The Generic Style Rules for Linguistics
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Why Is Language Typology Possible?
Why is language typology possible? Martin Haspelmath 1 Languages are incomparable Each language has its own system. Each language has its own categories. Each language is a world of its own. 2 Or are all languages like Latin? nominative the book genitive of the book dative to the book accusative the book ablative from the book 3 Or are all languages like English? 4 How could languages be compared? If languages are so different: What could be possible tertia comparationis (= entities that are identical across comparanda and thus permit comparison)? 5 Three approaches • Indeed, language typology is impossible (non- aprioristic structuralism) • Typology is possible based on cross-linguistic categories (aprioristic generativism) • Typology is possible without cross-linguistic categories (non-aprioristic typology) 6 Non-aprioristic structuralism: Franz Boas (1858-1942) The categories chosen for description in the Handbook “depend entirely on the inner form of each language...” Boas, Franz. 1911. Introduction to The Handbook of American Indian Languages. 7 Non-aprioristic structuralism: Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) “dans la langue il n’y a que des différences...” (In a language there are only differences) i.e. all categories are determined by the ways in which they differ from other categories, and each language has different ways of cutting up the sound space and the meaning space de Saussure, Ferdinand. 1915. Cours de linguistique générale. 8 Example: Datives across languages cf. Haspelmath, Martin. 2003. The geometry of grammatical meaning: semantic maps and cross-linguistic comparison 9 Example: Datives across languages 10 Example: Datives across languages 11 Non-aprioristic structuralism: Peter H. Matthews (University of Cambridge) Matthews 1997:199: "To ask whether a language 'has' some category is...to ask a fairly sophisticated question.. -
How to Get Published in ESOL and Applied Linguistics Serials
How to Get Published in TESOL and Applied Linguistics Serials TESOL Convention & Exhibit (TESOL 2016 Baltimore) Applied Linguistics Editor(s): John Hellermann & Anna Mauranen Editor/Journal E-mail: [email protected] Journal URL: http://applij.oxfordjournals.org/ Journal description: Applied Linguistics publishes research into language with relevance to real-world problems. The journal is keen to help make connections between fields, theories, research methods, and scholarly discourses, and welcomes contributions which critically reflect on current practices in applied linguistic research. It promotes scholarly and scientific discussion of issues that unite or divide scholars in applied linguistics. It is less interested in the ad hoc solution of particular problems and more interested in the handling of problems in a principled way by reference to theoretical studies. Applied linguistics is viewed not only as the relation between theory and practice, but also as the study of language and language-related problems in specific situations in which people use and learn languages. Within this framework the journal welcomes contributions in such areas of current enquiry as: bilingualism and multilingualism; computer-mediated communication; conversation analysis; corpus linguistics; critical discourse analysis; deaf linguistics; discourse analysis and pragmatics; first and additional language learning, teaching, and use; forensic linguistics; language assessment; language planning and policies; language for special purposes; lexicography; literacies; multimodal communication; rhetoric and stylistics; and translation. The journal welcomes both reports of original research and conceptual articles. The Journal’s Forum section is intended to enhance debate between authors and the wider community of applied linguists (see Editorial in 22/1) and affords a quicker turnaround time for short pieces. -
1 Meeting of the Committee of Editors of Linguistics Journals January 10
Meeting of the Committee of Editors of Linguistics Journals January 10, 2016 Washington, DC Present: Eric Baković, Greg Carlson, Abby Cohn, Elizabeth Cowper, Kai von Fintel, Brian Joseph, Tom Purnell, Johan Rooryck (via Skype) 1. Unified Stylesheet v2.0 Kai von Fintel discussed his involvement in a working group aiming to “update, revise, amend, precisify” the existing Unified Stylesheet for Linguistics Journals. An email from von Fintel on this topic sent to the editors’ mailing list shortly after our meeting is copied at the end of these minutes. Abby Cohn noted that Laboratory Phonology will continue to use APA style given its close contact with relevant fields that use also this style. It was also noted and agreed that authors should be encouraged to ensure the stability of online works for citation purposes. 2. LingOA Johan Rooryck reported on the very recent transition of subscription Lingua (Elsevier) to open access Glossa (Ubiquity Press), and addressed questions about a document he sent to the editors’ mailing list in November (also appended at the end of these minutes). The document invites the editorial teams of other subscription journals in linguistics and related fields to make the move to fair open access, as defined by LingOA (http://lingoa.eu), to join Glossa as well as Laboratory Phonology and Journal of Portuguese Linguistics. On January 9, David Barner (Psychology & Linguistics, UC San Diego) and Jesse Snedeker (Psychology, Harvard) called for fair open access at Cognition, another Elsevier journal. (See http://meaningseeds.com/2016/01/09/fair- open-access-at-cognition/.) The transition of Lingua to Glossa has apparently gone even smoother than expected. -
