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Irlande - Le Tourisme Confronté Aux Incertitudes Du Brexit

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Irlande - Le Tourisme Confronté Aux Incertitudes Du Brexit IRLANDE - LE TOURISME CONFRONTÉ AUX INCERTITUDES DU BREXIT Le tourisme en Irlande représente une activité économique importante pour les deux entités de l'île d'Irlande, l'État d'Irlande indépendant et l'Irlande du Nord, une nation constitutive du Royaume-Uni. L'Irlande est la troisième île d’Europe après la Grande-Bretagne et l’Islande, d'une superficie de 84 421 km2. Sa longueur maximale atteint 486 km et la largeur maximale 275 km. Elle est divisée politiquement depuis 1922 entre la République d’Irlande (70 273 km2 et 4,92 millions d’habitants – estimation 2019) et l’Irlande du Nord (14 148 km2 et 1,885 million d’habitants – estimation 2019) qui est l'une des quatre nations constitutives du Royaume-Uni. L’Irlande du Nord a reçu quelque 1,385 million de touristes internationaux en 2018. La République d’Irlande a reçu 10,947 millions de touristes internationaux en 2018 – un record, plus de deux fois son nombre d’habitants – dont 44% en provenance du Royaume- Uni (3,48 millions de Grande-Bretagne et 1,338 million d’Irlande du Nord). Les rebondissements d’un Brexit qui n’en finit pas fragilisent les résultats du tourisme. Le surprenante décision du gouvernement de porter le taux de la TVA touristique de 9% à 13,5% a affaibli la compétitivité de la destination et représentera un coût additionnel de 466 millions d’euros pour l’industrie touristique irlandaise en 2019. La croissance du nombre de visiteurs ralentit progressivement (+2,2% de janvier à septembre 2019). Le mois d’août enregistre même une baisse de 1% du nombre des touristes. Le tourisme « pèse » 4% du PIB et 270 000 emplois. Un Brexit sans accord pourrait causer la disparition de milliers d'emplois, ainsi que la chute de 6% du PIB. Le gouvernement estime à 10 000 la perte d’emplois à court terme dans le tourisme. Dublin a présenté le mardi 8 octobre un budget 2020 destiné à absorber l'impact de ce scénario redouté, avec 1,2 milliard d'euros de dépenses pour soutenir l'activité. Le ministre des Finances, Paschal Donohoe, a annoncé que 650 millions d'euros seront injectés pour aider des secteurs clés, comme l'agriculture ou le tourisme. Un Brexit sans accord pourrait coûter immédiatement 260 millions d’euros au secteur du tourisme et 500 millions les années suivantes (source Brexit Bulletin July 2018). Fáilte Ireland est l'agence nationale de tourisme de la République d'Irlande, elle a découpé l'Irlande en sept régions touristiques. Elle travaille en collaboration avec le Northern Ireland Tourist Board, agence de tourisme d'Irlande du Nord, et Tourism Ireland, une agence commune à l'île d'Irlande. Irish Tourism Group Calls For More Support After Damaging 2019 © 2019 Hospitality Ireland – your source for the latest industry news. Article by Aidan O’Sullivan. https://www.hospitalityireland.com/ https://www.tourismireland.com/Press-Releases/2019/September/Tourism-Ireland-comments-on-CSO-figures-indicating https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/er/ot/overseastravelseptember2019/ 1 Irish Tourism Industry Corporation https://www.itic.ie/news/brexit/ https://www.itic.ie/YE18/index.html https://www.actualitix.com/carte-de-l-irlande.html 2 Depuis le référendum de juin 2016, la situation délicate de l'Irlande du Nord est en tête des préoccupations, certains s'inquiètent d'une remise en question de l'équilibre trouvé après 30 années de guerre civile. Les deux entités irlandaises alimentent des flux touristiques respectifs. D’ailleurs, les statistiques de la République d’Irlande font la distinction entre deux catégories de touristes, « Overseas et Northern Ireland ». http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/actualites/eclairage/brexit-frontiere-irlandaise https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/europe/brexit-l-irlande-presente-un-budget-de-soutien-massif-a-l-economie_2102170.html La frontière entre la République d’Irlande et l’Irlande du Nord est un point majeur dans les négociations du Brexit qui concerne trois aspects cruciaux : le processus de paix, la circulation des personnes, et les liens économiques. 