The Society for Historical Archaeology NEWSLETTER NORMAN F. BARKA, Newsletter Editor DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY, COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA 23185

Volume 15 Number 2 June 1982

INDEX

page On a happier note, the Society is pleased to announce the receipt of a fourth royalty EDITOR'S CORNER...... 1 check for $608.85 from sale,s of Historical IMPORTANT MESSAGE...... 1 Archaeology: ! Guide to Substantive and NOMINATIONS FOR ELECTION...... 2 Theoretical Contributions, edited by Robert 1983 SHA/CUA ANNUAL MEETINGS...... 2 ScQuyler. Bob Schuyler has also decided to LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS...... 5 have one-half of all the royalties from the REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION...... 7 sale of Archaeological Perspectives ~ PAST CONFERENCES...... 7 Ethnicity in America given to SHA to help BOOK REVIEWS...... 16 its scholarly publication program. RECENT PUBLICATIONS...... 17 SHA salutes Bob and the Baywood Publishing CURRENT RESEARCH ••••••••••••••••••• 25 Coiiipany. ADVISORY COUNCIL ON UNDERWATER Finally, the Current Research section of ARCHAEOLOGy ••••••••••••••••••••• 45 this Newsletter will have a short report on the historical archaeology of Indonesia. News of relevant research in other areas of EDITOR'S CORNER the Third World will be welcomed for future editions of the Newsletter. Vandalism of archaeological remains has always been a serious problem, especially on private property, over which historic pre­ IMPORTANT MESSAGE FOR ALL SHA MEMBERS servation legislation has no jurisdiction. Barry Kent, State Archaeologist of Pennsyl­ Over the past several years it has been vania, relates that, perhaps for the first possible to re-establish a timely publi­ time in this country, there has been what cation schedule for Historical Archaeology, many will consider a landmark decision con­ to reprint several back issues of the cerning the prosecution of an individual journal which were out-of-print, and to con­ convicted of acts which involved the vert the journal to a semi-annual publica­ destruction and vandalism of sites and tion. It has not, however, been possible to objects in the private sector. On April 6, revive the Special Publication Series nor is 1982, the Pittsburgh Press reported that a the variety or geographical spread of the person had been sentenced to 23l months in manuscripts being submitted to the editor at jail and had been ordered to pay $12,000 in a level which is equal to activity in the restitution for vandalizing the Meadowcroft field. archaeological site near Avella, Pennsyl­ In an attempt to change this situation, vania, and stealing artifacts. Knowledge of and to increase the variety of manuscript this conviction may help archaeologists to backlog, both numbers of Volume 16 will be discourage persons from destroying sites combined into a special single issue. This where, previously, no other dissuasion was issue will be a detailed study and reference possible. guide to 900 dated and identified marks of Another area of concern is federal the East Liverpool potteries accompanied by financing of archaeology and historic pre­ upwards of 100 historical vignettes of the servation. Members are once again urged to individual companies. As the mass produc­ read Marjorie Ingle's Legislative Report and tion of these Ohio potters dominated the to take action! second half of the 19th century and their wares are found on North American archae­ NOMINATIONS FOR SHA ELECTION ological sites ranging from California to New England, this 360 page monograph will be Nominations for this year's election of a basic research tool for both historical officers for the SHA include: archaeologists and othe!r scholars. The Board, after careful oonsideration, has President-Elect: William H. Adams approved this move for scholarly and George L. Miller financial reasons. An extra run of 1000 copies, bound with a di1'ferent covel' so as Board of Directors, 1983-1985 (two to be to have a more book-like appearance, will be elected: marketed through museum l:Jhops, book reviews Charles E. Cleland in ceramic journals, and free advertising Leland Ferguson and announcements in antiques newspapers and Paul R. Huey newsletters. Income from this effort is Olive R. Jones projected at $12,000. If the Society can roalize this income, Respectfully submitted by the Nominating it will be possibl~ to reinstitute the Commi t tee: Edwin Dethlefsen ( Chair) , Special Publications Ser:les. There will be Kenneth E. Lewis and Cynthia R. Price. no break in the appearance of Historical Archaeology as we hope tC) have this special combined issue mailed by the end of the 1983 SHA/CUA ANNUAL MEETINGS summer and the editor is already well along with Volume 17, No.1 wh:lch should be ready The 1983 SHA/CUA meetings will be held in for mailing in January. Of equal importance Denver, Colorado, at the new Marriott-Hotel this decision gives the c~d1tor more time to City Center (1701 California Street, Denver, accumulate a greater var:lety of manuscripts Colorado 80202 - 303-825-1300). Registra­ and it gives you, the melmbership, a chance tion and a Renew Old Acquaintances party to decide to send in your offerings to the will begin Wednesday evening, January 5, and journal. We need a full range: artifacts the formal program runs January 6-8, 1983. to theory; Southwest to the Arctic; Contact All tours are planned for Sunday, January 9. Period to Industrial si tc:!s; land and under­ The theme, Heritage of the West, has been water. selected to guide meeting activities; this does not affect program content, which comes Robert L. Schuyler from SHA/CUA members. Presidc:!nt Official sponsors include the National Park Service Denver Service Center and Rocky Ronald Michael Mountain Regional Office; Bureau of Land Editor Managemen t , Montrose District; Bureau of

SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWSLETTER

Published Quarterly in March, June, October. and December. Subscription Rates: Individual M... bers $20.00 US Institutional Members $40.00 US

Newsletter Editor: Norman F. Barka

Special News Editors: Recent Publications: Scott L. Carpenter Legislative News: Marjorie Ingle

Current Research Editors: Northeast: Mary C. Beaudry Northwest: Roderick Sprague Canada - Prairie: Peter J. Priess Southeast: Kathleen A. Deagan Pacific West: Paul J. F. Schumacher Canada - Western: Donald Steer Gulf States: Anne A. Fox Southwest: James E. Ayres Caribbean: David R. Watters Midwest: Charles E. Cleland Canada - Atlantic: Birgitta Wallace Underwater: Robert Grenier Central Plains: Robert T. Bray Canada - Quebec: Pierre Nadon Northern Plains &: Canada - Ontario: Karlis Karkl1ns Mountain States: Garvey C. Wood

Editorial Address: Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter, Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185

Business Address: (new subscriptions, changes of address, subscription fulfillment matters): Circulation Department, Society for Historical Archaeology, 1703 New Hampshire Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20009

Copyright © 1982 Society for Historical Archaeology all rights reserved

3rd clas. posta",_ paid at W.shin",ton. D.C.

2 Reclama tion, Lower Missouri Region; CUA Program Chairman Centuries Research, Inc.; and the Denver Museum of Natural History. General Chairman Mr. Calvin Cummings is Adrienne Anderson. National Park Service The Marriott-City Center is in the heart Denver Service Center of historic downtown Denver with easy access Box 25287 to the Larimer Square Historic District, Denver, Colorado 80225 numerous restaurants, the Colorado Histori­ 303-234-6112 cal Society, Denver Art Museum, Denver Mint, and many other areas of interest. The hotel itself has excellent meeting, dining, and General Chairman entertainment facilities that are appropri­ Dr. Adrienne Anderson ate for the SHA/CUA group. All sessions National Park Service will be held in the hotel. Room rates are Rocky Mt. Regional Office tentatively: Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225 Single: $54.00 303-234-2764 Double: $66.00 Each additional person: $10.00 If you are interested in attending the Denver Stock Show after the meetings, January 12-22, 1983, we recommend making Call for Papers, Pos tel's, Workshops, and reservations well in advance. Symposia. Due August 1, 19821 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE Abstracts for all symposia, posters, 1983 CONFERENCE ON UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY luncheon round-table workshops, and individual papers must be submitted by ABSTRACTS DUE AUGUST 1, 1982: In order for August 1, 1982. In an attempt to reduce the the CUA program to be included in the "Pre­ unwieldy number of formal papers, the pro­ liminary Program" published in the SHA News­ gram committee has initiated a poster letter, we must meet this deadline. session and a luncheon round-table workshop Realizing that many of you will be in the as alternative ways of sharing information. field at that time, it is suggested that Please give consideration to presenting your "Abstracts" be submitted before leaving for data in one of these formats. The prelimi­ the field. Late Abstracts cannot be nary program will appear only in the October accepted. 1982 Newsletter, and abstracts must be in by The preliminary Program will appear ONLY August 1 in order to meet the Editor's dead­ in the October 1982 SHA Newsletter. There line. Please use a xerox copy of the will not be a separate printing or distribu­ "Abstract Form" which is printed in this tion. issue of the Newsletter. Theoretical /synthetic papers will be limited to 25 Historic Background: One of the primary minutes. Field reports will be limited to functions of the Advisory Council on Under­ 15 minutes. All participants other than water Archeology is to sponsor and host the professionals in allied fields and invited annual Conference on Underwater Archeology. guests must be members of SHA. Please send The council decided more than ten years ago abstracts for all presentations to: tha t underwater archeology should not be separate from the rest of archeology. SHA Program Chairman Therefore, the Conference on Underwater Archeology has been associated with the Dr. Douglas Scott Society for Historical Archeology, because Bureau of Land Management most of the underwater archeology in past Box 1269 years has focused on historic period Montrose, Colorado 84104 resources. Each year since 1970 there has 303-322-6380 been SHA/CUA joint/concurrent meetings, with CUA depending on many of the logistics provided by SHA. CUA Program Requirements: Based upon the facts outlined above, the requirements used

3 ABSTRACT FORH FOR PAPERS TO BE PRESENTED AT THE 1983 SHA/CUA MEETING

Send three (3) copies of your abstract on a xerox copy of this form to either Douglas Scott (SHA Program Chairman) or Calvin Cummings (CUA Program Chairman). Type all information and double-space the abstract. TITLE ______

AUTHOR(S) ______

Institutional Affilia.tion (as you want it to appear on the program)

Full Professional Add.ress (including postal code) ______

Phone Number(s) (if more than one author, key addresses and phone numbers to each name). Include area code ------

Audio-Visual·Needs (last minute arrangements will be at the author's expense)

ABSTRACT (type, double space and attach another sheet if needed).

