavement Friction Coefficients
d........Tehia eot ... IEPVMN RCINCEFCET IX% r. .... Api.17 K 7 TechnicalAVAReotTR-AEMIENT FRICIONER COMCIN Sprored by h ~ ,~NAVLFACLTENIERINGCOMMAN 1 or fHFeder alnifor&enial Information Springfield, Va. 22151 This document ha been approved for public release and sia; its distribution is unlimited. TIRE-PAVEMENT FRICTION COEFFICIENTS Technical Report R-672 Y-F01 5-20-01-012 by Hisao Tomita A ABSTRACT An investigation consisting mainly of a literature review and a review of current research done outside NCEL was conducted to determine the and Marine o methods needed to provide safe, skid-resistant surfaces on Navy Corps airfield pavements. Much of the information reported herein serves to update the information contained in NCEL Technical Report R-303. or example, new information is included on friction-measuring methods, corre- lation of the measuring methods, factors affecting friction coefficients, minimum requirements for skid resistance, and methods of improving the skid resistance Gf slippery pavements. However, some new topics which are of recent interest are also discussed in detail. These topics include hydro- planing, the mechanism of rubber friction, the friction associated with various operating modes of aircraft tires, the relationship of friction coefficients to pavement surface texture and to surface drainage of water, and the effects of pavement grooving on hydroplaning and on friction coefficients. All the information from the investigation is summarized, and recommendations are given for research and development efforts needed to provide safe, skid-resistant surfaces for airfield pavements. ........................... ... .............\ ...................his document has been appro.-,d for public release and sale; its distribution is unlimited. ............ Vi - Ctopies availiable at the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific & Technicalti.