The Megalithic Tombs of Co. , With a selection of Monuments of Later Periods Martin A. Timoney Research Archaeologist Palaeoecology Research Group Institut fuer Oekosystemforschung Christian-Albrechts-Universitaet zu Kiel, Germany July 2012

Martin A. Timoney, BA, FRSAI, M1AJ, Research Archaeologist, born, living & working in Sligo Independent of National Museum of Ireland, National Monuments Service, Universtities, Ordnance Survey of Ireland, commercial archaeological companies, local antiquarian societies, etc., but working in conjunction and constructive collaboration with all of these, and many of these rely, over rely, on us, for knowledge of Co. Sligo. Contribution to Sligo Archaeology: Fieldwalking, passing on knowledge of sites from previous members of Sligo Field Club, responding to requests for Information on our county, helping researchers, incomming Irish and foreign archaeologists, Swedish 1978-1982, Kiel in recent years, tour guide for visiting University and other groups; over 200 published articles; edited A Celebration of Sligo for Sligo Field Club 2002; another book of essays almost ready.

Mary B. Timoney, BA, MA, MIAI, Research Archaeologist, concentrating on the art of memorials of Co. Sligo from the last four centuries. Published Bad Me Made, A Study ofthe Grave memorial ofCo. Sligo, c. 1650 to the Present in 2005. Published several articles on Sligo memorials.

Powerpoint; Maps and plans, Sligo through ten milennia, Reading list

Böthar an Chorainn, Cloonagh, Keash, , Co. Sllgo. martintimoney06f%eircom.net Tel:+353 71-91 83293 Mob: +353 87-2863301 _ 2 Distribution o^Sligo Megalithic Tombs - ' Distributions oflrÖK^Iegalithic Tombs; Portal Tombs: Carrickglass; Tawnatruffaun; Greengraves Court Tombs: Doonbeakin, Bunduff; Deerpark; Creeveykeel Court Tombs: Cloghboley; Treanmore. Complex Welsh Portal / Court / Long Barrows Passage Tombs: Nos. 7, 52, 4, 56, Abbeyquarter; Carrowkeel K, G, O, F, B, E, H, E. Wedge Tombs: Coolbeg; Coolbeg; Kilfreee; Tawnamucklagh; Wedge in a circle Streedagh Images: Wakeman; Wood-Martin; Macalister, Armstrong & Praeger; Images: de Valera; Ö Nualläin; Lynch et al.; Bergh

COURT-TOM8S PORTAL-TOMBS

PASSAGE-TOMBS WEDGE-TOM8S

Fig. 84. Distribution maps: court-tombs, portal-tombs, passage-tombs and wedge-tombs. //Ö / ä&-^S&S»S

176.—General View of the Crouileac in thu Towuland of TawnatruHaun

14. Grge^gr^ves portal tomb, Countv Down, rcconstruction drawing: (A) capstone, (B) backstönS, (C) sidestone, (D) , (E) portal stone, (F) scptal slab. (After Archaeologi- /•/!/ Survpv rtf Cnuntv Dnwn SI.S7. DCONBf AXlN

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20 METRES

Plaos of Court , Co. Sligo 9. Deer Park or Magheraghanrush; 2. Creevykce!

17. CARROWMORE 52 4. CARROWMORE 7 3. CARROWMORE 4 o0°

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18. CARROWMORE 56 HUDli 8TUNE MONUMENT« IN SI.lUo. 145 st either extremity (fig. m giyes a good idea of its pneral appearance; Jig. 112 of its ground plan). The si.JJ. COOLBEG Ute Rev. James Graves, during a visit to Sligo, in 1880, •was informed of the tlien recont exposure of ;i human

J*ij. 111.—Genen! Vie. '» ümve " neiir DrumclilF, looking Soutli.

, dceleton, in consequence of the falling of the eartheu bsnl of the river in closc proximity to this monument. When first discovered, the skeleton was dccorated witli a bead nenklace, whicli was removed by tlie comitiy poople;

Fig. 112.—Grounil Ha» nf "fiiiml'F Gr.im,1' DiumclilF. (S™lo. TJ„ )

SLIJS. KfLfftEE

Fig. llü.—(jcnrial View of Stom: Cirulu i» tbe Sanlhill«, Stra-dai;)., Imkilij; W.

Sl 127. TAWNYMUCKLAGH

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\ fett. l l l l l l l : '!•-'-! if. 116.- Craiml Tlan of Rlonr Ciivlc an<] ('ist in Ulf S.-incll.illa, Sti

-.-l l t_ 4 TANHEGO WEST

Fig. 75. CoLirl-tomb. Co. Sligr Fig. 47. Court-tomb, Co. Slipo.