4 in establishing the SHA program also apply funds the State Historic Preservation to CUA. For your information in planning Offices (SHPO) and the National Trust for your participation in the 1983 Conference on Historic Preservation. Similarly, the Underwater Archeology the following Advisory Council on Historic Preservation requirements apply: will be cut 40% (with a 37% staff cut) and the National Park Service reportedly will 1. Must be a member of SHA to be on the escape major cuts with funding equal to that program. (Except invited papers and of last year. Other Federal agencies, such professionals from allied fields). as the U.S. Forest Service and the Bureau of 2. Must submit an Abstract to be on the Land Management, will program a dispro­ program. portionate amount of their total agency cuts 3. Abstracts must be in by deadline from their in-house cultural resource pro­ (August 1, 1982). grams. If the cuts go through, nearly all 4 Abstracts must include: SHPOs will close. Wi th the major Federal Title historic preservation agencies absent or Author(s) weakened, we can expect no or little commit­ Affiliation ment to archeology or historic preservation Professional address & phone throughout the government and also industry. Audio visual needs It will take years to rebuild these pro­ Abstract - limited to 150 words grams, if they are eliminated. The ACHP 5. Papers that report on, or result reports that if these cuts go through, the from, treasure hunting will not be professional staff will be drastically cut accepted. and the Denver office likely closed. Only "basic operations" (ie. case-by-case re­ Any submission not meeting all of the views) could be carried out, and more inno­ preceding five requirements will be vative approaches such as Programmatic rejected. Memoranda of Agreement would be impossible. Theoretical/synthetic papers will be Hearings in front of the Senate and House limited to 25 minutes. Field reports will Appropriations Committees for the Dept. of be limited to 15 minutes. All participants Interior (Historic Preservation Fund) and other than professionals in allied fields ACHP are scheduled in early May and hope­ and invited guests must be members of SHA. fully similar hearings in front of the Please send Abstracts for all presen­ Interior Subcommittees on Appropriations of tations to: both the House and Senate will occur during the summer or early fall. It is essential CUA Program Chairman that the members of the Committees hear from Mr. Calvin R. Cummings you, especially if your Congressman is on National Park Service the Committees. Strong support to Committee Denver Service Center-TMW members would likely result in the resto­ P.O. Box 25287 ration of part or all of the needed budget Denver, Colorado 80225 money, as occurred last year (thus, proving (303) 234-6112 that letter writing is well worth the effort). Important Congressman are:

LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS House Interior SubCommittee on Appropri­ ations - James McClure (Idaho), Ted Stevens Reported by Marjorie Ingle (Alaska), Paul Laxalt (Nevada), Thad Cochran (Miss.), Jake Garn (Utah), Harrison "Jack" The Annual Funding Fight Needs You: In Schmitt (New Mexico), Mark Andrews (N. January, the Administration unveiled its Dakota, Robert Byrd (W. Va.), J. Bennett budget and staffing recommendations for Johnston (La.), Walter Huddleston (Ky.), fiscal year 1983 (Oct 82 to 83) and it was as Patrick Leahy (Vt.), Dennis DeConncini dismal as expected. Budget cuts of 50% to (Arizona), Quentin Burdick (N. Dakota), Dale 100% will be common, with the resultant Bumpers (Ark.). The members of the Senate dismantling of much archeology and historic Interior Subcommittee on Appropriations are preservation within the Federal government Sidney Yates (Illinois), Clarence Long (see chart). Note that the Historic Pre­ (Maryland), John Murtha (Pa.), Norman Dicks servation Fund has been zeroed out, which (Wash.), Les AuCoin (Oregon), Joseph McDade

5 Current FY Admin. FY 1983 Percent Reduction (-) Appropriation Request /Increase (+) (in millions) (in millions) HIST. PRES. Total: 25.4 0 -100% National Trust: 4.4 0 -100% States: 21.0 0 -100% IMS Total: 11.5 0 -100% Grants: 10.8-- 0 -100% NEA Total: 143.0 100.3 -30% Museum: 10.4 7.6 -27% Challenge: 14.4 7.4 -48% NEH Total: 130.5 96.0 -25% Museum: 6.9 3.6 -48% Challenge: 20.3 15.6 -23% NHPRC Total: 1.4- .286 -79% Grants: 1.0- 0 -100% NMA Total: .779 .782 NSF Total: 969.6 1,012.768 +11% Sci. Ed: 21.12 15.0 -28% Public Understanding of Science NA ACHP 1.8 1.0 -40%

-appropria tion under (!ontinuing resolution through March 31, 1982 --scheduled for rescisflion Legend HIST. PRES. - Historic Preservation Fund. National Park Service IMS - Institute of MUSE~um Services NEA - National Endowment for the Arts NEH - National Endowment for the Humanities NHPRC - National Histor'ic Publications and Records Commission NMA - National Museum A.ct. Smithsonian Institution NSF - National Science Foundation ACHP - Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

6 (Pa. ) , Ralph Regula (Ohio), Tom Loeffler pottery 01" glass trade connections ot' 'tne (Texas). W R I T E. si te have been traced and quantified in terms of vessel count. These site reports Regulations: The most interesting regs news will be used to enlarge the comparative is that the Office of Management and Budget sample in a study of the effect of site (OMB) returned the ACHP's draft regulations location on degree of market participation. (36 CFR Part 800) and did not accept them Additionally, any maps 01" lists of American for publication in the Federal Register as glass 01" pottery manufactory locations would proposed draft regs. ACHP is eagerly be helpful. Finally, exchange of infor­ awaiting further details from·OMB explaining mation is invited with others measuring the objections. However, this puts new regs socio-economic status with Miller's ceramic off into the unknown future. index 01" other methods.

Other Interesting Tidbits: Ruthann Knudsen Faunal Collections: For use as comparative has resigned as Chairperson, Committee on butchering samples, faunal collections are Public Archaeology (COPA), Society for needed which meet the following conditions: American Archaeology, effective June 1. It 1 • minimum bone count of 500, 2. far is not known who will succeed her, but most Western locale, 3. domestic and 4. Euro­ of the recent advances of archeology and american. Need at least one urban and one historic preservation in the political arena rural for each of these time periods - 1850- can be directly attributed to Ruthann 1870s, 1880-1900s and 1900-1920s. If you (restoration of $ to Federal agency and SHPO have information on any such samples please budgets in the last few years and the 1980 contact Sherri Gust at (213) 254-0304 01" at Amendments to the National Historic Preser­ Biology Dept., California State University, vation Act). Los Angeles, CA. 90032. Will provide 1.0. OMB has just asked the Dept. of the and analysis to anyone providing bones. Interior and ACHP to participate in a study on how the Section 106 review procedure is Historic Cannons: Informa tion concerning being imposed on applicants and second the location of any antique cannons would be parties, on how to simplify the imposition appreciated. Anyone knowing of cannons in of Section 106, and on how to make the museums, at State and County Parks, in imposition more consistent between differ­ private possession, local cemeteries 01" ent involved Federal agencies. The results local parks should contact Historic Cannons of this study could and are expected to have of California at P.O. Box 2216, Goleta, CA wide-ranging effects on how archeology, 93118, 01" call (805) 968-4801. especially contract archeology, is con­ ducted in the U.S. PAST CONFERENCES

REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION Third Bahamas Conference on Archaeology: a conference organized by John Winter (Molloy Lamp Chimneys: La Cretia Drum (Southeast College) and hosted by Donald and Kathy Missouri State University) is seeking infor­ Gerace (College Center of the Finger Lakes) mation on the evolution of kerosine lamp was held at the Bahamian Field Station, San chimneys. General information, information Salvador Island, Bahamas, from March 18-22, from sites, 01" a bibliography would be 1982. The following papers on the historic appreciated. Responses should be addressed period were presented: to: La Cretia Drum, P.O. Box 415, Jackson, Who was Columbus? by Ruth Wolper. Missouri 62755 The Fortune Hill Plantation, San Salvador, Bahamas by Kathy Gerace Site Reports, Maps, and Lists: Dr. Suzanne The Physical and Historical Spencer-Wood, Associate Graduate Program Geographic Settings of Galways Sugar Director for Historical Archaeology, Plantation, Montserrat, West Indies Department of Anthropology, University of by Lydia Pulsipher. Massachusetts, Boston (02125) is looking for Archaeological Methodology on the site reports in which either 1) the marks on Galways Plantation Project by Conrad glass 01" pottery are available, preferably Goodwin. in drawings 01" photographs, 01" 2) the

7 The Gingerbread Design on Abaco (American Indian Archaeological Island, Bahamas by Sandra Riley. Institute) • Highland House, Barbuda: An 18th The Growth of Industrial Capitalism Century Retreat by David Watters and and Class Formation in the Early Desmond Nicholson. Nineteenth Century: A Case from The St. Joseph and Mayo Sites, Southeastern Pennsylvania, by John Trinidad, West Indies by Stephen McCarthy and Stephen Graff (Temple Glazier (read by John Winter). University). Conference participants had the oppor­ Houses Remembered and Houses For­ tuni ty to observe the Fortune Hill and Sandy gotten, by Anne Yentsch (University Point plantations as well as the New World of Maryland). Museum, Columbus Monument, and prehistoric National Museums and the Reification si tes. The proceedings of the Conference of the Jacksonian Myth, by David are scheduled for publication in an upcoming Meltzer (National Museum of Natural issue of Florida Anthropologist. History) • The Middle Atlantic Conference: MAC held National Capital Glass Seminar: The seventh its annual meeting at Rehoboth Beach, glass seminar was held in Washington, D.C., Delaware between April 2 and 4, 1982. on March 31, April 1 and 2, 1982, sponsored Russell G. Handsman organ:Lzed and chaired an by the Early American Glass Club, Bethesda, historic session titled, "Historical Maryland Chapter. Papers and study groups Archaeology and the Category of the Ideo­ presented included the following: technic. " It has now been' two decades since The Glass from the Tolosa and the Lewis R. Binford (1962) lnvented the cate­ Guadelupe by Mendel Peterson gory of ideotechnic artifacts: "items which The Glass in the Gallathy Collection Signify and symbolize the ideological by Birute Vileisis rationalizations for th'a social system." Rarities in Cut Glass by Chester Wi th the exception of some Mayan interpre­ Cassel. tations no one has had great success in Glass Beads by Diane Hogan discovering the ideotechnic amongst the Victorian Colored Glass by William archaeological records of premodern Heacock. societies. The papers in this nymposium explored The Society for California Archaeology: The this dilemma through systematic exami­ Society met in Sacramento March 31 thru nations of ideotechnic artifacts in historic April 3, 1982 for its sixteenth annual and contemporary settings. A variety of meeting. A total of 116 papers were data were analyzed includ:Lng living histori­ presented at the meeting, 49 of which were cal museums, architectural history and pre­ on historical archaeology and ethno­ servation theory, historic sites, contem­ archaeology: porary museums, and pJr'ocesses such as urbanization and industrialization. All of SYMPOSIUM: Recent Investigations at Ft. these analyses traced a significant connec­ Irwin, California tion between the category of the ideotechnic and the emergence of capitalism in a variety Historical Overview of the Fort Irwin of structural poses. The following papers Reservation, California by Richard Quinn were presented: (California State University, San Diego). Gentrification and Cultural Resource The overview traces the historical Management in Historic Urban circumstances that prompted Spanish, Settings: The PQverty of Preserva­ Mexican, and Anglo interest in the region, tion Theory and Praxis, by Richard J. as well as the trail use in given portions Dent (University of Maryland). of the area during these respective periods. tdeotechnic Artifacts around the This particular region of San Bernadino Chesapeake Bay, by Mark P. Leone County held a frontier atmosphere longer (University of Maryland). than almost any other region in the United The Differentiation of Labour: States. The vast desert contained most of CuI tural Processe:s and Ideotechnic the unexplored terrain within California. Artifacts, by Ru:ssell G. Handsman For this reason, as well as for the recognized mineral wealth, the area always

