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Abbreviations and Principles of Glossing ABBREVIATIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF GLOSSING Abbreviations used in glosses Gloss legend morpheme; comments 1s 1st person singular 2s 2nd person singular 3s 3rd person singular 3m 3rd person singular masculine 3f 3rd person singular feminine 1dn 1st person dual inclusive 1dx 1st person dual exclusive 2d 2nd person dual 3d 3rd person dual 1pn 1st person plural inclusive 1px 1st person plural exclusive 2p 2nd person plural 3p 3rd person plural nsg non-singular “plural” for nouns pl plural dl dual S subject O object ANAPH strongly anaphoric demonstrative APPR apprehensive bun, bubun, gabun, ebabun ASP aspect =rǝ CONT continuous aspect mǝn DEM demonstrative EMPH emphatic kan FUT future e/eba, morphological changes HAB habitual -me, buat IMM.FUT immediate future e NEG negation tǝle/tǝla, karuk ORD ordinal number marker PossI possessive, type I (inalienable) PossII possessive, type II (alienable) PROHIB prohibitive buat ORIG origin (provenance) onim REC reciprocal ne- RECIP recipient un RED reduplicated syllable REFL reflexive te- RELR relator lǝ NW north-west dǝŋ etc. TOPICS IN THE GRAMMAR OF KUOT SE south-east -ma etc. sp. species of in translations stm2 second part of class III verb stem Ø zero-marking (usu. S enclitic after HAB aux) . indivisible morpheme - affix boundary = clitic boundary < > hesitation or false start ... indicates repaired material omitted [ ] (in translations): item present in Kuot but unidiomatic in English ( ) (in translations): item added in English translation but not present in the Kuot source. Tok Pisin words used in translations are mumu ‘cooking stones; stone oven’, and laplap ‘loin cloth, sarong’, a piece of fabric of about one by two metres worn as a sarong or loin cloth by both men and women Principles of glossing In this book, a phonemic system is used, with neither phonological nor morpho- phonological processes applied. Each example that gives stretches longer than a single word has three lines: the Kuot data line; a morpheme-by-morpheme translation of the Kuot in the inter- linear gloss line, and the free translation line. Free translations are aimed at giving as exact as possible an idea of the meaning of the entire utterance. Sometimes this means that the words used in the interlinear gloss are not the same as those used in the translation; for example if a lexeme kup´lip meaning ‘dry leaves from cooking’ is used in the gloss it may be judged that ‘rubbish’ is the equivalent sense in the particular context, and ‘rubbish’ will be used in the free translation. Everywhere in this work, Kuot words, morphemes and sentences are given in italics, as are occasional words from other languages in the area. English translations are given in single quotes (‘ ’), and it was decided to give Tok Pisin words in the same way. Most of the data reproduced in examples are from texts. Capitalisation, commas and stops are used to indicate intonational units as follows: • A capitalised initial letter indicates the beginning of a sentence (and also proper names) • A comma (,) indicates the end of an intonation unit with a continuation (rising) contour • A stop (.) indicates the end of an intonation unit with final (falling) con- tour x ABBREVIATIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF GLOSSING Stops, hyphens and equal signs indicate different types of morph and morpheme boundaries. The graphic distance they create is iconic to the degree of integration of the morphemes thus combined. Stops (.) only occur in the inter- linear gloss in this function, as it is used to separate the two glosses belonging to an indivisible morph, and also to connect the words of a multi-word gloss (e.g. ‘coconut.palm’ and ‘get.up’). A hyphen (-) indicates an affix boundary, while an equal sign (=) indicates a clitic boundary. For some morphemes, ap- parent inconsistencies result from irregularities in the language; for instance the non-singular morpheme on nouns (‘nsg’) is sometimes given in the gloss with a stop and sometimes with a hyphen. This is because although the plural form always ends in -p, segmenting it off the non-singular form often does not leave an acceptable form of the lexeme. Compare: (1) singular gloss non-singular gloss kit fire kit-ip fire-nsg kiban leg kibǝp leg.nsg kikinǝm ear kikip ear.nsg Affix and clitic boundaries are marked on the line giving the Kuot data as well, and it should be noted that it is represented without phonological and morpho- logical processes applied. For example, kit in (1) is pronounced [kit], but kit-ip is pronounced [kirip]. Forward slashes are sometimes used in glosses and occasionally in translations to indicate alternative translation possibilities for a morpheme (e.g. -on´ma sit/live/stay) or a phrase. Angle brackets (< >) are used on all three lines to indicate hesitation and repair. If empty, it means that there is an unfilled hesitation pause. If there is a repair sequence it is given within the angle brackets (and glossed). In yet other cases the repaired sequence has been omitted in the interest of space or to make the example easier to follow; this is represented as <…>. Square brackets ([ ]) and regular brackets (( )) are used in translations in the following way: Square brackets indicate words which are part of the Kuot data given, but which are very unidiomatic in English, as in the use of demonstra- tives together with possessives, which will give translations such as ‘[this] his brother’. Regular brackets indicate words in the English translation which are required by the grammar of English, but which are not present in the Kuot data given. In some cases this is done also where the English is very much more specific than the Kuot, in particular for the relator l´, which is in itself very vague in meaning. It is simply glossed RELR, but for instance in its clause joining function it may have one of several meanings such as ‘when’ and ‘be- cause’; when introducing relative clauses it can mean ‘who’, ‘which’ and so forth. Any such English word in the translation is given in regular brackets to indicate that that meaning is not part of the Kuot data – or at any rate not with that degree of specificity. The covert category of gender is given for a noun ((m) or (f)) only where an- other constituent shows agreement with it. xi .
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