\« 120 C*RROWKEEL

Fig. 70. Coun-tomb (?)/Passape-tomb. Co. Sligo. Powerpoint Presentation Title; O'Connor's Island Early Iron Age pin design. Maps: Ireland; Sligo physical, Baronies, modern roads and towns and villages. Numbers of megalithic tombs in Co. Sligo; Fergusson 1872. Antiquarians: Beranger 1779, Walker & Petrie 1837; Wood-Martin 1888; Kitchin's Newpark 1970s. Portal tombs TawnatrufFaun; Carrickglass; Crowagh. Court Tombs: Creeveykeel. Court Tombs: Deerpark. Court Tombs: Bunduff; Caltragh; Moneylaghan. Court Tombs: Doonshaskin; Moytirra. Portal / Court Tomb: Tanrego West. Passage Tombs: Carrowmore No. 7 & ; Carrowmore No. 27; boulders; Abbeyquarter in Sligo. Passage Tombs: Carrowmore Nos. 51, 37 52, 54, 55A; field at south of cemetery. Passage Tombs: Knocknarea; Ox Mts. and Keash; mid-Summer sunset from Carrowkeel. Passage Tombs: Carrowkeel valley (Mitchell and Goranson cores); Cairn B; Cairn E (cruciform chamber). Oddities: Knockatotaun; ; Clogher. Wedge Tombs: Kilfree; Breeoge; Coolbeg. But more Barrows: Rathdooney; Carrownacreevey; Doonrnadden; Kilrusheighter; Carrowmore No. 12. Barrows: Tobernaveen; Toomour; Carrigans; Breaghwy; STarevaghfullachtßadha; Annagh (Roscommon) Later pin and rings (Comparables please); Early Iron Age pin design. Ringforts: Rathurlisk; Halfquarter; Portavaud; Carrowcaslan Ringfort and Crannög: Treanmacmurtagh; Lough Gara; Ballymulldorry. Cashel: Clogher; Souterrains. Promontory Forts: Knocklane; . Early Monastery: 9* c. or 12* c. Early Monastery: , 7* c. to 12* c. Early Monastery: Ballisodare 7* c.; Carrowntemple 7* c. Vikings: Knoxspark; O'Connor's Island. Medieval: Sligo Dominican Abbey 1252; Ballindoon Dominican Abbey 1506. : Sligo 1310; Moygara 16* c.; Ballymote 1300; Castledargan 1422 (Clarke v. Mcllroy). Castles: Castletown O'Dowd 17* c.; 1590/1610; Ballincar 17* c.; Ardtermon 17* c. (Schiller). Sculptured monuments: O'Crean 1506; O'Connor-Sligo / Butler 1624; 1591. Visitors: Spanish Armada 1588; Luttrell 1689 map of Sligo; Vauban Green Fort in Sligo; Coney Island of 17* c.; Nepoleonic towers at Carrowmably and Rathlee of early 19* c.; WWII lookout. Pitfields at Rathcroghan, Co. Roscommon, (Comparables please). Enclosures at Aughris; Paul Walsh and Eamon Cody (Comparables please). House: Hazelwood 1728 for Wynne by from Kassel! in Hesse. Funerary Sculpture: Diamond work Scott of 1824 and Black of 1825 at Skreen; Healy d. 1780. Sligo Town: Garvoge River, Yeats Building, Bank; Mullaneys; Feeneys. Opportunity: Late Mesolithic scraper and findplace in a bog. Kiel: International Roadside Conference; Castledargan; Templevanny; Road to Keash; More to be doneü Maps andplans in handout Lf fr P &$ (f T~ Distributionsof Irish Megalithic Tombs. —^^ZZ~- Distribution of Sligo Megalithic Tombs: Portal Tombs: Carrickglass; Tawnatruftaun; Greengraves. Court Tombs: Doonbeakin, BundufF; Deerpark; Creeveykeel. Court Tombs: Cloghboley; Treanmore (transeptal). Complex Welsh Portal / Court / Long Barrows. Passage Tombs: Carrowmore Nos. 7, 52, 4, 56; Abbeyquarter; Carrowkeel K, G, O, F, B, E, H, E. Wedge Tombs: Coolbeg; Kilfree; Tawnamucklagh; Streedagh wedge tomb in . Portal / Court Tomb: Tanrego West; Court with transeptals: Tawnmore; Passage / Court tomb: Carrowkeel E.

Images Wakeman, Wood-Martin; Macalister, Armstrong & Praeger, de Valera, Ö Nualäin, Bergh; Lynch et al; Barry Raftery; Martin A. Timoney 10

Sligo Through Ten Millennia Considerably Reduced for Kiel Event July 2012 Martin A. Timoney & Mary B. Timoney

THE COUNTY OF SLIGO took its modern shape äs a historical unit in 1585.