8 o held interest for a wide variety of settlers investigations required by various govern­ who welcomed the openness of the largest ment regulations, with very little to show county in the United States. for the effort. At the advent of a development project involving Federal West Drinkwater Basin Data Recovery funds, a crash program would be instituted Project, Fort Irwin, California by Roberta which would: 1) determine if cultural L. Becker (Cultural Systems Research). resources, as defined in Federal regu­ The West Drinkwater Data Recovery Project lations, exist and 2) perform archaeology as includes three types of surface collection a token effort to satisfy requirements. and subsurface testing. Eight sites, pre­ Numerous pitfalls were observed in this viously recorded by RECON, are involved. process, including the potential danger to' Seven compose the Triangle Cluster west of archaeologists found in front of the bUll­ the lake; the eighth is the lake itself. dozer--but, of course, that problem was not Triangle Cluster sites contain con­ regarded as serious. siderable subsurface deposits, which is To avoid these pitfalls, the City of prompting an additional research design. Sacramento has adopted a planned approach Drinkwater Lake has nine surface flake con­ for Cultural Resource Management in the centrations of very different materials. Central Business District. This paper will All site are being analyzed based on their outline the scope of that plan, its goals differences. Prehistoric cultural phases and objectives, the work undertaken to date, represented include Gypsum, Saratoga and an assessment of its success to date. Springs, and Shoshone. Historic phases involved at Drinkwater are mining and A Research Design for the Study of military occupational sequences. Victorian Life in Sacramento by Peter Schulz (Department of Parks and Recreation). Site Protection and Preservation at The procedure used in this study is to Fort Irwin, California by Walter L. Cassidy review the historical development of the (Department of the Army Civilian). target area, with attention to the economic, Fort Irwin is a high intensity use social, and ethnic factors which provide a military National Training Center. In basis for understanding its role in the life compliance with Executive Order 11593 and of the city in the last century. The goals other federal and Army regulations, the Army and procedures used in historical archae­ initiated a cultural resource inventory pro­ ological investigation are then reviewed, gram in June of 1980. Since that time followed by an assessment of the potentials approximately 75,000 out of 3,000,000 acres for the accumulation of significant archae­ of the maneuver areas have been inventoried. ological deposits and their likelihood of As archaeological or historic sites are survi:val to the present. Based on these identified, temporary protective or preser­ considerations, guided by available carto­ vation measures must be taken to ensure the graphic detail on structural placement as survival of these sites until data recovery well as experience with nineteenth-century or permanent protection can be provided. deposits in Sacramento, detailed recommen­ Various types of fencing, dirt or rock dations are proposed. berms, off limit sign posting and the like are utilized for the protection or preser­ Archaeological Investigations on the vation of cultural resource sites which lie IJ56 Block, Sacramento by Adrian Praetzellis within the active perimeters of the training (California State University, Sonoma). maneuver areas. Several archaeological features dating to the 1850s and 1860s, and, for the most SYMPOSIUM: The City Beneath Your Feet: part, associated with the commercial and Archaeology For, In, and Of the City of domestic activi ties of Chinese merchants, Sacramento, chaired by Marley R. Brown, III. were excavated.

There is Always a Risk Being in Front Test Excavation and Research of a Bulldozer by James Henley (Sacramento Strategy for IJ56 Block: Early Chinese Museum and History Division) Merchant Community in Sacramento by Mary Prior to the summer of 1978, hundreds of Praetzellis (California State University, thousands of dollars were expended in the Sonoma) • Sacramento area on various archaeological

9 Backhoe testing di:3covered numerous Seriation of Makers' Marks on Stone­ discrete archaeological features connected, ware Ale Bottles by Paul G. Chace (Paul G. through documentary resea.rch, with a series Chace & Associates). of Chinese merchants who occupied the block The seriation of maker's marks on stone­ from ca. 1854 to 1870. Taking the lead from ware ale bottles in archaeological collec­ ethnographic analyses, the merchants are tions from ten datable sites across Western conceived of as 'culture brokers', who pro­ American provides differentiation between vided models of appropriate behavior for the lots for the periods of 1855-1875, 1875- less-sophisticated mem:bers of their 1897, and 1895-1910. Certain marks may communi ty. A research Btrategy to reveal differentiate even shorter temporal the processes by which thE!se people adjusted periods. The production-and/or-shipment to themselves to the physical, economic, social the Western American frontier of British ale and political context of Sacramento's in marked bottles, as a series of individual development during its transitional period business marketing patterns, is reflected in is presented. archaeological phenomena of broad geo­ graphical extent and considerable temporal Food of the Sacra.mento Chinese and sensitivity. the White Devils by Sherri Gust (California State University, Los Angeles). Chinese Traditional Life in the Faunal remains from Chinese deposits in "Golden Mountain" 1849-1932: Chinese the IJ56 block will be c()ntrasted to those Imported Material Seen as Patterns of from Euroamerican deposits in early Sacra­ Acculturation at Moon Lee One, Weaverville, mento. Additionally, cc'mparisons will be California by James Dotta (Ark II). made to Chinese fauna:! from Woodland, A survey of the Chinese import ceramics Ventura, Lovelock and Tuoson. Patterns of and non-Chinese ceramics as indications of species utilization, butchering and food the acculturation of Chinese miners and processing evident from the bones will be their descendants in a mining community. discussed along with ethnographic and historical data. Of pclrticular interest Micro Versus Macro Archaeology at will be the affirmation of some 'myths" of Moon Lee One: Two Views by a Single Pair of Chinese food habits. Eyes by Clark Brott (Ark II). The unknown quantity and quality of sub­ Sacramento's Cultural Resources Plan surface deposits in the 19th century in Regional and Nations.l Perspective by historical site at Weaverville, California Marley Brown, III (Colonial Williamsburg ~nd the demands of standard archaeological Foundation, Virginia). field precautions are pitted against the During the past three years, the Museum need for maximum meaningful information and and History Division of the City and County a short budget. MeanWhile, the bulldozers of Sacramento has undertaken an ambitious are idling at the edge of the dig. program in urban historica.l archaeology. To date, three blocks have been examined, in A "Piuga" Collection Site and Associ­ whole or in part, from both a documentary ated Log Structure, Mono County, California and archaeological per'spective. The by Donald E. Lipp (Inyo National Forest). reseal'1ch design and ex·~avation strategy During the course of a recent Forest employed in these project.s are evaluated in Service timber inventory, a standing log light of similar studies which have been and structure was recorded. This structure is are presently being undertaken in other believed to be associated with the aborigi­ American cities. This comparison indicates nal use of the larvae of the pandora moth that in many ways, the Sacramento program is (Coloradia pandora Blake), known locally as exemplary of at least one promising approach "Piuga" • A brief background into the life to the archaeological examination of cycle of the pandora moth is given, as well nineteenth century urban development in the as a discussion of the aboriginal procure­ United States. ment strategy. The log structure is described in detail, and interpretations as SYMPOSIUM: Topics and Methods in Historical to the functions, range, and distribution of Archaeology, chaired by Paul J. F. such sites are provided. Schumacher.

10 Ethnoarchaeology at a Brick and Tile Santa Cruz State Historic Park. It has Kiln by Julia O. Costello (University of traditionally been identified as the mission Ca,l1fornia, Santa Barbara). guards' quarters; but Santa Cruz historians The technology of brick making, well and Department of Parks and Recreation staff developed by Roman times, was introduced historian and archeologists nave discovered into Alta California by Spanish colonizers documentary and physical evidence to suggest at the end of the 18th century. Excavations that this tradition is in error. It now conducted at a kiln site at the Mission San appears that the guards' quarters were Antonio de Padua addressed both how the located across the street and that the local Salinan Indians adapted to this Neary-Rodriquez Adobe was part of a much industry, and how traditional Spanish brick­ longer structure that housed individual making fared in a frontier setting. Indian families in small, single room apart­ California data was compared to archae­ ments. Research conducted for our resto­ ological remains of Roman kilns and to ration project is expected to provide infor­ traditional Hispanic brickmaking activities mation on the building's age, design, use, as currently practiced in Guatemala. occupants, and relationship to the mission Differences in technological and associated community. cultural activities are assessed as indi­ cators of Native American acculturation and "This Case Stamped for California": Mission craftsmanship. Research on the Wine Bottle Shoulder Seals from Old Sacramento by Betty Rivers (Depart­ Women of the Earth--History and ment of Parks and Recreation). Archeology of a Site in Old Sacramento by A surprising amount of information on the David Abrams (Cosumnes River College). social and economic history of nineteenth­ A block from the embarcadero at the century California was obtained from confluence of tne Sacramento and American research on some 50 wine bottle shoulder Rivers there was a cultural backwater. Just seals found in Old Sacramento. Research a half-block from the commercial streets problems, methods and results are presented. there stood, successively, a store selling The possibility of using various seals as tin goods, several boarding houses of not­ temporal or economic indicators is too-good repute, and the alley entrance to suggested. the home of a Greek immigrant. The fires and floods which were repetitive enemies of A Research Design for Historic Rail­ early Sacramentans are known from both road Logging Systems by Sonia Tamez (U .S. physical traces and contemporary news Forest Service).. reports. Twenty kinds of historical docu­ Railroad logging operations conducted at ments provide a remarkable biography for a the turn of the century left their mark on common courtesan of the 1860s and 1870s, California's landscape. Many of these including a note of her dash down the logging activities occurred on Forest street, nude. Unfortunately, where the Service lands. This paper summarizes a written records are most complete, the thematic research design developed by a archeological traces are most elusive. At group of Forest Service archaeologists and the tin store a surprising inventory of historians for inventorying, evaluating and tools and scraps suggest a broader enter­ managing railroad logging resources as prise than tin snipping. diverse and varied as trestles and mill­ The site encompasses three typical 21x150 ponds. foot parcels. At least twenty-five Specifically, the research design argonauts, a majority of them women, lived identifies major problem domains (e.g., there on Second Street between 1849 and technology and social dynamics). It also 1885, when the currently standing structure defines regional research concerns and was built as a warehouse. questions (e.g., what processes governed the evolution of logging from "efficient" to Transcending Tradition: The Neary­ "productive" strategies). Perspectives Rodriquez Adobe by Bonnie S. Porter and from social anthropology, ecology, David L. Felton (Department of Parks and economics, geography and history are Recreation). employed. The Neary-Rodriquez Adobe is the only The research design also includes an remaining original mission structure in

