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(ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.) SOIL ENZYMES Anuradha

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(ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.) SOIL ENZYMES Anuradha Available Online at http://www.recentscientific.com International Journal of Recent Scientific International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 6, Issue, 2, pp.2801-2806, February, 2015 ISSN: 0976-3031 RESEARCH ARTICLE INTERACTION EFFECTS OF SELECTED PESTICIDES ON GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.) SOIL ENZYMES Anuradha. B1, Jaffer Mohiddin. G1, 2, Rekhapadmini. A1 and Rangaswamy. V*1 1 Department2 of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India Department of Life Sciences and Agriculture, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE), ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACTSangolqui, Quito, Ecuador, South America Article History: The impact of two selected insecticides i.e. phenthoate (Ethyl (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl) sulfanyl Received 5th, January, 2015 (phenyl) acetate) and λ-cyhalothrin (alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2-chloro3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1- Received in revised form 12th, enyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-carboxylate) on selected soil enzymes phosphatase and urease were January, 2015 determined in two different soil samples ( red sandy loam and black clay soils) of groundnut (Arachis Accepted 6th, February, 2015 hypogaea L.) cultivated fields in Anantapuramu district of Andhra Pradesh, India. A laboratory th experiment was conducted to determine the effect of selected insecticides, Phenthoate (organo thio Published online 28 , -1 February, 2015 phosphorus) and λ-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid) at different concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 10 kg ha . The soil samples receiving 5.0 kg ha-1 of selected insecticides were significantly more in both soil Key words: samples after 10 days of incubation. The activity of the phosphatase and urease was decreased Groundnut( Arachis hypogaea L.) progressively with the increasing period of incubation up to 30 and 40 days. Similarities were found between the results obtained with the selected enzymes in the soils but comparatively the stimulatory soils, Phenthoate, λ-cyhalothrin, phosphatase, urease effect was more by phenthoate than λ-cyhalothrin. Copyright © 2015 Anuradha. B, Jaffer Mohiddin. G, Rekhapadmini. A and Rangaswamy. V. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium,INTRODUCTION provided the original work is properly cited. controlling pests and diseases in crop products (Crum et al, 1999; Mc. Donald et al, 1999). The application of pesticides Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the important has increased in recent years and the potential negative effects profitable oil seed crop grown all over the year in India (Guha on human health and environment. Pesticides are developed and Chandrasekhar, 2001). Groundnut is the principal crop and applied to destroy or suppress only the target organisms in grown in Anantapuramu, a semi-arid district of Andhrapradesh, agricultural crops, but they also affect non-target organisms India. The application of pesticides in recent years is widely which are responsible for increasing the soil fertility. Organic used in modern agriculture for control of various insect pest phosphorus is abundant in soils that can contribute to the population. Pesticides are of primary importance due to their phosphorus nutrition of plants and microorganisms that results continuous entry into soil environment by direct applications in the hydrolysis and releases free phosphate (Condron et al, (e.g. Agricultural practices) or indirect applications (e.g. 2005). Pesticides are generally categorized as insecticides, Accidental spillage) leaks at pesticide dump sites, discharge of fungicides and herbicides based on the type of pest which show wastes from production facilities or urban pollution (Sannio effective function (Milligi et al, 2006). Chemical pesticides are and Gianfreda, 2001). Repeated application of the pesticide commonly used by farmers to protect the crops from various ultimately reaches the soil, which inturn may interact with soil pests. organisms and their metabolic activities (Sharma and Roomiro, 2002). Soil is a dynamic living system containing many free In the present study, we described the enzymatic degradation of enzymes, immobilized extracellular enzymes and some phenthoate [O,O-dimethyl S-(α-(carboxy) benzyl) phosphoro enzymes within microbial cells (Vineela Deborah et al, 2014). dithioate], a common organophosphorus insecticide, in two Soil enzymes play an important role in organic matter soils. Because of the presence of one asymmetric carbon atom, decomposition and nutrient cycling. Several investigations phenthoate