SOME STATISTICS: Atlantic coastline 200 km. 6 baronies, 41 parishes, about 1,300 , 47 6" Ordnance Survey Sheets. 61 kilometers north-south; 72 kilometers east-west; 1,838 square kilometers; population in 2006 was 61,000; Sligo town has a population of 18,000.

GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY Precambrian acidic igneous Ox Mts. , rise to 542m. The greater part of the county is limestone; , Bricklieves, Keash and Knocknarea uplands. Glaciation, which ended some 12,000 years ago, left drumlins and moraines. The boglands are only millennia in age, some post-dating the Start of human settlement in the country. About one third of Co. Sligo is made up of mountain and lowland bog suitable only for rough grazing. Half of the county is good agricultural land.

DRAINAGE: Owenmore, Owenbeg, Unsion, Moy, Garvogue, , Lough Gara

MONUMENTS ON THE LANDSCAPE OF SLIGO MESOLITHIC Ireland first colonized from about 7800 BC. Find Spots are known from around Lough Gara and north Sligo sandhills. Rieh marine resources of , Ballisodare Bay and Drumcliffe Bay.

NEOLITHIC Early Neolithic, from 4500 to 3800 or 3500 BC, at Maugheraboy were initially constructed between 4150 and 3935 cal.BC (probably 4100-3950 BC) making it the earliest of its type in these islands.About 1,500 megalithic tombs in Ireland. Portal Tombs: 180 in Ireland. Capstone resting on two tall portal stones and a lower backstone with side stones enclosing a sub rectangular space. Dramatic monuments. Largly northern distribution, South East and Cläre; Wales and Cornwall. Mainly within 8 km of sea or river; below 133m OD. Co. Sligo has more megalithic tombs than any similar-sized area in the world with one-sixth of the of Ireland on one-fortieth of the land area. Sligo Portal tombs Griddle at Tawnatruffaun; Knockanbawn; Labby at Carrickglass.

Court Tombs 400 in Ireland. Curved court with a gallery of 2, 3 or 4 chambers behind it; variations with two courts face-to-face or back-to-back or court extended to be completely enclosed. Long cairn. Chambers covered with corbelled roofs and stone cairns; court open. Orientation mainly on rising sun. Multiperiod. Mainly in northern half of Ireland. Many have adjacent pre-bog fieldwalls. Related to long barrows in Severn-Cotswolds, Wales and Scotland. Sligo Court Tombs Creevykeel, Moygara, Deerpark, Cloghboley, Moneylaghan, Crowagh. Tanrego West court tomb in effect includes an earlier portal tomb. Multi-period court tombs at Creevykeel, Deerpark and Moneylaghan. 11

Passage Tombs 250 in Ireland. Passage of varying length, up to 40 m, leading to a round, sub- rectanguar, polygonal, cruciform or more complex chamber, all within a round cairn of stones and/or sods. Many clustered in hill-top cemeteries. Megalithic art. Solar and lunar orientations at solstices and equinoxes. Sligo Passage Tomb The Greater Carrowmore Cemetery extends to Knocknarea, Carins Hill, Glen and Doomore on to the Ox Mts. and Slieve Da Eän. Abbeyquarter in Sligo town, at Union Wood in the Ballygawley Gap and at Barnabrack near . The Carrowkeel-Keshcorran cemetery of round stone caims, some with cruciform chambers. Cairn E is a long cairn with a blind court at the south end and transeptal chambers link it to court tombs Excavations on Knocknarea indicate that the enclosing banks are Neolithic and perhaps likewise the enclosures on Knocknashee and on Keshcorran. Unopened cairns and mounds such äs Heapstown, Sheerevagh, Barroe North, Carnaweeleen and Doomore may contain passage tombs. Rathdooney mound proved to be early Neolithic. There are unusual intact megalithic monuments at Knockatootaun, Achonry and Clogher. Several tombs are so ruinous that they are unclassifiable. Earthworks that are similar to the class at Tonafortes, Knockatubber, Lisnalurg and Castledargan, and perhaps also at Carrowmably, may have been ceremonial enclosures. Circular earthen ritual henge monuments belong to the Late Neolithic, 2800 to 2200 BC.