11 implementation plan for' managing railroad mid to late 1800s and its development into a logging resources. Thla interpretation of posh resort centered around the existing hot railroad logging system:~ and operations for springs in the early 1900s. ·This presen­ public enjoyment is a major component of the tation attempts to analyze and report on the plan. ranch's people and events which helped shape San Diego and California early history. One Approach to the Study of Railroad Logging: A Case Study by Jim Rock (Klamath Developing a Strategy for Conflict by National Forest) Brian Farrell Mooney (APEC Corp.). The approach examined here discusses the The Warner Springs Ranch specific plan information that can bE! gained from docu­ encompasses a master planned community on mentary written records and oral histories 2885 acres in the County of San Diego. The da ta and what can be lecLrned from examining proposed project includes the development of the material cultural residues left in and 720 mixed residential units and expansion of on the ground. This paper criticizes the existing resort facilities to include 250 manner in which this study was undertaken. hotel units, commercial center, champion­ It discusses the necessi.ty of being able to ship golf course, tennis ranch, equestrian place this type of resource in an analytic center, theater, and cultural center. Pre­ framework prior to going into the field and historic and historic occupation of Warner later assessing signiftcance. This case Springs Ranch by the Cupeno, Mexican and study documents the fallacy of approaching Euro ,-American people and associated resources of this type in isolation. A historical events have previously been the solution to this problem is suggested. source of major conflicts for potential development projects. Due to the involve­ An Historic Railroad Camp on the ment of interested groups including Native Death Valley Railway by Mark Q. Sutton Americans, archaeologists, anthropologists, (Bureau of Land Management). resource protection societies and govern­ A historic camp associated with the con­ ment officials, resolution of potential con­ struction of the Death Valley Railway was flicts with any development project required investigated and mapped. Forty-seven struc­ a detailed strategy. This presentation tures and numerous fea tures were recorded. includes a discussion of the development and The association of the camp with the railway implementation of that strategy and the and adjacent mining centers is discussed. interaction of key role players in the pro­ ject approval process. The preliminary SYMPOSIUM: Warner Springs Ranch results of the strategy have included a sensitive development plan which meets the Warner Springs Ranch, Rancheria to requirements of the developer and the sup­ Resort by Linda Roth (Flower and Roth). port of Na ti ve Americans, government Developing a strategy for the Warner officials and concerned citizens. Springs Ranch development proposal included an extensive analysis of the ethnohistoric Remnants of the Past: Archaeology at and historic occupation of the area. This Warner Springs Ranch by John R. Cook (APEC analysis was determined t.o be of particular Corp.). importance due to the prehistoric and In association with the extensive historic identity local Native Americans research program conducted on the ethno­ have with the subject property, specifically history and history of the area, a syste­ the Cupeno people who we:re forcibly removed matic survey was conducted to locate, by the U.S. Government under orders from the evaluate and potentially preserve represen­ Supreme Court in 1903. Equally important tative samples of the ranch's past lifeways were events which occurr'ed in the area of and events. Special emphasis was made to state-wide and national significance, include local Native Americans from the Pala including its primary settlement by Jonathan Band of the Mission Indians and the Los Trimbal Warner (also knOlm as Juan Jose) in Coyotes Band of the Mission Indians during 1844 and the establishment of a trading post both the survey and analysis level. The serving as a principal ~ray-station for the following presentation reports the approach western migration on the southern route to utilized including historic photograph California; its role in the Mexican-American analysis and the findings of the War; its operation as a cattle barony in the archaeological investigation.

12 SYMPOSIUM: Topics on Underwater and Mari­ and accessible objects found on a shipwreck time California Archaeology, chaired by John site. They may, in fact, be the only arti­ W. Foster facts from which immediate non-destructive information is obtainable before test phase The Palos Verdes "Chinese Anchors" by investigation ensues. Bruce Love (Littlerock). In January of 1981, five encrusted iron Over the past seven years there have been cannons were discovered on the beach at occasional reports in the popular media Goleta, near Santa Barbara, California. about ancient Chinese anchors discovered off Radiographic (X-ray) analysis of these the coast of Palos Verdes which date from pieces prior to conservation electrolysis Pre-Columbian times. In 1981 this type of has provided clues to their period of manu­ coverage reached a head on Columbus Day with facture, in addition to assisting conser­ CBS national news reporting proof that the vationists. The characteristics of these Chinese were on the West Coast of North cannons with respect to their place in a American some 3000 years before present. developmental chronology and the Time Magazine carried a similar story and possibilities of their or1g1n and the "Chinese Anchors" were featured on the significance to the maritime history of In Search Of television series. California, will be discussed. This paper presents an accurate accounting of the work that has been done on The Drake Hypothesis by Jim Gilmore the si te beginning with its discovery in (Santa Barbara). 1975. The paper will include findings of The five iron cannons exhumed on Goleta the most recent research which is in pro­ Beach during a winter storm January 21, gress. 1981, may be new evidence in a 400-year-old In actuality there is nothing to suggest mystery -- where in California was the a great antiquity for the objects. Likewise "faire and good baye" where Francis Drake there is no proof that they are Chinese and spent five weeks in the summer of 1579 certainly all the objects could not have repairing the Golden Hind on his voyage of functioned as anchors. circumnavigation. The possibility that the Goleta Slough was Drake's Nova Albion will The Underwater Survey of SDi-8897, at be discussed. the Entrance to San Diego Bay by Roy Pettus (San Diego). Could All the Experts be Wrong?: The SDi-8897--an underwater site adjacent to Arguments for Goleta Slough Being Drake's Castillo Guijarros, a Spanish fort site on Nova Albion by John W. Foster (Department of Ballast Point--was surveyed in the spring Parks and Recreation). and summer of 1981. Volunteers associated In 1974 Heizer summarized the evidence with San Diego State University, Fathom upon which to select Drake'S Bay, San Eight research group, and the Institute of Francisco Bay, Bolinas Bay or Bodega Bay as Nautical Archaeology, were among those who the site of Drake's sixteenth-century contributed to the research effort offshore landfall. He concluded that no positive from this 1795 Spanish Fort site at the identification could be made on the basis of entrance to San Diego Bay. the limited documentary information avail­ The underwater investigation was con­ able. He was certain, however, that the bay ducted in conjunction with a land excavation was to be found wi thin the limits of the at the fort site. Cultural material from Coast Miwok language. This discussion will San Diego's Native American period, Spanish present some ethnographic, linguistic and Mission and Mexican periods, and Anglo cartographic data which argue against American period have been recorded in under­ Heizer's conclusions and point to Goleta as water contexts. Both remote sensing survey the long-sought Nova Albion. and fixed-transect SCUBA survey were employed in the sample. Test excavation and SYMPOSIUM: Spanish Fortifications in further data recovery are being considered. California, chaired by Ron May

The Goleta Cannons by Jack Hunter Background on the Fort Guijarros Pro­ (San Pedro). ject by Ronald V. May (San Diego County Large durable artifacts such as cannons Archaeological Society). and anchors are very often the most obvious

13 The Search for Fo:rt Guijarros and the - Archi val Ethnoarcheology: A Study of 1981 Discoveries by Ronald V. May (San Diego Costanoan Hunter-Gatherers by Barbara Bocek County Archaeological Society). (Stanford University). The California Indians are relatively Future Research on California unique among ethnographic hunter-gatherers. Spanish Forts by Ronald V. May (San Diego Their high population density, low mobility, County Archaeological Society). and complex social organization are usually attributed to environmental abundance. - Ceramics Recovel~ed in the Fort Based on a detailed study of spatial and Guijarros Project by Jean Krase (San Diego). seasonal resource variety, predictions are made about the specific ecological bases of - Faunal Material from the Fort low mobility and of chiefdom organization in Guijarros Project by Cynthis Draper (San the San Francisco Bay Area. Predictions of Diego). site content have been tested at a foothill The Castillo at llofonterey by William site, CA-SMa-204. Tests of predicted Pritchard (Department of Parks and settlement pattern are complicated by the Recreation). bay shore 's urban sprawl, however, and for this reason, independent ethnographic data The Santa Barbara Presisio by Richard were collected from J. P. Harrington's field Whitehead (Santa Barbara). notes. Information therein about Costanoan social organization and SUbsistence is used SYMPOSIUM: Ethnoarchaeology-Ethnohistory to test generalized hypotheses about local hunter-gatherer resource strategies, Ethnoarchaeology: Approaches to including site location, group size, and the Research Design in Practical Application by storage and redistribution of key resources. Robert Laidlaw (Bureau ,:>f Land Management, California) • Maidu Ethnohistory: A Changing Per­ spective by Donald Storm (Department of The ethnoarchaeology models employed in Parks and Recreation). several recent research efforts are The vandalism of a Maidu Indian cemetery examined. The strengths and pitfalls of incorporating ethnographic data into associated with the ethnohistoric village material cultural resource inventory proto­ site of Stanfield Hill (Yub-876) in the cols are then examined wt th an emphasis upon foothills of Yuba County, California, during September 1977 provided an unfortunate the general utility and applicability of opportunity to document some of the material these methods. culture, social practices, and the level of Cultural Persistence in Nevada by acculturation of this post-contact group. Richard Hanes (Bureau (If Land Management, The recovered artifacts indicate a large Nevada) • degree of material acculturation, but This paper briefly examines the relation­ several traditional social practices appear ship among cultural resource issues in to have remained unchanged. The implica­ Nevada with a focus upon the emerging role tions gained are that much of their culture of Native Americans. Particular attention continued to function after contact and it is directed toward the research questions would be more proper to view their ethno­ and management issues l"hich arise in the history as a culture change instead of a context of Native American involvement. culture demise. Alaska Native Heritage Issues: The Only Good Indian is a Local Mitigating Impacts of So(}ial Values by David Indian by Shelly Raven (Desert Institute of Geography). . Ruppert (OFI Alaska). In a short 20 years before the advent of Some of the concepts of mitigation design the 20th century, Indians of northeastern and research orientat1.on predominant in California were transformed, at least by the archaeology will be exaalined with relation­ press, from fierce, warlike hordes to ship to other social and. historical values. dependent, even comical wards of the Examples of complex res'ource impact issues ranching communi ty • Primary sources are will be extracted from recent studies used to suggest some reasons for the related to the rapid d.~velopment of rural changing Anglo attitudes towards the local Alaska. Indian population.

14 "Women's Money": A Look at the Use to the archaeological data base, and further and Distribution of Pine-Nut Beads in the goals and development of archaeology in Northern California, Oregon, and Nevada by general, but they must prove efficient and Glenn J. Farris (Department of Parks and cost-effective under Federal and State bud­ Recreation). gets. This paper presents one approach The hard shell of the seed of the Gray or designed to meet these needs and outlines Digger Pine (Pinus sabiniana Dougl.) was certain limitations and potentials of this used by the Indians of northern California method for assessing the significance and to make beads. These beads were strung and possible National Register eligibility for used in the making of necklaces, aprons and historic sites within a contact framework. skirts. They were traded widely beyond the natural range of their source and are found Annadel: An Archeological Survey of in archeological sites throughout northern Portions of Annadel State Park in Sonoma California, Oregon and Nevada. By contrast, County by Joe D. Hood (Department of Parks they do not appear south of the territory of and Recreation). the Yuki, Nomlaki, and Maidu even though the Annadel is known in the archeological raw material is readily available throughout community as one of the major obsidian the Great Valley foothill area. sources in the North Coast Range. In ethnographic references pine nut beads A recent survey reinspected several pre­ are inevitably associated with women and viously recorded sites and identified and their apparel. Unlike other well-known bead recorded 26 previously unrecorded cultural types such as clamshell disk, olivella, and resources. These were both Native American dentalia, pine-nut beads were generally not as well as Euroamerican sites. The majority accorded any specific exchange value, except of the sites are associated with the pro­ among the Tolowa where they were listed as a curement and/or processing of stone form of "women's money." material. Native American sites include Since pine-nut beads have been preserved quarries, workshops, campsites, flake in a carbonized state in a number of crema­ scatters, milling stations, special task tion sites in the tri-state area, their si tes and trails. The Euroamerican sites presence is more traceable than would be are andesite quarries, stone structures, and ordinarily expected for an organic form. building sites. Among the new finds were a The artifact associations in these graves new obsidian source and a chalcedony quarry. suggest that in prehistoric times pine-nut Annadel is located at the crossroads of beads may have been used by men as well as three Native American cultures and is the women. Particular attention will be given focus for an extensive trade network. to the grave-finds reported by Llewellyn L. Loud on Gunther Island (Hum-67) and his A Possible Opium Den in Siskiyou suggestion of the use of these by both County, California by Alan Davis (University sexes. of California, Riverside). Replicative efforts to reproduce both the Backhoe trenches dug for the installation type I and type II pine-nut beads will be of a sewage collection system in Happy Camp, discussed with particular reference to the California uncovered an assemblage of arti­ tools used and the wear patterns which facts depOSited by the activities of late result. 19th century Chinese workers. Informant testimony, archaeological observations, and OTHER PAPERS ON HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY historical sources suggest that the arti­ facts represent the remains of an under­ Site Typologies in Historical ground opium den that was later used as a Archaeology: Their Limitations and trash dump until it caved in early in the Potential for Cultural Resource Management 20th century. Functions attributed to arti­ by C. Michael Elling (California State Uni­ facts recovered in this small sample tend to versity, Sonoma). corroborate information recollections Assessing historic period archaeological concerning Chinese and Anglo activities at sites poses particular problems, as well as this site. potential, in cultural resource management studies. Methods need to be developed that Remembrance of Things Bypassed: A will not only stimulate the researcher, add Summary of Excavations at a Site in Napa County by Richard A. Stradford (California State University, Sonoma).