Modeling Language Variation and Universals: a Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing
Modeling Language Variation and Universals: A Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing Edoardo Ponti, Helen O ’Horan, Yevgeni Berzak, Ivan Vulic, Roi Reichart, Thierry Poibeau, Ekaterina Shutova, Anna Korhonen To cite this version: Edoardo Ponti, Helen O ’Horan, Yevgeni Berzak, Ivan Vulic, Roi Reichart, et al.. Modeling Language Variation and Universals: A Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing. 2018. hal-01856176 HAL Id: hal-01856176 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01856176 Preprint submitted on 9 Aug 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Modeling Language Variation and Universals: A Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing Edoardo Maria Ponti∗ Helen O’Horan∗∗ LTL, University of Cambridge LTL, University of Cambridge Yevgeni Berzaky Ivan Vuli´cz Department of Brain and Cognitive LTL, University of Cambridge Sciences, MIT Roi Reichart§ Thierry Poibeau# Faculty of Industrial Engineering and LATTICE Lab, CNRS and ENS/PSL and Management, Technion - IIT Univ. Sorbonne nouvelle/USPC Ekaterina Shutova** Anna Korhonenyy ILLC, University of Amsterdam LTL, University of Cambridge Understanding cross-lingual variation is essential for the development of effective multilingual natural language processing (NLP) applications. -
Multi-Disciplinary Lexicography
Multi-disciplinary Lexicography Multi-disciplinary Lexicography: Traditions and Challenges of the XXIst Century Edited by Olga M. Karpova and Faina I. Kartashkova Multi-disciplinary Lexicography: Traditions and Challenges of the XXIst Century, Edited by Olga M. Karpova and Faina I. Kartashkova This book first published 2013 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2013 by Olga M. Karpova and Faina I. Kartashkova and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-4256-7, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-4256-3 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations ..................................................................................... ix List of Tables............................................................................................... x Editors’ Preface .......................................................................................... xi Olga M. Karpova and Faina I. Kartashkova Ivanovo Lexicographic School................................................................ xvii Ekaterina A. Shilova Part I: Dictionary as a Cross-road of Language and Culture Chapter One................................................................................................ -
A New State-Of-The-Art Language Laboratory Is Used for Listening
International Journal of English Studies IJES UNIVERSITY OF MURCIA www.um.es/ijes Online Dictionaries and the Teaching/Learning of English in the Expanding Circle PEDRO A. FUERTES-OLIVERA* BEATRIZ PÉREZ CABELLO DE ALBA Universidad de Valladolid / UNED Received: 10 February 2011 / Accepted: 22 April 2011 ABSTRACT This article follows current research on English for Specific Business Purposes, which focuses on the analysis of contextualized business genres and on identifying the strategies that can be associated with effective business communication (Nickerson, 2005). It explores whether free internet dictionaries can be used for promoting effective business communication by presenting a detailed analysis of the definitions and encyclopedic information associated with three business terms that are retrieved from YourDictionary.com, and BusinessDictionary.com. Our results indicate that these two dictionary structures can be very effective for acquiring business knowledge in cognitive use situations. Hence, this paper makes a case for presenting free internet dictionaries as adequate tools for guiding instructors and learners of Business English into the new avenues of knowledge that are already forming, which are characterized by an interest in continuous retraining, especially in the field of ESP where both teachers and students have to deal with areas of knowledge with which they might not be very familiar. KEYWORDS: Internet; Business Dictionary; Business English; Knowledge; Definitions; Encyclopaedic Information RESUMEN En el campo del Inglés para Finés Específicos la investigación actual está muy relacionada con el estudio del genre, y sus implicaciones retóricas, docentes y discursivas. Por ejemplo, Nickerson (2005) edita un número monográfico de English for Specific Purposes dedicado al Business English como lingua franca de la comunicación empresarial internacional. -
Redalyc.English As a Lingua Franca in Higher Education: Implications For