Wedge tombs: 480 in Ireland. Wider and higher at the western front; flat facade. Sloping roof rest on orthostats. D-shaped cairn in northern half of Ireland and oval/circular in southern. More western distribution, many in Cläre. Orientation mainly on setting sun. Some have cup-marks. Related to Breton tombs. They continue the megalithic building tradition from the Neolithic into the Earlier Bronze Age. Sligo Wedge tombs: 37 in Sligo Coolbeg, Kilfree and in the Moytirra area; that at Streedagh is within a stone circle. Excavation of the Breeoge wedge tomb produced both cremated and unburnt human bone. In Sligo often found in same area äs court tombs. Many pre-existing megalithic tombs were also re-used in later periods. There are also about 450 unclassified megaltic tombs and another 450 megalithic structures.

BRONZE AGE Earlier Bronze Age burial barrows of earth or earth and stone. Fullachtfiadha and related burnt spreads. Standing stones are not a major feature of the Sligo landscape. Abrupt change, perhaps arising from a major climatic event, in 1159 BC. From this time on until about 700 BC, the Later Bronze Age saw the greatest Output of metal production. Hillforts, hilltop enclosures, promontory forts and cliff-edge forts, substantial cashels. Knocknashee is one of the largest hillforts in Ireland.

IRON AGE The Early Iron Age sees the arrival of Celtic culture, Irish language and La Tene art style. Settlements are elusive. There are large hill-top enclosures, like Knocknashee (reused), Keash and Carrowmably and Mullaghcor. Ring barrows belong to this period; the saucer barrow at Rathdooney has been dated to 114 cal BC to 71 cal AD. 12

EARLY MEDIEVAL The Early Medieval Period, = Early Christian, = Early Historic, from St. Patrick to the Normans, it is probably the most prolific in monuments but the least researched period for Co. Sligo. Over l ,800 ringfort sites in the county. Dwellings and workspaces for milling, bonework, leatherwork, woodwork and metalwork. The wetland equivalent is the crannög. Early churches were of timber. Drumcliffe has round tower and sculpted high crosses. Inishmurray and Carrowntemple are of International importance. Romanesque 1080 to 1180, the best being St. Fechin's at Ballisodare; also Carrowculleen. From Coptic Egypt rather than Rome.

SECULAR HIGH MEDIEVAL The Anglo-Normans were in Co. Sligo from 1230. In 1245 FitzGerald built Sligo . About 1300, , great military castles, style of Edwardian Norman Conquest castles of Wales. In 1310 Richard de Burgh, The Red Earl, built the castle depicted in Thomas Phillips' Prospect of Sligo of 1685. Richard de Burgh is credited with building roads, Böthar an larla Ruaid and Böthar an Corann or Böthar na Slieve, to get from his Ballymote castle into Roscommon. Moated sites, raised rectangular platforms bounded by a bank and external ditch, were the farmstead settlements of the incoming Anglo-Norman farmers.

MONASTIC HIGH MEDIEVAL Dominicans had houses at Sligo 1252, Ballindoon 1506. Franciscans at Abbey Court 1454. Church and a castle in close proximity at Grange More - Cashelboy. Seidom did either a church or castle become a focus around which a village developed. Sligo town developed from the 14* Century around a castle, an abbey and a hospital. Despite historical evidence of a thriving medieval town the archaeology is not showing up.

LATE MEDIEVAL The 17* Century defendable dwellings; Ardtermon, Ballincar, , Inishcrone, Castletown O'Dowd. Medieval churches continued in use long after the Suppression. Seventeenth Century military star shaped forts in Sligo and Coney Island. Commemorative monuments: Within Sligo Abbey the altar tomb of the merchant O'Crean family dates to 1506. Eleanor Butler, Countess of Desmond, had two memorials sculpted in 1624; Eugenius McDonnell leacht cuimhneachäin of 1591 at Skreen.

POST MEDIEVAL Elaborately decorated box tombs, äs seen at Skreen, Emlaghfad and elsewhere, sculpted by the Diamond family between c. 1780 and c. 1850. Country estates of Lissadell, Hazelwood, Markree, Cooperhill, Templehouse, with big houses and 'beautified' landscapes. Beranger and Bigari tour of monuments in Co. Sligo in 1779 (Peter Harbison 2002). William F. Wakeman's antiquities drawings 1878 and 1882. John McTernan published books.

HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY Streedagh Strand saw the loss of three Spanish Armada ships in 1588; Napoleonic towers at Rathlee, Carrowmably to watch for an invading French fleet.

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY Ballisodare River mills; salt workings; oysters from Sligo exported to London. 13

RECENT SLIGO Thatched cottages; The Ulster Bank Florentine; Yeats Building.

POSTSCRIPT A piece written in 2005 by Dr. Kieran D. O'Conor, NUI Galway, for the South Sligo Inventory.