15 Archaeological exca~,ations at CA-NAP- Valley-California's only town founded, 15/H, located in the lowler Napa Valley, were financed, and governed by blacks. Colonized conducted to mitigate illlpacts of a Cal Trans in 1908 by Colonel Allen Allensworth, an ex­ highway project. Radiocarbon dates place slave, the community was a unique pioneering the earliest utilization of the site between experiment in economic independence and ca. 1700-2100 years B.C. during the Middle social equity. Now protected as a State Archaic period. Seasonal settlement is Historical Park, Allensworth has symbolic inferred during this pE!riod, with locally importance to all Black Americans. Narrated available resources ,exploi ted by the by Greg Morris. inhabitants. Temporally diagnostic arti­ facts were recovered that indicate that the site occupation also to()k place during the BOOK REVIEWS Upper. . Archaic and Emer'gent periods. A greater diversity of activities is inferred Submitted by Roderick Sprague for these periods, suggesting that a more sedentary lifestyle had developed. The following books will not be reviewed Historical and archaeological data demon­ in Historical Archaeology because the strated Historic-period occupation, repre­ reviewers have failed to provide a review sented by the ethnographic Patwin village of and also have failed to respond to requests Suscol. During thi~J period, Native for the return of the book so that it might Americans interacted "rith Mexicans who be sent to another reviewer. The date of established a Rancho Nacional at the site; publication on these books is now so old excavations uncovered the foundation 'of an that it is deemed inappropriate to attempt adobe built ca. 1835. further review. They are: FILMS OF SPECIAL INTEREST TO HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGISTS The Nautical Archaeology of Padre Island, The Spanish Shipwrecks 2£ 1554 by J. Barto The Lamoine Lumber and Trading Arnold III and Robert Weddle, 1979; New Company--An Archeologist Looks at History, England Historical Archeology, Peter Benes, 1981, Trudy Vaughn editor, 1978; Historical Archaeology: ! This Slide/tape progr'am gives a brief Guide to Substantive and Theoretical Contri­ history of the company and defines butionS!, Robert L. Schuyler, editor, 1978; historical archeology. It then shows how Mansion ~ ~ Wilderness: ~ Archaeology archeological reconnaissance, interviews, 2£ the Ermatinger House by C. S. "Paddy" and documentary research are used to study Reid, 1977; and An Annotated Bibliography the economic, technological, and social for the Study of Building Hardware by Peter remains of this early twentieth-century J. Priess, 1978. railroad logging system now within the Like the fed-up service station operator Shasta-Trinity National F'Drest. who started pasting bad checks on the wall of the service station for everyone to see, Concow--People of the Garden, 1974, perhaps we should start publishing the names Don Jewell of the reviewers who have accepted this This film is a lesson in Maidu ethno­ responsibility and ultimately not only botany. With its setting in the Feather failed to fulfill the responsibil1 ty but Ri vel' country of the Sier'ra foothills, the prevented others who are willing to do so film centers around a nature walk with Bryan from serving the society. Beavers, a Concow Maidu. Bryan pOints out a For whatever significance it may have it variety of plants utilizEld by his people. is also interesting to note that everyone The narration attempts to draw together the of the reviewers involved in the above list fabric of Concow Maidu culture with a brief of books has served on the board of SHA or discussion of its demise. CUA including three past presidents of SHA. Perhaps this will help to explain why in the The Spirit of Allensworth, 1979, last several years I have tended to use Danny McGuire younger and less well known reviewers than This Emmy-award-winninig film documents in the past. the rise and fall and prE!servation of the town of Allensworth in the San Joquin

16 RECENT PUBLICATIONS (occupied 1458-1550) based on changes in the artifact inventory through time. Artifact Reported by Scott Carpenter distributional analyses and documentary research in Lisbon were aimed at demon­ Anderson, Elizabeth W., Cara L. Wise, Eugene strating an evening out of the sex-ratio of Michael Sanchez-Saavedra, and Robert A. the colony's population during the latter Warnock half of the occupation. This pattern of 1981 - Historical Archaeological Reconnais­ change was explored within the more general ~ and Assessment: Barry's Farm, theoretical context of frontier demographic Washington, D. C. Washington Metropolitan change, which is characterized in the Area Transit Authority, Washington, D.C. 76 beginning by a predominance of younger males pp. Order from: National Technical Infor­ seeking to establish themselves outside the mation Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, parent society in new economic, political or Springfield, VA, 22161. Order Number: territorial "niches." PB82-153917. Cost: $10.50 paper, $4.00 Increases in the amount and variety of microfiche. imported ceramics after about 1500 and Historical archaeological, architectural architectural evidence of crowding for space and documentary investigations of the wi thin the town's circular walls indicate Barry's Farm area, Anacostia, District of population growth and increased economic Columbia were undertaken by Soil Systems, prosperi ty during a period of major royal Inc. during January 1981. The purpose of investment under the reign of Manuel I this project was to determine whether (1496-1521). Skeletal evidence from the significant intact archaeological remains Portuguese cemetery shows a predominance of of the nineteenth century Freedmen's adult males to females (about 2: 1), but community of Barry's Farm exist within the evidence on the changing deposition ratio of right-of-way of the Metrorail Green line. two sex/occupation linked artifacts The study area includes eleven structures (discarded armor platlets and glass deco­ comprising the largest, earliest and most rative bangles) between the two occupation intact area of contiguous architectural phases indicates that the number of women development in the Barry's Farm/Potomac City increased by about 60% in the later phase region. The three phases of building (1500-1550). experienced in the region, from the third Finally, artifact distributional quarter century, are exemplified. Extensive analyses were performed to delineate alteration of all other areas of the Barry's changing patterns of space use at the Farm/Potomac City region make this area settlement in response to growth. A unique. Archaeological testing procedures depositional model accounting for the forma­ demonstrated that no extensive alteration of tion of three general categories of artifact the land surface has taken place in this accumulations, e.g. floors (small artifacts area. Therefore, the possibility of the deposited thorugh loss), fill (empty room presence of intact mid-nineteenth century accumulations of rubble), and dumps (inten­ archaeological deposits exists. Construc­ sified secondary refuse disposal) was formu­ tion of the metrorail F-5 segment will have lated and tested. The spatial distribution an adverse impact on the cultural resources of these deposits across the site delineated of the area. areas of "high traffic" versus areas of low settlement density. Boone, James L. 1980 - ARTIFACT DEPOSITION AND DEMOGRAPHIC Redman, Charles L., and James L. Boone CHANGE: AN ARCHEOLOGICAL CASE STUDY OF 1979 - QSAR ES-SEGHIR (ALCACER CEGUER): A MEDIEVAL COLONIALISM IN THE AGE OF 15TH AND 16TH CENTURY PORTUGUESE COLONY IN EXPANSION. Unpublished dissertation, SUNY­ NORTH AFRICA. Published as a separata of Binghamton. Available from University the Portuguese journal Studia (nos. 41-42, Microfilms, Order No. DEM 80-27530 (see Janeiro/Dezembro, 1979), by the Centro de abstract in Dissertation Abstracts Inter­ Estudos Historicos Ultramrinos da Jun~ de national, vol. 41-A (HUM-SS), p. 2665-A. Investigacoes Cientificas do Ultramar, This dissertation is an archeological Lisbon, Portugal (in English). study of the demographic development of the This publication provides a general Portuguese colony of Qsar es-Seghir description of the excavations at the site of Qsar es-Seghir, northern Morocco

17 (Portuguese period--14'58-1550) conducted Heldman, Donald P., and Roger T. Grange, Jr. between 1974-78 under the direction of 1981 - "Excavation at Fort Michilimackinac: Charles L. Redman. The material inventory 1978-1979, The Rue de la Babillarde," of the Portuguese occupation is described Archaeological Completion Report Series, &nd a brief summary of the interpretive No.3, Mackinac Island State Park resul ts regarding the nature of the colony Commission. Two articles by T. M. Hamilton is presented. The cE!ramics (majolicas, and one by Leonard W. Blake. Illustrations, resist wares, luster I~ares, as well as maps, tables, bibliography. 470 pages. utilitarian wares) should be of particular $20.00. Order from Mackinac Island State Park interest to investigators of 16th century Commission, P.O. Box 370, Mackinac Island, Spanish sites of the Ne~r World, as they are Michigan 49757. quite similar to ceramics found here and Historical documentation and the archae­ probably have a common source. The booklet ological record from the southeast quarter contains 50 pages and 27 photographs and of the site of Fort Michilimackinac are used figures. A limited number of copies are to determine what of the Rue de la available from the auth()r upon request (J. Babillarde survives. This narrow lanE!con: L. Boone, Anthropology Department, SUNY, nected the southeast quarter of the fort Binghamton, NY 12901). with the rest of the palisaded settlement from sometime in the 1730s until the British Gordon, Kate and Robert McGhee abandoned Michilimackinac in 1781. Though 1981 - The Vikings and Their Predecessors. disturbed, the lane was delineated by National Museum of Man. Ottawa, Ontario. archaeologists and prrtially excavated on 68 pp., 77 illus., $9.95 (Canadian)~ Order its extreme east and west ends. New from National Museums of Canada, 300 Laurier architectural evidence of the 1730s and 1744 Ave. West, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OM8 Canada. French expansions of the fort as well as An exhibition catalogue, written by North later British expansions also is presented. American scholars, to accompany the A review of virtually all known French travelling Viking exhibition, prepared by and British documents is given. A major the Statens Historiska Museum of Stockholm, goal in 1978 was to test the Lotbiniere map Sweden. In the first section a brief of 1749 and other historic documentation chronological history of European expansion which provided a model for the research during the first millenium AD provides a strategy. The Lotbiniere map once again historical background for the Age of the proved to be a precise engineering model. Vikings. Social and teohnological aspects Another major goal, which also was of the Viking Period (800-1050 AD) are accomplished, was to find French deposits elaborated in the next three chapters: from the 1730s to 1761 and British deposits 1 • Daily Li fe; The Household, Clothing of the period 1761 to 1781. and Adornment, Leisure Pastimes; Both historic documents and the archae­ 2. Craft and Industry; Iron Working, The ological records for the site suggest the Blacksmi th , The Weapon Smith, The Rue de la Babillarde changed in use and Jeweller, Bead Making, Bone and function:rrom French through British times. Antler Working, Soapstone Carving, Thus it was hypothesized in the research Carpentry; and strategy that French activities in the lane 3. Ships and Shipbuilding. would reflect behavior related to the fur In a fifth section, Robert McGhee trade and that later British activities discusses the historical and archaeological would reflect an increasing British military evidence for the Norse in North America, presence at the site. Both hypotheses are 10th through 15th centuries. Mention is partially verified. made of the Norse settloment at L'Anse aux It was also hypothesized that the Meadows in Newfoundland, the 11 th-century changing functions of the Rue de la Norse coin found at a coastal Indian site in Babillarde, the powder magazine property, Maine, and Norse artifacts from Eskimo sites the row house on the south of the lane, and in Arctic Canada, especiiilly a Thule Eskimo the gardens of the row house to the north site on Ellesmere Island. would be reflected in different frequencies Finally, the catalogue concludes with a of artifact types and categories, both in list of the artifacts from the exhibition, horizontal and stratigraphic distribution. and a bibliography including 13 references All data from these activity areas are to North American archaec:>logical finds. synthesized to determine behavior patterns.