Ibérica ISSN: 1139-7241 [email protected] Asociación Europea de Lenguas para Fines Específicos España Björkman, Beyza English as a lingua franca in higher education: Implications for EAP Ibérica, núm. 22, 2011, pp. 79-100 Asociación Europea de Lenguas para Fines Específicos Cádiz, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=287023888005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative 04 IBERICA 22.qxp:Iberica 13 21/09/11 17:01 Página 79 English as a lingua franca in higher education: Implications for EAP Beyza Björkman Stockholm University (Sweden) and Roskilde University (Denmark) [email protected] Abstract The last decade has brought a number of changes for higher education in continental Europe and elsewhere, a major one being the increasing use of English as a lingua franca (ELF) as the medium of instruction. With this change, EAP is faced with a new group of learners who will need to use it predominantly in ELF settings to communicate with speakers from other first language backgrounds. This overview paper first discusses the changes that have taken place in the field of EAP in terms of student body, followed by an outline of the main findings of research carried out on ELF. These changes and the results of recent ELF research have important implications for EAP instruction and testing. It is argued here that EAP needs to be modified accordingly to cater for the needs of this group. -
How to Format Interlinearized Linguistic Examples Three-Line Format
abbreviations in small caps How to format interlinearized linguistic examples Three-line format (1) ➜a.➜ʔu–gʷəč’–əd ➜čəxʷ ➜ti ➜sqʷəbayʔ use tabs to separate words and line them up with the interlinear gloss ➜PFV–look.for–ICS ➜2SG ➜SPEC ➜dog ➜‘you looked for the dog’ use a period instead of a space to join separate words in a single gloss ➜b.➜ *ʔu–gʷəč ➜čəxʷ ➜ti ➜sqʷəbayʔ ➜PFV–look.for ➜2SG ➜SPEC ➜dog divide morphemes with an n-dash or a plus; make sure they match one-to-one with the ➜*‘you looked for the dog’ interlinear gloss align glosses with words, not with punctuation (Hess 1993: 16) equal signs are often used to mark clitic- (2) hay la%–du–b=#x" !# ti!i& c’i%c’i% boundaries and other special divisions (but then look.for–LC–MD=now PR DIST fish.hawk use it consistently for only one of these) indent the second line of long examples ti!i& tu=s=cut–t–#b=s !# ti!i& s$#tx"#d and leave space before it; use the same tab DIST PST=NP=speak–ICS–MD=3PO PR DIST bear spacing as for subordinate numbering ‘then fish-hawk remembers what bear said to him’ (lit. ‘then his was-spoken-by-bear is remembered by fish-hawk’) indicate a change of cited language and/or give the (Hess 1993: 194, line 46) language name if you are using more than one if data is not from your own Bella Coola fieldwork, cite your sources (with page numbers for (3) !a&nap–is=k"=c’ ta=qiiqtii=t% wa=s=k"acta–tu–m published material) know–3SG:3SG=QTV=now D=baby=D D=NP=name–CS–3SG.PASS use a colon to separate values of inflectional use single quotes for all free categories that are cumulatively expressed x=ti=man=& translations (and for glosses in the by the same affix PR=D=father=1PL.PO text of the paper) ‘the baby knew what he had been named by our father’ number examples sequentially (Davis & Saunders 1980: 108, line 12) throughout the paper Word-processing tip: use the “Keep lines together” option to prevent page breaks from interrupting interlinearized examples and separating lines across pages. -
Automatic Interlinear Glossing for Under-Resourced Languages Leveraging Translations
Automatic Interlinear Glossing for Under-Resourced Languages Leveraging Translations Xingyuan Zhaoy, Satoru Ozakiy, Antonios Anastasopoulosz, Graham Neubigy, Lori Leviny yLanguage Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University zDepartment of Computer Science, George Mason University {xingyuanz,sozaki}@andrew.cmu.edu [email protected] {gneubig,lsl}@cs.cmu.edu Abstract Interlinear Glossed Text (IGT) is a widely used format for encoding linguistic information in language documentation projects and scholarly papers. Manual production of IGT takes time and requires linguistic expertise. We attempt to address this issue by creating automatic gloss- ing models, using modern multi-source neural models that additionally leverage easy-to-collect translations. We further explore cross-lingual transfer and a simple output length control mech- anism, further refining our models. Evaluated on three challenging low-resource scenarios, our approach significantly outperforms a recent, state-of-the-art baseline, particularly improving on overall accuracy as well as lemma and tag recall. 1 Introduction The under-documentation of endangered languages is an imminent problem for the linguistic commu- nity. Of the 7,000 languages in the world, an estimated 50% will face extinction in the coming decades, while around 35–42% still remain substantially undocumented (Austin and Sallabank, 2011; Seifart et al., 2018). Perhaps these numbers are no surprise when one acknowledges the difficulty of language documentation – fieldwork demands time, cultural understanding, linguistic expertise, and financial sup- port among a myriad of other factors. Consequently, an important task for the linguistic community is to facilitate the otherwise daunting documentation process as much as possible. Documentation is not a cure-all for language loss, but it is an important part of language preservation; even in an unfortunate worst-case scenario where a language does disappear, a permanent record of the language is saved for posterity, and could hopefully be useful for revitalization purposes. -