Thefact that good farmland occurs in many parts of Sligo has meant that there was much settlement in the county front earliestprehistoric tintes onwards. Luckily, unlike many otherfertile districts in Ireland, the predominantly pastoral nature of farming in Sligo and the general lack of agricultural developntent due to the small size ofitsfarms have helpedpreserve the archaeology ofthe county. Fairy lore and superstition have also kept archaeological monuments from being destroyed. It is hoped that communities throughout the county will begin to see their archaeological monuments not only äs interesting andpleasant places to visit but also äs educational assets and a sustainable resource that can contribute to the well- being and prosperity off Mure generations.

Co. Sligo known äs The Yeats Country but could be known äs Country Portal Tombs 10 Court Tombs 64 Passage Tombs 74 Wedge Tombs 37 Megalithic Structures 88 Unclassifled Megalithic Tombs 50 Totais: 185 + 138

Carrowmore is more easily accessible than Carnac. The inns at Sligo are better than those ofAuray, the remains are within three miles ofthe town, and the scenery near Sligo isfar more beautiful than that ofthe Moribhan;yet hundreds ofour countrymen rush annually to the French megaliths, and bring home sketch-books füll ofviews and measurements, but no one thinks ofthe Irish monuments, and no views ofthem exist that are in any way accessible to thepublic. Samuel Fergusson 1872

Mesolithic 8000 BC - 4000 BC Neolithic 4000 BC - 2300 BC Bronze Age 2500 BC - 600 BC Iron Age 700 BC - AD 500 Early Medieval AD 400 - AD 1200 Medieval AD 1200 - AD 1600 Post-Medieval Post AD 1600 Modern Post AD 1800 14

Reading List: Megalithic Sligo, Kiel 2012 Un-Published Works, Manuscripts, Works with Limited Distribution, Reports and Published Works Alcock, Olive, and Tunney, Mary, 2002: "Archaeological Survey in Sligo" in Timoney, ed., 2002, 269-272. Anon., 1995: Record of Monuments and Places, Co. Sligo, , Office of Public Works. Limited Distribution. Baillie. Mike, 1999: Exodus to Arthur, Catastrophic Encounters with Comets, London, Batsford. Baillie, Mike, 2009: "What are the Chances? ffints from the Tree-ring Record", in Fenwick, ed., 2009, 95-104. Bennett, lsabel, ed., 1987 to present: Excavations Bulletin - Summary Accounts ofExcavations in Ireland, Bray, Organization of Irish Archaeologists and later Wordwell. Bergh, Stefan, 1987: "Court Tombs, Passage Tombs and Social Contexts in North Sligo", in Burenhult et al. 1987, 241-255. Bergh, Stefan, 1995: Landscape ofthe Monuments, A Study ofthe Passage Tombs in the Cuillrra Region, Co. Sligo, Ireland, Stockholm, Riksantikvarieämbetet Arkeologiska Undersökningar, Skrifter Nr 6. Bergh, Stefan, 1997: "Design äs Message. Role and Symbolism of Irish Passage Tombs" in Casal ed., 1997,141-150. Bergh, Stefan, 2000: "Transforming Knocknarea - The Archaeology of a Mountain", Archaeology Ireland, 14:2 (# 52): 14- 18. Bergh, Stefan, 2002: "Knocknarea: the ultimate monument, Megaliths and mountains in Neolithic Cüil Irra, North-West Ireland" in Scarre, ed., 2002, 139-151. Bergh, Stefan, 2002: "Monuments of Meaning. Röle and Symbolism of Passage