18 The problem thus envisages both behavioral two historic period sites located in the loci within identified architectural Snake River Canyon, near Bliss, Idaho, features such as fence and wall ditches and wi thin the area of the J. J. Wiley dam in terms of patterned artifact deposition project. The report also includes infor­ reflective of associated behavior. Still mation about the archaeological survey of other hypotheses were generated in the the area which recorded two historic sites research strategy of 1978-1979 and most are and a prehistoric lithic scatter. The two verified. sites subjected to controlled excavation A precise set of excavation controls was include the historic component of a pre­ applied from the outset in 1978 and the historic site and a homestead occupied resulting volumes of data are organized into during the early 20th century. The report various behavior categories and then includes an historical overview of the analyzed with the aid of Statistical immediate Snake River area, and descriptions Analysis System (SAS) programs. Ceramic of artifacts recovered. formula dating, visual bracketing dating, and cluster analysis are applied to the data Proceedings of the First Annual Symposium of to determine site-specific seriation, the Association of Oregon Archaeologists: possible cultural origins of some artifact This publication (184 pages including photo­ types, and behavior patterns. Behavior graphs and illustrations) consists of nine pattern determination is used for intersite articles which were presented as papers at comparisons. the 33rd Annual Northwest Anthropological Conference at Western Washington State Uni­ Murphy, Lawrence R. versity in March 1980. Presented in the AOA 1981 - The Pacific Historian: A Quarterly sponsored symposium, this volume was pub­ of Western History and Ideas. Volume XXV, lished in March 1981 and includes two Number 3. The Holt-Atherton Pacific Center articles on historic archaeology, five on for Western Studies, University of the prehistoric, one on experimental Pacific, Stockton, California. 90 pp., archaeology, and one on cultural resource illustrated. Order from: Holt-Atherton management. One historic archaeology Pacific Center for Western Studies, Univer­ article describes the excavations of an sity of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95221. officer's residence at Old Fort Stevens Single copy price, $3.50; yearly subscrip­ which is a Civil War-era military outpost at tion, $12.00 the mouth of the Columbia river in north­ This volume of The Pacific Historian con­ western Oregon. The other centers upon the tains six excellent articles dealing with excavation of two pre-reservation historic the topic of "California's Historic Clackamas Indian burials from the metro­ Coastline." Included selections are "The politan Portland area. Described are the Discovery and Mapping of Tomales Bay, 1595- mortuary practices and associated in situ 1793," "California's First Explorer: burial assemblages which include 17th, 18th,· Sebastian Vizcaino," "By Ship to California, and 19th century buttons, beads, and Asian 1859: The Recollections of Louis Simonin," coins. The cost of the publication is $5.00 "Father Yorke and the San Francisco Water­ to members and $7.00 to non-members (plus front, 1901-1916," and "From the Archives: $1.25 for postage). The cost for membership California Clippers." (which includes a quarterly newsletter) is an annual fee of $10.00 for individuals and Ostrogorsky, Michael institutions and $5.00 for students. For 1981 "Archaeological Investigations at more information or to place an order, write Historic Sites in the Snake River Canyon to: Association of Oregon Archaeologists, Near Bliss, Idaho." Project Reports, Number P.O. Box 40393, Portland, OR 97240. 6. Idaho Archaeological Consultants, Boise. 137 pp., 22 figs. Order From: Idaho Protection of the Underwater Heritage. Archaeological Consultants, P.O. Box 3373, Technical Handbooks for Museum and Monuments University Station, Moscow, ID 83843. A 4. UNESCO, 7 Place de Foutenoy, 75700 limited number of free copies of this report Paris. are available. This report is the result of archae­ Shimsbuku, Daniel M. and Gary F. Hall 1981 - ological investigations and evaluations at St. Paul's Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada: Description and Interpretation of Gravestone Designs and Epitaphs.

19 Occasional Papers !£! Anthropology No. Easter, B. H. 10, Department of Anthropology, Saint Mary's n.d. - St. Lucia Diary of Lt. Caddy, 1832. University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, US$1.50. Canada. n.d. - Brief History of the Town of Vieux Fort. US$1.00 William, J. Mark and Gary Shaprio 1982 - "A Search for the Eighteenth Century Village at Order from St. Lucia Archaeological and Michilimackinac: A Soil Resistivity Historical Society, P.O. Box 525, Castries, Survey, " Archaeological Completion Report St. Lucia, West Indies. Price includes Series, No.4, Mackinac Island State Park airmail. (NOTE: Another book, Outlines of Commission. $7.00. Order from Mackinac St. Lucia's History by C. Jesse, is out of Island State Park Commission, P.O. Box 370, print.) Mackinac Island, MI 49757. Ortega, Elpidio and Carmen Fondeur Wilson, Rex L. 1978 - Argueologia de los Monumentos His­ 1981 - Bottles on the Western Frontier. toricos de Santo Domingo. San Pedro de University of Arizona Pr'ess, Tucson. 143 Macoris: Universidad Central de Este. 241 Dp., illustrated. $19.95. Order from: pp. , 95 figures. Order from Fundacion tJniversity of Arizona Prl~ss, The University Ortega Alvarez, Calle N no. 4 Ensanches of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85717. Agustina, Santo Domingo, Dominican An excellent guide and reference for the Republic. US$6.00. identification of bottles used on the This study contains 13 chapters on western frontier during the second half of specific colonial period sites or categories the nineteenth century. Over 350 types of of artifacts in Santo Domingo. Excavation bottles are illustrated photographically. information is brief as most of the book is The samples represent a collection of devoted to recovered ceramic materials bottles used and discardE~d at Fort Laramie, including Spanish majolica and other Euro­ Wyoming, and Fort Union, New Mexico, between pean wares. Figures (some in color) include 1849 and 1891. Descriptive information is photographs of sites and ceramics, excava­ included for bottles used in the storage and tion plans, rim profiles, structural distribution of beer, ale, stout, whiskey details, and some coins. Spanish text. and other liquors, wine, bitters, soda­ water, ginger, mineral-'olater, proprietary Borrell, Pedro J. medicine, drugs, chemi,~als, tOiletries, 1980 - Argueologia submarina en la Republica culinary, and ink. Supplementary material Dominicana. 138 pp., photographs (unnum­ within the book includos an illustrated bered) • Order from Comision de Rescate section of bottle shapes and finishes, Arqueologico Submarino, Museo de las Casas­ bottle marks from the Fort Union collection, Reales, Calle las Damas Esq. Mercedes, Santo distribution of colors in glass beer bottles Domingo, Dominican Republic. US$5.00 from Fort Union, impressed stamps on ceramic An overview of research conducted under ale bottles from Fort LElramie, and adver­ the auspices of the Comision focusing on tised bottle products from 1841 to 1903. individual sites investigated. Coverage for each site is brief, not in depth. Arti­ The following publications by the st. facts, underwater research, and site plans Lucia Archaeological and Historical Society are illustrated but few details about data will be of interest to archaeologists are provided. Spanish text. involved in research in the West Indies and British America: Ekberg, Carl J., Charles R. Smith, William D. Walters, Jr., and Frederick W. Lange Devaux, Robert J. 1981 - A Cultural Geographical and Histori­ 1979 - Pigeon Island National Park, a Brief cal Study of the Pine Ford Lake Project History and Guide. Color illustrated. Area: Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, and US$3.50. St. Francois Counties, Missouri. Illinois 1975 - Saint Lucia Historic Sites. 160 State University Archaeological Surveys, pages, illustrated, appendices, extensi ve Research Report No.2. bibliography. US$6.50. As part of an environmental impact study 1975 - A Century of Coaling in St. Lucia. 12 of the area to be impacted by the proposed pages, illustrated. US$2.50. Pine Ford dam and reservoir project on the