An Assessment of Emotional-Force and Cultural Sensitivity the Usage of English Swearwords by L1 German Speakers
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2019 An Assessment of Emotional-Force and Cultural Sensitivity The Usage of English Swearwords by L1 German Speakers Sarah Dawn Cooper West Virginia University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Part of the German Linguistics Commons Recommended Citation Cooper, Sarah Dawn, "An Assessment of Emotional-Force and Cultural Sensitivity The Usage of English Swearwords by L1 German Speakers" (2019). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 3848. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/3848 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Assessment of Emotional-Force and Cultural Sensitivity The Usage of English Swearwords by L1 German Speakers Sarah Dawn Cooper Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in World Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics Cynthia Chalupa, Ph.D., Chair Jonah Katz, Ph.D. -
Why Major in Linguistics (And What Does a Linguist Do)? by Monica Macaulay and Kristen Syrett
1 Why Major in Linguistics (and what does a linguist do)? by Monica Macaulay and Kristen Syrett What is linguistics? Speakers of all languages know a lot about their languages, usually without knowing that they know If you are considering becoming a linguistics it. For example, as a speaker of English, you major, you probably know something about the possess knowledge about English word order. field of linguistics already. However, you may find Perhaps without even knowing it, you understand it hard to answer people who ask you, "What that Sarah admires the teacher is grammatical, exactly is linguistics, and what does a linguist do?" while Admires Sarah teacher the is not, and also They might assume that it means you speak a lot of that The teacher admires Sarah means something languages. And they may be right: you may, in entirely different. You know that when you ask a fact, be a polyglot! But while many linguists do yes-no question, you may reverse the order of speak multiple languages—or at least know a fair words at the beginning of the sentence and that the bit about multiple languages—the study of pitch of your voice goes up at the end of the linguistics means much more than this. sentence (for example, in Are you going?). Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and However, if you speak French, you might add est- many topics are studied under this umbrella. At the ce que at the beginning, and if you know American heart of linguistics is the search for the unconscious knowledge that humans have about language and how it is that children acquire it, an understanding of the structure of language in general and of particular languages, knowledge about how languages vary, and how language influences the way in which we interact with each other and think about the world. -
September 2009 Special Edition Language, Culture and Identity in Asia
The Linguistics Journal – September 2009 The Linguistics Journal September 2009 Special Edition Language, Culture and Identity in Asia Editors: Francesco Cavallaro, Andrea Milde, & Peter Sercombe The Linguistics Journal – Special Edition Page 1 The Linguistics Journal – September 2009 The Linguistics Journal September 2009 Special Edition Language, Culture and Identity in Asia Editors: Francesco Cavallaro, Andrea Milde, & Peter Sercombe The Linguistics Journal: Special Edition Published by the Linguistics Journal Press Linguistics Journal Press A Division of Time Taylor International Ltd Trustnet Chambers P.O. Box 3444 Road Town, Tortola British Virgin Islands http://www.linguistics-journal.com © Linguistics Journal Press 2009 This E-book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of the Linguistics Journal Press. No unauthorized photocopying All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of The Linguistics Journal. [email protected] Editors: Francesco Cavallaro, Andrea Milde, & Peter Sercombe Senior Associate Editor: Katalin Egri Ku-Mesu Journal Production Editor: Benjamin Schmeiser ISSN 1738-1460 The Linguistics Journal – Special Edition Page 2 The Linguistics Journal – September 2009 Table of Contents Foreword by Francesco Cavallaro, Andrea Milde, & Peter Sercombe………………………...... 4 - 7 1. Will Baker……………………………………………………………………………………… 8 - 35 -Language, Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca in Asia: Notes from the Field 2. Ruth M.H. Wong …………………………………………………………………………….. 36 - 62 -Identity Change: Overseas Students Returning to Hong Kong 3. Jules Winchester……………………………………..………………………………………… 63 - 81 -The Self Concept, Culture and Cultural Identity: An Examination of the Verbal Expression of the Self Concept in an Intercultural Context 4.