Tombs, Cüil Irra, Co. Sligo" in Timoney, ed., 2002,65-72. Bergh, Stefan, 2003: "Two Stones Make a Line", in Fenwick 2003, 51-63. Bergh, Stefan, 2003: "Death in Sight - Knocknarea and the Identity of Neolithic Cüil Irra, NW Ireland", in Burenhult and Westergard, eds., 2003, 271. Bergh, Stefan, 2009: "Black is the Colour... Chert, concave scrapers and passage tombs" in Cooney, O'Connor and Chapman, eds., 2009, 105-112. Brindley, Anna, 1994: Irish Prehistory, An Introduction, Dublin, Country House / NMI. Brophy, Keneth, and Barclay, Gordon, eds., 2009: Deßning a Regional Neolithic: The Evidencefrom Britain and Ireland, Oxford, Oxbow. Burenhult, Göran, 1980: The Archaeological Excavations at Carrowmore, Co. Sligo, Ireland: Excavation Seasons 1977-1979, Theses and Papers in North-European Archaeology 9, University of Stockholm. Burenhult, Göran, 1984: The Archaeology of Carrowmore Environmental Archaeology and the Megalithic Tradition at Carrowmore, Co. Sligo, Ireland, Theses and Papers in North-European Archaeology 14, Stockholm, University of Stockholm. Burenhult, Göran, 1995; 2001; 2009: The Illustrated Guide to the Megalithic Cemetery of Carrowmore, Co. Sligo, Ynglingarumsgärden, Burenhult. Burenhult, Göran, 1999: "Megalithic Symbolism in Ireland and Scandinavia in light of new evidence from Carrowmore", in Cruz and Oosterbeek eds., 1999, 49-108. Burenhult, Göran, 2001: "Long-distance cultural interaction in megalithic Europe: Carrowmore and the Irish megalithic tradition in a western European and Mediterranean context" in Werbart, ed., 2001, 47 - 66. Burenhult, Göran, editor, Susanne Westergard, co-editor, 2003: Stones and Bones, Formal Disposal ofthe Dead in Atlantic Europe during the Mesolithic-Neolithic Interface, 6,000-3,000 BC, Archaeological Conference in Honour ofthe late Professor Michael J. O 'Kelly, B AR International, 1201. Burenhult, Göran, 2005: "Carrowmore - tombs for hunters", British Archaeology, 82, 22-27. London: Council for British Archaeology. Casal, A.R., ed., 1997: O Neolitico Atläntico e äs orixes do melalitismo. Santiago de Compostella. Caulfield, Seamus, 1983: "The Neolithic Settlement of North Connaught", in Reeves-Smyth and Hammond, eds., 1983,195- 215. Clarke, Stephen, and Kytmannow, Tatjana, 2004: "The Leean Mountain area of County Leitrim: A Prehistoric Landscape Revealed", Archaeology Ireland, 18:2 (# 68), 36-39. Condit,Tom, 1997: Ireland's Archaeology from the Air, Dublin, Country House / NMI. Condit, Tom, and Gibbons, Michael, 1991: "A Glimpse of Sligo's Prehistory", Archaeology Ireland, 5:3 (#17), 7-10. Cooney, Gabriel, and Mandal, Stephen, 1998: The Irish Stone Axe Project, Monograph I, Bray, Wordwell. Cooney, Gabriel, Becker, Katharina, Coles, lohn, Ryan, Michael, and Sievers, Susanne, eds., 2009: Relics ofOuld Decency: Archaeological Studies in Later Prehistory. Festschrift for Barry Raftery, Dublin, Wordwell. Danaher, Ed, 2005: "Tonafortes: A ceremonial enclosure in ", Archaeology Ireland, 19:3 (# 73), 12-15. Danaher, Ed, 2007: Monumental Beginnings, The Archaeology ofthe N4 Sligo Inner Relief Road, Dublin, NRA. Daniel, Glynn, 1981: Editorial, on Carrowmore, Antiquity, 55, 81-89. 15