20 Big River in Missouri, holdings of archival responsible for much of the local and materials at several major repositories were regional history. Based on the 50 historic searched for information relating to the Euro-American sites (47 farmsteads, three history and cultural geography of the pro­ schools), a preliminary settlement model was ject area. These data, together with data developed for the region. Factors considered from published sources and oral statements, in the development of this model were key were used to (1) prepare a historical physiographic loci, the character of the summary of the French (1670-1762), Spanish local economy, and the transformation of the (1762-1787), and American (1787-early 20th vast treeless prairie into one of the most century) periods; (2) identify the loci of productive agricultural areas in the United documented, potentially significant struc­ States. tures and human activity area where arche­ ological remains may exist; and (3) formu­ Moy, Henry B., and Titus M. Karlowicz late the basic outlines of models that have 1981 Cultural Resource Inventory and high potential for explantory interpre­ Evaluation of Rock Island Arsenal, Rock tation of diachronical cultural/geo­ Island, Illinois. Illinois State University graphical patterns. A total of 217 docu­ Archeological Surveys, Research Report No. mented potential archeological sites dating 4. from the historic period were identified. Research was carried out to evaluate a These include farmsteads, small towns, portion of Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois, mines, mills, schoolhouses, cemeteries, and for construction of the REARM project; to other kinds of sites spanning the three survey the sites and structures on the historic periods. Recommendations Island; to reevaluate its National Register regarding future historic research activi­ nomination; and to review the cultural ties at Pine Ford Lake and the relationships resource potential for future planning. The of documentary and the field archeological research required archival, documentary, research were made. survey, excavation, and architectural evaluation techniques. Smith, Charles R., Ronald Deiss, and William The archival research was successful in D. Walters, Jr. assessing the type and quality of documen­ 1981 - Phase I Archeological Reconnaissance tation available for the Island, both in and Historical Investigation of the F.A.P. local repositories and in the National 406 Highway Corridor, Tazewell and Logan Archi ves in Washington, D. C. The arche­ Counties, Illinois. Illinois State Univer­ ological survey and testing produced results sity Archeological Surveys, Research Report somewhat different. Despite documentary No.3. references to use of the Island by native The Midwestern Archeological Research American populations, reports by Civil War Center completed the Phase I archeological soldiers of surface-collect ing prehistoric investigation, architectural analysis, and artifacts, and reports of collecting historical research of the seven proposed activities by contemporary Arsenal alternates and the Mackinaw River Crossing employees, only one concentrated prehis­ Area for the F.A.P. 406 highway project in toric scatter was found. Archeological data Tazewell and Logan Counties between April likewise were scarce for the historic and July 1980, and in May 1981, respec­ period. Documents, paintings, drawings, tively. The purpose of this study was to maps, photographs, and written descriptions provide the Illinois Department of Transpor­ all suggested specific locations where tation with locational information for historic remains might be found, but testing historic sites threatened by proposed con­ was largely unproductive. The historical struction, to collect preliminary docu­ archeological/ethnohistorical approach used mentary information for the sites, to in this study has. resulted in a more develop a general historical framework for complete evaluation of the historic period the region to aid in site interpretation, to cultural resources of the Island than could determine individual site significance, and have been achieved independently through to make recommendations for further study. either archeology or history. These objectives were met during the .course of MARC's work. In addition, a sub­ Lemire, Robert, and Monique Trepanier stantial amount of information was collected 1981 - Inventaire des batiments construits for the agricultural population which was entre 1919 et 1959 dans le vieux Montreal e,t

21 les quartiers Saint-Georges et Saint­ Hull, Quebec, Canada KIA OS9. $15.00 Andre/Inventory of Buildings Constructed Canadian ($18.00, Canadian funds, outside Between 1919 and 1959 l.n Old Montreal and Canada.) Cat. No. R64-81/1981-53E. Saint-Georges and Saint-Andre Wards. The study examines the changes made in Histoire et archeologie/History and the methods of milling wheat in Ontario Archaeology No. 51. Parks Canada. Ottawa. grist and flour mills from the 1780s to the 2 vols., 330 pp., 580 iUus. Order from the 1880s. Machinery and mill furnishings Canadian Government Publishing Centre, available during five overlapping periods of Department of Supply and Services ~ Hull, technique are described and some of the Quebec, Canada KIA OS9. $21 .75 a set politirial, economic, social and geographi­ Canadian (26.10 a set, Canadian funds, out­ cal influences that affected the flour­ side Canada.) Cat. No. R64-81/1981-51A and milling industry are discussed in general R64-81/1981-51B. terms. This illustrated l.nventory of Old Montreal and Saint-Georges and Saint-Andre Bush, Edward Forbes Wards covers all buildings constructed 1981 - Commercial Navigation on the Rideau during the period 1919-!>9 that existed at Canal, 1832-1961 His tory and Archaeology No.' the time of the survey (1978-79). Primary 54. Parks Canada. Ottawa. 288 pp., 61 source material was Cionsulted whenever illus. Order from the Canadian Government possible in order to givE~ the most accurate Publishing Centre, Department of Supply and record of building activity. Construction Services, Hull, Quebec, Canada KIA OS9. permits and plans held at the Service des $12.00 Canadian ($14.00, Canadian funds, permis et inspections PJ~ovided the infor­ outside Canada'.) Cat. No. R64-81/1981-54E. mation most sought after: i.e., The first part of this report deals with proprietors, architects and dates of con­ the evolution of the various types of vessel struction. used on the Rideau Canal during the period when it served as a commercial route. The Blanchetts, Jean-Francois second part deals with the waterway - its 1981 - The Role of Artifa'::lts in the Study of operation, facilities and regulations. The Foodways in New France, 1720-60. History concluding section describes the forwarding and Archaeology No. 52. Parks Canada. trade in the context of the economic condi­ Ottawa. 184 pp., 35 illus. Order from the tions pertaining at different periods, the Canadian Government Publishing Centre, traffic patterns developed, and the volume ,Department of Supply and Services, Hull, of various commodities carried where compre­ Quebec, Canada KIA OS9. $11 .95 Canadian hensive statistical data are available. ($14.35, Canadian funds, outside Canada.) Da ta on individual vessels known to have Cat. No. R64-81/1981-52E. been in the Rideau service are found in App. The report demonstratE!s how the concept A, followed by various appendices of sta­ of foodways can be used in historical tistics used in the text. archaeology and how a method using 18th­ century artifacts can be developed to under­ Barton, Kenneth James stand changes in the pattern of Ne~ France 1981 - Coarse Earthenwares from the Fortress foodways. The first case study is on brown of Louisbourg. faience, a type of tin-glazed earthenware made in France, with a vast geographical but Smith, E. Ann limited social distribution. The second 1981 - Glassware from a Reputed 1745 Siege case study deals with the analysis of the Debris Context at the Fortress of Louis­ ceramic assemblage from t.he merchant Jean­ bourg. Pierre Roma' s fishing set.tlement on Prince Edward Island (1732-45). History and Archaeology No. 55. Parks Canada. Ottawa. 266 pp., 113 illus. Order Leung, Felicity L. from the Canadian Government Publishing 1981 - Grist and Flour IVIills in Ontario: Centre, Supply and Services Canada, Hull, From Millstones to Rollt9rs, 1870s-1880s. Quebec, Canada KIA OS9. $15.00 Canadian History and Archaeology No. 53. Parks ($18.00, Canadian funds, outside Canada.) Canada. Ottawa. 293 pp. I' 54 illus. Order Cat. No. R64-81/1981-55E. from the Canadian Gover'nment Publishing Barton's paper discusses 39 groups of Centre, Department of Supply and Services, coarse earthenwares recovered from the For-

22 tress of Louisbourg. The bulk of the groups Parkman, E. Brek and Pamela McGuire came from France and colonial America. The 1981 - A Preliminary Survey of Cultural French wares were probably derived from Resources at Annadel State Park. 52 pp., Rochefort and Marseilles. Both places illustrated. attracted goods from some distance for 1981 Inventory of Features, Rancho northern French material occurs here as do Olompali Project. 93 pp., illustrated. northern Italian wares. The colonial American wares are varied and suggest Hood, Joe D. and Pamela McGuire several sources. There are also ephemeral 1981 - Inventory of Features, Lakes Earl and groups of wares from England and the Orient. Talawa Project. 22 pp., illustrated. Excavations at the Dugas house, built in 1722-23 at the Fortress of Louisbourg, were Foster, Daniel G. (editor) interpreted as revealing that it was proba­ 1981 The Granville Martin Interview, bly bombarded and within hours consumed by Cuyamaca Rancho State Park. 87 pp. fire during the New England siege of 1745. 1981 - A Cultural Resources Inventory and Subsequent analysis of the glassware from Management Plan for Cuyamaca Rancho State the siege debris suggests that although the Park, San Diego County, California. 97 pp. house may well have been damaged by bombard­ plus illustrations and maps. ment, it was not destroyed by fire. The terminal date, 1745, is probably approxi­ Phillips, Clayton et al mately correct. The illustrated catalogue 1981 - John Marsh Project Plan. 24 pp., deals with containers and tableware, and illustrated. describes the various vessel categories wi thin these classes. A wide variety of McGuire, Pamela stylistic categories is present, as is a 1981 - Southern California's Citrus Industry suprisingly large number of stemware Task Force Project: An Historic Overview drinking glasses: tableware vessels are and Site Recommendation. 58 pp., illus­ nearly three times more numerous than con­ trated. tainer vessels. 1981 - Inventory of Features, San Joaguin Agricultural Museum Project, Old Admini­ Whitfield, Carol M. stration Building, Fresno, California. 44 1981 - Tommy Atkins: The British Soldier in pp., illustrated. Canada, 1759-1870. History and Archaeology No. 56. Parks Canada. Ottawa. 239 pp., 40 Hood, Joe D. and Pamela McGuire illus. Order from the Canadian Government 1981 - Bidwell River Park Pro ject ( Chico Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Landing), A Partial Inventory of Cultural Canada, Hull, Quebec, Canada KIA OS9. Features. 49 pp., illustrated. $15.25 Canadian ($18.30, Canadian funds, outside Canada.) Cat. No. R64-81/1981-56E. Porter, Donnie S. Tommy Atkins, the pseudonym of the uni­ 1981 - Southern California Citrus Industry versal British soldier, garrisoned Canada Project, Supplementary Report. 11 pp., from 1750 to 1870. His presence affected illustrated. the economic and social life of every town in which he was stationed, but he has McAleer, John H. hi therto been overlooked by Canadian his­ 1981 - The Antelope Valley Indian Museum, torians. This study attempts to paint a Cultural Resources Inventory and Interim profile of his character, to explain his Cultural Management Guidelines Report. daily life, and to point out the factors that influenced his behaviour, especially Kelly, John L., et al the bureaucracy that attempted to govern 1982 - Cuyamaca Rancho State Park, Inventory every minute of Tommy Atkin's life. of Features, Proposed Cultural Preserves. 19pp., illustrated. The following recent publications are available from the State of California, No Author Cited Department of Parks and Recreation, P.O. 1982 - Inventory of Features, Multi-Cultural Box 2390, Sacramento, CA 95811: Center South Project. 10 pp., illustrated.