is chiral and has more insecticidal activity to most were performed to study the effect of various pesticides on the organisms (Ohkawa et al, 1976). λ- cyhalothrin is an activity of soil enzymes from different origins (Sannio and insecticide that belongs to a group of chemicals called Gianfreda, 2001). Now-a-days pesticides are widely used to pyrethroids (organo phosphorus insecticide). Pyrethroids are improve the yield and quality of agricultural products and for man-made chemicals that are similar to the natural insecticide *Corresponding author: Rangaswamy. V Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India Rangaswamy. V et al. Interaction effects of selected pesticides on groundnut (ara-chis hypogaea l.) soil enzymes pyrethrin. On soil surfaces and in aqueous solutions at pH -5, λ- by the method (Jackson 1971). The inorganic ammonium- cyhalothrin is degraded in sunlight with a half-life of nitrogen content in soil samples after extraction of 1M KCl by approximately 30 days. The degradation in soil primarily Nesslerization method (Jackson 1971), and contents of nitrite- occurs through hydroxylation followed by cleavage of the ester nitrogen (Barnes and Folkard 1951), and the contents of nitrate- linkage to give two main degradation products that are further nitrogen by Brucine method (Ranney and Bartlett, 1972) after degraded to Co2. Gianfreda et al, (1994, 1995) addressed this extraction with distilled water were determined respectively. topic with a different methodological approach. Synthetic Physico- Chemical characters of the two soil samples are listed enzymatic systems which stimulate enzymes free in soil in Table 1. solution and enzyme-soil colloid associations were considered Table 1Physico-chemical properties of soils used in the and the effects of some pesticides on the activity of these present study enzymes were studied. The activities of microorganisms in soil are crucial to the global cycling of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, Properties Black clay soil Red sandy loam soil Sand (%) 72.6 53.4 phosphorus and other elements, because of many substances Silt (%) 18.3 27.8 cannot be degraded by organisms other than microbes. So, the Clay (%) 9.1 18.8 biochemical activity of accumulated enzymes for certain pHa 7.8 6.5 Water holding capacity reactions has been estimated to be more important than that of 0.43 0.35 (ml g-1 soil) the microbial cells (Srinivasulu and Rangaswamy 2014). Electric conductivity (m.mhos) 264 228 Organic matterb(%) 1.206 0.67 Phosphatase is an extracellular enzyme produced by many soil Total nitrogenc (%) 0.078 0.045 + -1 d microorganisms and is responsible for the hydrolysis of organic NH4 - N (µg g soil) 7.09 6.01 - -1 e phosphorus compounds to inorganic phosphorus (Monkiedje, NO2 - N (µg g soil) 0.62 0.48 - -1 f Ilori, Spiteller, 2002). Phosphatases represent a broad range of NO3 - N (µg g soil) 0.98 0.81 a1:1.25 (Soil:Water) intracellular as well as soil-accumulated activities that catalyse bWalkley-Black method (Jackson, 1971) the hydrolysis of both the esters and anhydrides of phosphoric cMicro-Kjeldhal method (Jackson, 1971) acid. Urease, in particular is a useful indicator to evaluate the dNesslerization method (Jackson, 1971) eDiazotization method (Barnes and Folkard, 1951) soil pollution situation. Decreased urease activity in soil with f the application of pesticides reduces urea hydrolysis which is Brucine method (Ranney and Bartler, 1972) + beneficial. It helps to maintain N in a form (NH4 ) less Insecticides used in the in the present study leachable (Antonious, 2003). Therefore, in the present study it In order to determine the influence of selected insecticides on the has become necessary to determine the soil biological groundnut soil microbial activities, commercial grades of responses to the pesticides. To date, efforts have been made to phenthoate and lambda- cyhalothrin were obtained from Bayer,s understand the effect of pesticides on soil enzyme activities, Science India. phosphatase and urease but little is known about the effect of phenthoate and lambda-cyhalothrin. Enzymes Used In The Present Study MATERIALS AND METHODS Phosphatase activity (E.C. 3.1.3.1.) The activity of phosphatases under the influence of the Soils used in the present study insecticides, at different concentrations was determined in black Two soil samples, a black clay soil and red sandy loam soil, clay and red sandy loam soils. Two gram portions of soil samples, were collected from groundnut-cultivated fields of transferred into test tubes (12x125 mm), was treated with two Anantapuramu district, Andhrapradesh, India. The soil samples insecticides to provide final concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 75 and were chosen with a known history of pesticide use, from a 100µg g-1 soil (equivalent to 1.0,2.5,5.0,7.5 and 10.0 kg ha-1 field depth of 12cm and mixed thoroughly to prepare a homogenous application
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