Egan, Ursula, Byrne, Elizabeth, and Sleeman, Mary, with Ronan, Sheila, and Murphy, Connie, 2005: Archaeological Inventory ofCounty Sligo, Volume I: South Sligo, Comprising the Baronies ofCorran, , and Tirerrill, Dublin, Stationery Office. Evans, Estyn, 1966: Prehistoric and Early Christian Ireland, A Guide, London, Batsford. Farrelly, Jean, and Keane, Margaret, 2005: "Continuity of Megalithic Tradition in Co. Sligo", in Condit and Corlett 2005, 37- 42. Fenwick, Joe, 2003: Lost andFound, Discovering Ireland's Fast, Bray, Wordwell. Fenwick, Joe, 2009: Lost and Found II, Rediscovering Ireland's Fast, Dublin, Wordwell. Gallagher, Fiöna, and Legg, Marie-Louise, 2012: Irish Historic Towns Atlas No. 24: Sligo, Dublin, Royal Irish Academy. Göransson, Hans, 2002: "Pollen Analytical Investigations in the Sligo Area" in Timoney, ed., 2002, 85-95. Harbison, Peter, 1970: Guide to the National Monuments in the , Dublin, Gill and Macmillan. Several Editionstol992. Harbison, Peter, 2002: Our Treasure ofAntiquities: Beranger 's andBigari 's Antiquarian Tour ofConnacht in 1779, Dublin, Wordwell. Harbison, Peter, 2004: Ireland's Treasures, Westport, Connecticut, Beaux Arts Editions. Haughton, J.P., et al., eds. 1979: Atlas of Ireland, Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, National Committee for Geography. Hencken, Hugh O'Neill, 1939: "A Long Caim at Creevykeel, Co. Sligo", J. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 69, 53-98. Herity, Michael, 1974: Irish Passage Graves, Dublin, Irish University Press. Ireland, M. Aideen, 2001: "Colonel William Gregory Wood-Martin, Antiquary, 1847-1917", The Journal of Irish Archaeology, X, 1-11. Ireland, M. Aideen, 2002: "Roger Chambers Walker: A Sligo Antiquarian", The Journal of Irish Archaeology, XI, 147-187. Killanin, Lord, and Duignan, Michael V., 1967: The Shell Guide to Ireland, London, Ebury. Killanin, Lord, and Duignan, Michael V., The Shell Guide to Ireland, Revised and updated by Peter Harbison, 1989: The Shell Guide to Ireland, London, Ebury. Kitchin, Finlay Tower, 1983: "The Carrowmore Megalithic Cemetery, Co. Sligo", Proc. Prehistoric Soc., 49, 151-175. Kytmannow, Tatjana, 2005: "New Prehistoric Discoveries in the Keash /Carrowkeel Complex, Co. Sligo", Archaeology Ireland, 19:4 (#74), 20-23. Kytmannow, Tatjana, 2008: Portal Tombs in the Landscape, The Chronology, Morphology, and Landscape Setting ofthe Portal Tombs of Ireland, Wales and Comwall, BAR British Series, 455. Macalister, Robert A. S., Armstrong, E.C.R. and Praeger, R. L., 1912: "Report on the Exploration of Bronze Age cairns on Carrowkeel Mountain, Co. Sligo", Proceedings ofthe Royal Irish Academy, 29C, 311-47. Mannion, Aidan, 2005: Our Sligo, Heritage ofthe County, Oidhreacht an Chondae Poster, Sligo, Sligo Field Club. MacDonagh, Michael, 2005: "Valley bottom and hilltop: 6,000 years of settlement along the route ofthe N4 Sligo Inner Relief Road" in O' Sullivan and Stanley, eds., 2005, 9-23. McGuire, James, and Quinn, James, eds., 2009: Dictionary of Irish Biography, 9 Vols., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press for Royal Irish Academy. McTernan, John C., 1994: Sligo: Sources ofLocal History, A Catalogue ofthe Local History Collection, with an Introduction and Guide to the Sources, New Edition, Sligo, Sligo County Library. Mimer, Nicky, and Woodman, Peter, 2001: "Mesolithic Middens - frorn Famine to Feasting", Archaeology Ireland, 15:3 (#57), 32-35. Mitchell, Frank, 1976: The Irish Landscape, London, Collins. Mitchell, Frank, and Ryan, Michael, 1997: Reading The Irish Landscape, Dublin, Town House. Moody, T. W., Martin, F.X., and Byrne, F.J., 1982: A New History of Ireland, VIII, A Chronology of Irish History to 1976, A Companion to Irish History, Part I, Oxford, Clarendon. Mount, Charles, 1999: "Excavation and Environmental Analysis of aNeolithic Mound and Iron Age Barrow Cemetery at Rathdooney Beg, County Sligo, Ireland", Proc. Prehist. Soc., 65, 337-371. Mulligan, Paul, 2005: A Short Guide to Irish Antiquities, Sites shown on Discovery Series Ordnance Survey Maps, Bray. Wordwell. Norman, E.R. and St Joseph, J.K., 1969: The Early Development of Irish Society. The Evidence ofAerial Photography, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Ö Nualläin, Seän, 1976: "Central Court Tombs ofthe North-West of Ireland", J. Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 106, 92-117. Ö Nualläin, Seän, 1986: Boulder-burial at Clogher, County Sligo, J. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland,, 116, 123-4. Ö Nualläin, Scan, 1989: Survey ofthe Megalithic Tombs of Ireland, Vol. 5, County Sligo, Dublin, Stationery Office. 16

