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How Do Organizations Matter? the Role of Civic Organizations on Ethnic Relations, England and Beyond

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How Do Organizations Matter? the Role of Civic Organizations on Ethnic Relations, England and Beyond HOW DO ORGANIZATIONS MATTER? THE ROLE OF CIVIC ORGANIZATIONS ON ETHNIC RELATIONS, ENGLAND AND BEYOND By KELLI NOELLE MOORE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2006 Copyright 2006 By Kelli Noelle Moore I write this dissertation with the sincere hope that it can contribute to better relations among ethnic groups. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The process of matriculating through graduate school was difficult. With that said, this dissertation is dedicated to anyone who over the last few years, treated me to a meal, made me laugh, or decided that I should be on the receiving end of a random, or even better, an intentional act of kindness. I’d also like to express my appreciation to Sue and Debbie, to my advisor, and to the members of my committee. Finally, I want to acknowledge and thank Dr. Jim Button, the co-chair of my committee, who died the semester before I finished this dissertation. His support was extremely helpful in this long process. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................................1 The Research Problem..................................................................................................1 Civic Conflict and Ethnic Life......................................................................................2 Research Premises ........................................................................................................3 Importance of this Study...............................................................................................9 2 THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS: CIVIC ENGAGEMENT, CONFLICT, PEACE, AND ETHNICITY.......................................................................................15 Putnam, Hyden, Varshney: Foundations ....................................................................15 Civil Society, Social Capital and Civic Engagement .................................................19 Ethnicity and Civil Society..................................................................................33 Ethnicity and Its Dynamics .................................................................................36 Conclusion...........................................................................................................49 3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PERSPECTIVES ON RACE AND CULTURAL IDENTITY IN ENGLAND..................................................................51 Politics and Identity ....................................................................................................51 How Does Cultural Identity Fit In? Asians in England and the Role of Cultural Identity ...................................................................................................................59 A Default Identity? Or Is There Something More?....................................................64 Does Pro–White Mean Anti–Other?...........................................................................66 Development of the BNP............................................................................................69 Civic and Un-civic Behavior ......................................................................................74 What Happened in Oldham (And What Didn’t Happen in Luton)?...........................78 Brief Background on Oldham .............................................................................78 v Issues and Oldham...............................................................................................81 Disturbances in Oldham. What started the riot?..................................................88 Random Violence? Or Sparks to a Tinderbox?...................................................89 Luton....................................................................................................................93 4 METHODOLOGY .....................................................................................................97 Approach.....................................................................................................................97 Methods ......................................................................................................................99 Interviews and Surveys.............................................................................................102 Data Analysis and Interpretation ..............................................................................104 Semi-Structured Interviews........................................................................104 Surveys.......................................................................................................107 5 HOW DO CIVIC ORGANIZATIONS MATTER? CULTURAL IDENTITY, CIVIC LIFE, AND MANAGING ETHNIC TENSIONS ........................................109 Bonding and Bridging: Results.................................................................................112 Reaching Out: Who is Working with Others?..........................................................117 Working with Ethnic Groups .....................................................................117 Working with Others and Working with Diverse and Umbrella Groups...118 Depth and Frequency .................................................................................121 Civic Life: Response From Civic Leaders about the Civic Landscape....................124 Informal Relationships..............................................................................................128 Oldham and Luton through the Voices of Community Leaders: Cultural Identity and Civic Life ......................................................................................................131 Civic Level Bonding Behavior..........................................................................131 What is a Community? Bonding: Is There a White British Cultural Identity? .133 Does The Fish Know That It Is Wet?................................................................134 Engaging Whites?.....................................................................................................139 Community Tensions: Waging War and Exploiting Community Weakness through Race and Resources................................................................................143 Do Organizations Matter?.........................................................................................151 Attitude is Everything...............................................................................................156 6 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................160 Blinding. Bonding Gone Awry.................................................................................168 Better Understanding Conflict, Government, and Civil Society ..............................171 Isms...........................................................................................................................177 England and Beyond.................................................................................................179 Envisioning Multiethnic Life....................................................................................182 APPENDIX A SURVEYS: OLDHAM AND LUTON ....................................................................185 Luton Survey ............................................................................................................185 vi Oldham Survey .........................................................................................................189 B INTERVIEW QUESTIONS.....................................................................................193 LIST OF REFERENCES.................................................................................................194 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...........................................................................................207 vii LIST OF TABLES Table page 1 Race and Religion ..................................................................................................101 2 Age .........................................................................................................................102 3 Marital Status .........................................................................................................102 4 Home Prices (local expenses) ................................................................................102 5 Demographics Oldham and Luton .........................................................................111 6 Make up of Mixed Groups in Luton 1999..............................................................114 7 Make up of Mixed Groups in Oldham 1999 ..........................................................114 8 Make up of Mixed Groups in Luton 2004..............................................................114 9 Make up of Mixed Groups in Oldham 2004 ..........................................................114
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