3 Altadaven, Comté de Monaghan. Sur cette route passe la frontière théorique entre la république d'Irlande et l'Irlande du Nord. En cas de no deal, elle devra être physiquement rétablie. - Crédits : Google Street View https://www.touteleurope.eu/revue-de-presse/revue-de-presse-brexit-l-insoluble-question-irlandaise.html Les dirigeants irlandais et nord-irlandais estiment qu'il y a 208 points de passage le long de la frontière de 500 kilomètres. La question n’est en réalité pas tant celle du retour d'une frontière, qui semble à la fois essentiel et inévitable (d’autant plus si le Royaume-Uni quitte l’Union européenne sans accord) mais celle du type de frontière et de l’éventail des solutions possibles pour contrôler la circulation des personnes (y compris celle des ressortissants de l'UE) et appliquer les futurs règlements et taxes douanières (le Royaume-Uni doit à terme de quitter le marché unique et l’union douanière) sur les flux de marchandises entre les territoires européen et britannique puisque l’Union européenne et le Royaume-Uni ont à maintes reprises rappelé leur engagement à ne pas réinstaurer une « frontière dure », que l’on doit comprendre comme une frontière avec postes de contrôles et gardes. Avec un no-deal, le Royaume-Uni quittera l’UE sans avoir réglé les dispositions commerciales du secteur touristique : les tarifs vont augmenter, que ce soit pour les flux entrants ou sortants, les barrières administratives vont s’élargir, et il y aura un impact certain sur la chaîne du voyage, des retards, de longues files d’attente pour les contrôles d’identité… Les Vingt-Sept ont donné leur accord, lundi 28 octobre, pour consentir un nouveau délai – le troisième – au Royaume-Uni afin de sortir de l'Union européenne. Il s'agit d'un report flexible, avec le 31 janvier 2020 comme nouvelle date butoir. 4 Vue d'un panneau portant les mots "Pas de frontière dure", le 1er octobre 2019 à Newry, en Irlande du Nord, sur la frontière avec la République d'Irlande. afp.com/PAUL FAITH https://www.ednh.news/the-backstop-holding-up-the-brexit-deal/ 5 La question de la frontière irlandaise est éminemment délicate car c’est une frontière très fréquentée. Son rétablissement d’Irlande pose donc en premier lieu la question de la libre circulation des Irlandais, qu’ils soient du nord ou de la République d’Irlande. Traverser la frontière est un acte quotidien pour beaucoup d’entre eux. Ils traversent la frontière pour diverses raisons : travail et affaires, études, shopping, tourisme, traitements médicaux, visites à des amis et à la famille, soit environ 110 millions de passages de personnes et 72 millions de passages de véhicules par an. Il n'est pas rare que de nombreux habitants de la région transfrontalière traversent la frontière plusieurs fois par jour. Il ne fait aucun doute que le retour des contrôles aux frontières serait un inconvénient majeur pour ces personnes – il est donc inenvisageable – même si l’exemple franco-suisse montre qu’il est possible de conserver une frontière ouverte pour les navetteurs (il ne faut toutefois pas oublier l’aspect traumatique, dans le cas de la frontière irlandaise, d’un éventuel retour d’infrastructures physiques). Par ailleurs, les traversées est-ouest de la mer d'Irlande représentent environ 23 millions de personnes et 3,1 millions de véhicules par an. Le rétablissement d'une frontière soulève la question de la libre circulation des citoyens britanniques et irlandais qui bénéficient actuellement du Common Travel Area (CTA). Ni le Royaume-Uni ni l'Irlande ne sont membres de l'espace Schengen. Le CTA a été mis en place sous diverses formes depuis la partition de l’Irlande et réglemente les voyages entre l’Irlande, le Royaume-Uni, les îles Anglo-Normandes et l’île de Man. Les citoyens irlandais et britanniques peuvent se déplacer librement, s'installer, travailler, voter et avoir accès à l'aide sociale dans l’espace du CTA, qui implique une coordination étroite entre les autorités irlandaises et britanniques. L’article 5 du protocole sur l’Irlande et l’Irlande du Nord contenu dans l’accord de sortie du Royaume-Uni de l’Union européenne protège les droits du CTA. http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/actualites/eclairage/brexit-frontiere-irlandaise 6 An old customs post in Strabane, Northern Ireland, photographed in 1968. Skift Accessibilité aérienne de l’île d’Irlande Code Total Rang Province Aéroport Comté IATA passagers 2018 1 Leinster Dublin Airport Dublin DUB 31.495.604 2 Ulster Belfast International Airport Antrim BFS 6.269.025 3 Ulster George Best Belfast City Airport Down BHD 2.559.846* 4 Munster Cork Airport Cork ORK 2.392.821 5 Munster Shannon Airport Clare SNN 1.864.762 6 Connacht Ireland West Airport Knock Mayo NOC 749.499* 8 Munster Kerry Airport Kerry KIR 335.380* 9 Ulster City of Derry Airport Londonderry LDY 185.843 * 2017 https://www.shannonairport.ie/corporate/about/airport-figures/ La compagnie aérienne nationale irlandaise créée en 1936, Aer Lingus exploite des vols au départ de Dublin qui est son hub principal ainsi que de Cork et Shannon vers la Grande- Bretagne, l'Europe et l'Amérique du Nord. Ces trois aéroports sont gérés par une société publique, DDA (Dublin Airport Authority), anciennement Aer Rianta. Aer Lingus possède une flotte de 54 avions qui desservent 93 destinations en 2018. Elle assure des liaisons régulières ou saisonnières avec 10 villes françaises. 7 By Source, Fair use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=59704710 Ryanair DAC est une compagnie aérienne à bas prix irlandaise fondée en 1984 dont le siège social est situé à Swords, en Irlande.
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