Ö Riordäin, Seän P., 1979: Anüquities ofthe Irish Countryside, 5* edition revised by Ruaidhri de Valera, London, Methuen. O'Rorke, Terence, 1889: The History ofSligo: Town and County, Dublin, Duffy, Reprint, Sligo, 1986, Dodd'. O'Sullivan, Aidan, 1998: The Archaeology ofLake Settlement in Ireland, Discovery Programme Monograph No. 4, Dublin, Royal Irish Academy. O'Sullivan, Muiris, and Downey, Liam, From 2003 onwards: "Rnowing Your Monuments", Archaeology Ireland. Parkes, Mathew, Bazley, Tony, and Ryan, Siobhän, eds., 2008: Landscape, Rocks and Fossils, The Geological Heritage of County Sligo, Sligo, . Reeves-Smith, Terence, and Hammond, Fred, eds., 1983: Landscape Archaeology in Ireland, British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 116. Ryan, Michael, 1991: The Illustrated Archaeology of Ireland, Dublin, Country House. Rynne, Etienne, and Timoney, Martin A., 1974-1975: "Excavations of a Destroyed Wedge-tomb at Breeoge, Co. Sligo", J. Gahvay Archaeol. Hist. Soc., 34, 88-92. Scarre, Chris, ed., 2002: Monuments and Landscape in Atlantic Europe, Perception and Society during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, London, Routledge. Schulung, Rick, Sheridan, Alison, Clarke, Stephen, and Ramsey, Chris Bronk, 2008: "Largantea and the dating of Irish wedge tombs", J. Irish Archaeology, 17, 1-17. Shee Twohig, Elizabeth, 1990: Irish Megalithic Tombs, Shire Archaeology No. 63, Princes Risborough, Shire. 2nd ed., 2004. Sherridan, Allison, 1985-1986: "Megaliths and Megalomania: An Account, and Interpretation, ofthe Development of Passage Tombs in Ireland", J. Irish Archaeology, 3, 17-30. Timoney, Martin A., 1984: "Earthen Burial Sites on the Carrowmore Peninsula, Co. Sligo" in Burenhult 1984, 319-325. Timoney, Martin A., 1990: Review ofSean Ö Nualläin: Survey of The Megalithic Tombs Of Ireland: Vol. V. County Sligo, North Munster Antiquarian Journal, 32, 106-107. Timoney, Martin A., Wood-Martin, Richard James, and Wood-Martin, Richard Gregory, 2006: "William Gregory Wood- Martin, Sligo Antiquarian, Some Notes and Images", J. Royal Society Antiquaries of Ireland, 136, 157-170. Timoney, Martin A., 2008-2009: "A Find of Rock Crystal at Ballincar, Co. Sligo", The Corran Herold, 41, 60-61. Timoney, Martin A., 2009: "Walker, Roger Chambers", Dictionary of Irish Biography, Vol. 9, 705-707. Timoney, Martin A., ed., 2002: A Celebration of Sligo, First Essays for Sligo Field Club, Sligo, Sligo Field Club. Timoney, Mary B., 2005: HadMe Made: A Study ofthe Grave Memorials ofCo. Sligo from c. 1650 to the Present, Keash, TASKS. Waddell, John, 1998: The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland, Galway, Galway University Press. Waddell, John, 2005: Foundation Myths, The Beg'innings of Irish Archaeology, Bray, Wordwell. Waddell, John, 2008: Review of Danaher, Ed, 2007: Monumental Beginnings, The Archaeology ofthe N4 Sligo Inner Relief Road, Archaeology Ireland, 22:3 (85), 47. Wakeman, William F., 1883: Drawings ofAntiquities on the County of Sligo. By W.F. Wakeman, M.R.H.A.I., made in the years 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882 for ColonelE.H. Cooper, . Bound London 1883. Wallace, Patrick F., and Ö Floinn, Raghnall, eds., 2002: Treasures ofthe National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, Gill and Macmillan and Boyne Valley Honey. Walsh, M., Lee, J., and Burke, P.J., 1976: "County Sligo Soils and their Grazing Capacity", Farm and Food Research, 7:6, 128-131. Woodman, Peter C., 1978: The Mesolithic in Ireland, Oxford, BAR, British Series, 58. Woodman, Peter C., 1992: "Filling in the spaces in Irish prehistory", Antiquity, 66, 295-314. Woodman, Peter C., 2003: "Pushing Back the Boundaries", Occasional Papers in Irish Science and Technology, No. 27, Dublin, RDS & RIA. Wood-Martin, William Gregory, 1882: The History of Sligo, County and Town, from the Earliest Ages to the Close ofthe Reign ofQueen Elizabeth, Dublin, Reprint, Sligo, 1990, Dodd's Antiquarian Books. Wood-Martin, William Gregory, 1888: The Rüde Stone Monuments of Ireland (Co. Sligo and the Island of Achill), Dublin Hodges, Figgis. Wood-Martin, William Gregory, 1889: History of Sligo, County and Town, from the Accession of James I to the Revolution of 1688, Dublin Hodges, Figgis, Reprint, Sligo, 1990, Dodd's Antiquarian Book. Wood-Martin, William Gregory, 1892: History of Sligo, County and Town, from the Close ofthe Revolution of!688 to the Present Time, Dublin, Hodges Figgis, Reprint, Sligo, 1990, Dodd's Antiquarian Book. Wood-Martin, William Gregory, 1895: Pagan Ireland, An Archaeological Sketch, A Handbook ofPre-Christian Antiquities. Wood-Martin, William Gregory, 1902: Traces ofthe Eider Faiths of Ireland., 2 vols., London, Longmans; Reprint: 1970, New York and London, Kennikat Press. (c) Martin A. Timoney 2012