Cabrillo NM: Shadows of the Past CABRILLO Shadows of the Past SHADOWS OF THE PAST at Cabrillo National Monument Roger E. Kelly Ronald V. May National Park Service Cabrillo National Monument, San Diego, CA. Pacific Great Basin Support Office, Oakland, CA. 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS cabr/shadows/index.htm Last Updated: 06-Apr-2005 http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/cabr4/index.htm[10/23/2012 2:19:49 PM] Cabrillo NM: Shadows of the Past (Table of Contents) CABRILLO Shadows of the Past TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Preface Executive Summary List of Illustrations Chapter One: Shadows of the Past at Cabrillo National Monument Introduction Legacy from the Geological Past Life on the Land Establishment of the Monument Native Peoples of Point Loma Peninsula Historic Land Uses Historical Archeology of Early Landscapes Archeological Materials in Park Collections Previous Archeological Research in the Point Loma Locality Terrain Assessment Surveys and Excavations Condition of Archeological Sites Chapter Two: Overview of Point Loma Prehistory Introduction Laws and Regulations Academic Research Schools Paleogeography of the San Diego Coast Archeology Sites as Time Capsules Research Design Intra and Inter-Site Patterning Question The Inter-Site Settlement Research Question Specific Research Hypotheses for Point Loma Sites Chapter Three: Overview Spanish and Mexican History of San Diego & Point Loma Introduction Early Spanish Explorations Spanish Colonization of California Spanish Response to Foreign Incursions Spanish Defenses on Point Loma The First Point Loma Light Spanish Instability and illegal Foreign Trade The Mexican Republic http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/cabr4/contents.htm[10/23/2012 2:19:53 PM] Cabrillo NM: Shadows of the Past (Table of Contents) The Mexican War of 1846 The Ethnic and Gender Mix Chapter Four: Overview of the Multi-Ethnic Ballast Point Community on Point Loma between 1846 and 1900 Introduction Economic and Ethnic Diversity Historical Record Archeological Background Relationship of Ballast Point and La Playa to Other Communities Educational Opportunities Conclusion Chapter Five: Overview of Historical Military Architecture at Point Loma Introduction Historic Architecture as Historical and Archeological Resources Architecture and Infrastructure as Industrial Archeology Vertical Sequential Layering of Historic and Architectural Features Internal Historical Archeology in Architectural Properties Industrial Archeological Cycles of Change Point Loma Military Reservation Cabrillo National Monument Historic District Fort Rosecrans Historic District Proposed Expansion of the Fort Rosecrans Historic District Proposed Fort Rosecrans, Upper Cantonment Historic District Proposed Fort Rosecrans Works Progress Administration District Proposed Quarantine Station Historic District Proposed Navy Supply Center and Fuel Depot Historic District Proposed Navy Radio and Sound Historic District, 1906-1949 Proposed Naval Electronics Laboratory Historic District Conclusion Chapter Six: Overview of Potential Underwater Archeology at Point Loma Introduction Geological Transformational Processes Underwater Archeology Survey South of Ballast Point Beach Surveys Underwater Wrecks The Potential for Underwater Archeology Strandings and Floundered Vessels in the Point Loma Area Educational Interpretive Value of Underwater Archeology Future Historic Research Future Underwater Survey LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1: Native Tribal Languages and Spanish Colonial Settlements, ca. AD 1800. Figure 2: Major Bache 1850's sketch of the Point Loma peninsula, northward from the http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/cabr4/contents.htm[10/23/2012 2:19:53 PM] Cabrillo NM: Shadows of the Past (Table of Contents) Lighthouse location. Figure 3: Major Bache 1850's sketch of the Point Loma Lighthouse and Ballast Point anchorage area, southwestward view. Figure 4: Point Loma Lighthouse used for military housing, ca. 1917. Figure 5: 1953 Vertical View of southern Point Loma peninsula. Figure 6: Oblique Aerial View of Cabrillo National Monument early 1960s, looking northeast. Figure 7: Identified Civilian Historic Resources on Point Loma peninsula. Figure 8: Jay Wegter watercolor painting Fort Guijarros, aerial view. Figure 9: Jay Wegter watercolor painting Battle of San Diego Bay, 1803. Figure 10: Jay Wegter watercolor painting La Esplanada-gun deck view. Figure 11: Jay Wegter watercolor painting The Whaleboat. Figure 12: Chinese Bamboo-style rice bowl. Figure 13: Chinese Double Happiness-style rice bowl. Figure 14: Chinese cut abalone shell. Figure 15: Whaler's detonated bomb lance harpoon. Figure 16: Whaler's clay smoking pipe "George Washington President". Figure 17: Spanish 'Majolica' ceramic fragment — Aranama Tradition 1790-1835. Figure 18: Point Loma Military Reservation showing known historic military structures and key to inventory numbering systems. Figure 19: Army 115th Company uniform collar insignia. Figure 20: 1890 View of Fort San Diego, constructed in 1873-74. Figure 21: 1923 Aerial view of Ballast Point Lighthouse, whaling station and company warehouse with 1917-1919 Army Cantonment buildings. Figure 22: 1950 Oblique Aerial Photograph of Fort Rosecrans, looking westward. Figure 23: 1942 Naval Radio Station and Sound Laboratory and fuel oil facilities. Figure 24: Alice McDonald floundered offshore Point Loma 1891 Lighthouse. <<< Previous <<< Contents >>> Next >>> cabr/shadows/contents.htm http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/cabr4/contents.htm[10/23/2012 2:19:53 PM] Cabrillo NM: Shadows of the Past (Table of Contents) Last Updated: 06-Apr-2005 http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/cabr4/contents.htm[10/23/2012 2:19:53 PM] Cabrillo NM: Shadows of the Past (Preface) CABRILLO Shadows of the Past PREFACE For so many years, San Diegans and visitors from other countries have enjoyed the vistas, wonders of the seas, and the engaging human stories about Point Loma at Cabrillo National Monument, one of our Nation's earliest urban National Park System units. We are pleased to provide all visitors an opportunity to experience, enjoy, and reflect upon the dynamic natural and human landscapes of California's Pacific Coast and its importance to several nations — Spain, Portugal, Mexico and the United States. But visitors may only see and absorb a fraction of the historic human experience that has taken place here. This study makes available a more complete picture of the native Kumeyaay people who made Point Loma their home prior to European visits, of the subsequent Spanish Colonial presence, followed by citizens of the Republic of Mexico and American whalers, and finally by more than a century of United States military activity on these lands. From historical and archeological research, Dr. Roger Kelly and Mr. Ronald May have compiled data into an overview study so that visitors and staff alike may become more knowledgeable and understand the factors that make the national monument at Point Loma quite a unique place, indeed! SHADOWS OF THE PAST AT CABRILLO NATIONAL MONUMENT fulfills National Park Service policy and practice to make available overview summaries concerning park archeology, with history and architecture, for public understanding and enjoyment as well as park management purposes. Dr. Kelly has been Senior Archeologist for more than 25 years at the Park Service administrative office in Oakland, California and Mr. May, a native San Diegan, has been staff archeologist for the County of San Diego and United States Navy Submarine Base, Point Loma. We hope all readers will be able to learn about the significant archeological resources, not easily seen by visitors, which tell about human experiences at Point Loma over many years and centuries. We also hope that visitors will help us to be good stewards of our collective heritage here at Cabrillo National Monument. Have a good experience at your National Monument! Terry DiMattio Superintendent <<< Previous <<< Contents >>> Next >>> cabr/shadows/preface.htm Last Updated: 06-Apr-2005 http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/cabr4/preface.htm[10/23/2012 2:20:03 PM] Cabrillo NM: Shadows of the Past (Executive Summary) CABRILLO Shadows of the Past EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Point Loma peninsula lands which compose Cabrillo National Monument as a portion of this striking landform have been the stage for human activities for at least three millennia. Native peoples resided in villages located along leeward shorelines of the peninsula and utilized environmental resources for gathering, hunting, and other purposes. Evidence of their use is still extant as documented archeological resources, sometimes covered but not obliterated by later construction and terrain alterations. Preservation and further research potential for these surviving Native American heritage resources is presented in detail. Spanish Colonial presence on the peninsula included a fortification with accompanying military structures constructed in the 1790s to protect the entrance to San Diego harbor. Archeological evidence of this historically significant structure exist on Navy managed lands at Ballast Point. Civilian land uses of the Point during the early 19th century included whaling operations, residential camps of ships' crews and Chinese workers. With the influx of military forces of the United States after the 1840s, Point Loma lands were dominated by strategic uses that continue into the 21st Century. A long chronological development of fortifications, support buildings, quarters, roadways,