23 SANTA CLARA AND LIVERMORE VALLEYS: Since results of a subsurface testing program. 1978, Basin Research ASflocia tes , Inc. has Extensive descriptive materials are pre­ been engaged in various cultural resource sented on the stable building,brick founda­ assessment, monitoring and data recovery tions and wood flooring as well as descrip­ programs in the Santa Glara and Livermore tive and interpretive material dealing with Valleys of California. All of the following recovered bottles, pipes, European and reports are available through the Northwest Chinese ceramics dating from the late 19th Information Center, California Archae­ century (and into the post 1930s). ological Site Inventory, Sonoma State Uni­ Materials were recovered from a variety of versity, Rohnert Park, CA 94728. contexts including as isolates, clusters and Monitoring and limited data recovery distinct trash pit accumulations. operations in the Rincon de los Esteros area of northern San Jose, California have been With respect to the Livermore Valley area reported in: of California, Basin Research Associates conducted an intensive cultural resources Bard, J. C., J. M. Findlay and D. M. survey of the Lawrence Livermore National Garaventa 1980 - Cultural Resources Moni­ Laboratory Site 300 located in Alameda and toring in the Rincon de los Esteros San Joaquin Counties. The resulls of this Revevelopment Project: Improvement 7000+ acre survey have been presented in: District 153 SJ, San Jose, California. 47 pages of text, 32 figures, and 4 tables. Bus by, C. I., D. M. Gara ven ta and L• S. Kobori Bard, J. C., J. M. Findlay, D. M. Garaventa, 1981 - A Cultural Resource Inventory of C. I. Busby and L. S. Kobori Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's 1981 - Cultural ResourcEw Monitoring in the Site 300, Alameda and San Joaquin Counties, Rincon de los Esteros Red4:!velopment Project: California. This 96 page report, including Improvement District 146 SJ, San Jose, Cali­ text, tables and illustrations details the fornia. 86 pages of text, figures and results of a 7000+ acre survey. Three (3) tables. prehistoric sites, 20 historic sites and 1 multicomponent site were identified. Most Both reports highlight the bottles, ce­ sites were of low significance. A detailed ramics, and cultural effluviz usually historic sketch of the region is presented ~sociated with European Amerioan during the tracing its development from the Gold Rush period of about 1880 --1920. An occasional period up into the period of Industriali­ Chineseo artifact and even some Japanese zation and the formation of Company Towns - wares reaffirm the cultural pluralism wi thin Tesla and Carnegie. the Santa Clara Valley 1'rom the Gold Rush period onjlard. A final report on data recovery opera­ More recent activities in, the downtown tions in the downtown San Jose area is area are presented in: scheduled for release in May 1982. Its title is: Bard, J. C. and D. M. Garaventa 1979 - Cultural Resource:~ Monitoring - San, Kobori, L. S., D. J. Fee, D. M. Garaventa, Antonio Plaza Redevelopment Project: Blacks M. C. Kennard and J. C. Bard 2 and 3, Mary 15 - July 18, 1980, City of San 1982 A Limited Archaeological Data Jose, California. A 94 page report detailing Recovery and Monitoring Program Along East the demolition of the hlstoric James Lick San Fernando Street, City of San Jose, Cali­ Stable building and providing background fornia. This report will be submitted to material on the Stable for' a subsequent data the Northwest Information Center, Sonoma recovery program (see below). State University, Rohnert Park, California ~; in May, 1982. Fee, D. J., L. S. Kobori al1d D. M. Garaventa 1981 - Historic Archaeological Testing f!2- The following books are available from gram, San Antonio Plaza JRedevelopment Pro­ The University of Oklahoma Press, 1005 Asp jegt, San Jose, Californi!. BASIN RESEARCH Avenue, Norman, Oklahoma 73109 ASSOCIATES OCCASIONAL PAPERS No.2, Hayward, California. This 290 paget report, including Anawalt, Patricia Rieff text, tables and illustrations details the 1982 "Indian Clothing Before Cortes:

24 Mesoamerican Costumes from the Codices." paid to the ways in which the American West The Civilization of the American Indian is studied and portrayed in fiction and Series, Volume 156. University of Oklahoma symbolism, and that relationship to the new Press, Normap. 232 pp., 350 illustrations. social science approaches of modern his­ $39.95 hardbound. torians. Finally, the book details the This excellent and well illustrated industrialization and urbanization of the volume describes and analyzes the clothing West, and its effect on the urban growth of of the people of pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica. the rest of the country. The text and more than 350 illustrations and charts describe what the peoples of Middle Ruby, Robert H. and John A. Brown America were wearing when Cortes and his 1982 - "The Spokane Indians: Children of conquistadors arrived in the New World in the Sun." The Civilization of the American 1519. The book offers insight into the Indian Series, Volume 104. University of understanding of the civilization of the Oklahoma Press, Norman. 346 pp., illustra­ American Indian of pre-Hispanic times tions, photographs, maps. $9.95 paper, through acculturation,. The author draws on $19.95 hardbound. descriptions and paintings in 24 native and This book, with a strong foundation of early Spanish codices. documented sources, chronicles the ettino­ history of the Spokane Indians. Beginning Ruby, Robert H. and John A. Brown with descriptions of the tribe's lifestyles 1982 - "Indians of the Pacific Northwest: A and existence prior to the explorations of History," The Civilization of the American white fur traders in the Pacific Northwest, Indian Series, Volume 159. University of the volume includes information about the Oklahoma Press, Norman. 283 pp. $24.95 Indians' settlements along the Spokane River hardbound. and other northwestern reservations, and This book marks one of the first compo­ concludes with a detailed review of site histories of the Indians of the Pacific twentieth-century developments. Northwest. It traces the culture and move­ ment of Indian inhabitants of the vast area stretching from the Pacific Ocean to the CURRENT RESEARCH Rocky Mountains and from British Columbia to the California-Utah, Nevada bor~erlands CURRENT RESEARCH GUIDELINES during the period from 1750 to 1900. "This is a massive synthesis of the history of A. Current research contributions should be Indian-white relations throughout the related to a single specific subject, entire Northwest," Alvin M. Josephy, Jr. such as a site investigation, project wrote in the book's foreword. "It is far investigation or a thematic research more than a fitting climax to the authors' topic. previous books on individual Indian tribes, B. Contributions should be sent to your for it is national history on the grand appropriate Newsletter Area Coordinator scale -- interweaving and making clear the (names and addresses of Area Coordinators relationships among numerous Native are published in every March issue of the American groups and between those peoples Newsletter). and succeeding generations of whites who C. Current research should be typed, double­ expanded from the East into the various spaced, in paragraph format. tribal homelands in the Northwest." D. Contributions should be brief, usually less than one double-spaced page in Steffen, Jerome O. (editor) length. 1981 - The American West: New Perspectives, E. Each contribution should contain as much New Dimensions. Uni versi ty of Oklahoma of the following information as applica­ Press, Norman. 238 pp. $6.95 paper, $14.95 ble. hardbound. 1. Name and addresses of project This book , new in paperback, presents directors and funding/administrative three new angles of inquiry into Western agencies. history. First, it deals with the frontier 2. Concise statement of the research aspect, and delves a little deeper into the problems being investigated includ­ populations and environments and how they ing: changed through time. Attention also is

25 a. Goals and purposes for conducting Preservation Commission, funded by the Maine the research. Bureau of Parks, will concentrate on the b. Geographical location of the eastern half of the 17th- and 18th-century research. Anglo-American village site (ca. 1625- c. Temporal period covered by the 1735). This part of the site, scheduled for research. limited park development fn the next several d. Types of material culture remains years (access road, parking, visitor being investigated. center), has not to date been compre­ 3. Concise statement of the major results hensively examined. Seventeenth-century of the research including: use of the area, consisting of high ground a. Citation of manuscript and pub­ gently sloping to a brook, is unknown, but lished reports cClmpleted. early 19th-century depositions and limited b. Information as to the current and testing by the principal investigator in projected location of new artifact 1980 point to a series of Scotch-Irish home­ collections created from the steads built along the brook in 1729 as part research. of a resettlement of the village, abandoned after 1696 due to, ,repeated attacks by th~ NORTHEAST French and Indians. A full report will be submi t ted to the Maine Bureau of Parks by Reported by Mary C. Beaudry the end of 1982. It is intended that ground-disturbing construction will then DELAWARE avoid all significant archaeological resources. Ultimately, mitigation by major Early Land Patents in Delaw'are River Valley: excavation will be undertaken only if Mid-Atlantic Archaeological Research, Inc., absolutely necessary. under the direction of Ronald A. Thomas, Principal Investigator, has been conducting MARYLAND an intensive survey of portions of three Dutch and English land gr;:lnts of mid-17th Historic Annapolis: During April and May, century origin near Lewes, Delaware. These Anne Yentsch, Richard J. Dent, and Mark P. land patents contain perhaps the earliest Leone directed field investigations at European structure in thE! Delaware River Calvert House on State Circle in the Valley, a reported 1624 Dutch West Indies historic district of the city. The work was Company trading post. Work has concentrated done in conjunction with archaeology classes in an area known to contain both prehistoric at the University of Maryland with volun­ and historic sites, including the "Old House teers from the city of Annapolis. The work Site," excavated partially :in 1950 and found was sponsored by Historic Annapolis, Inc., a to contain arti facts of the 17 th century. museum and preservation agency that is Also located within the study area is the expanding its archaeological programs to "Old Road" which connected an early "Dutch meet the demands of increasing constuction Dike" or causeway over a small stream with and expansion wi thin the ci ty • Calvert the major navigable waterway of Lewes, the House was built in the 1720s and served as Whorekill (now the Lewes-Hehoboth Canal). the residence for two governors of Maryland The investigations have ()onsisted of an during the colonial era and as an officers' intensive surface survey during which all barracks during the Revolution. Work was artifacts are "flagged" before being designed to locate and identify outbuildings collected; a controlled surface survey of before construction of a hotel-conference all areas of artifact conoentration; post complex beings in July. hole testing both within and without areas The artifact assemblage recovered from of artifact concentrations; and deep testing the sealed context beneath the east wing along the edges of a former' lagoon, now an (built in the 1760s) was of particular arm of the Great Marsh. interest. It provides a sample that will be used together with the data recovered from MAINE the Jonas Green and Reynolds Tavern sites during the upcoming field season for the Colonial Pemaguid: Phase I of intensive start of a pilot project to assess the survey and subsurface test ing during July impact of socioeconomic rank on the site and August of 1982, under t;he direction of formation and material culture of the city Robert L. Bradley of the Maine Historic

26 during the 18th century. While Calvert Oxford Huguenot Settlement: An investiga­ House represents the wealthy in this sample tion of a 17th-century Huguenot frontier and Jonas Green's house and printshop repre­ settlement in Oxford, Massachusetts, is sent an upwardly mobile artisan/craftsman, underway thanks to a Boston University mini­ other work is planned at sites of small grant awarded to J. Cooper Wamsley, a artisans, watermen, alley dwellers, free graduate student in the Archaeological blacks, and Afro-American slaves. Connie Studies Program at Boston University and Crosby from the University of California at principal investigator for the project. In Berkeley will be participating in the pro­ 1685 King Louis XIV of France bowed to gram during the summer. Prior work Catholic pressure and revoked the Edict of completed during 1981-1982 included excava­ Nantes, a promulgation calling for religious tions at Shiplap Gardens and the springhouse toleration in his country. The revocation of Paca Garden. aroused anti-Huguenot sentiment, and many of these devout Calvinists fled the country. MASSACHUSETTS In 1686, a band of 30 Huguenot families settled in what is now Oxford and estab­ Bostonian Hotel Site: During the winter and lished an industrious frontier community spring of 1981, salvage efforts by James W. tha t existed from 1686-1694. During this Bradley and Neill DePaoli of the period a large stone fort, a sawmill, a Massachusetts Historical Commission were gristmill, a wash-leather mill (a mill with conducted on the site of the new Bostonian a large, water-driven, hammer-like Hotel. Located just north of Quincy Market appara tus used to tenderize glove-quality at the corners of North and Blackstone leather), a church, and associated small Streets, the site area was an active part of fortifications and dwellings for the French Boston's 17th- and 18th-century waterfront. families were constructed. Indian upris­ Several stratified fill sequences were ings, such as King Philip's War, had been an documented along with remnants of 17th­ acute problem before the Huguenot settlement century wharf features. From the profiles was established, and later rebellions recorded and the materials collected, three eventually caused the dispersal of the chronological periods were identified: a community in 1694 when four members of a 1650-1680 level that produced mid-17th­ nearby English family were massacred. In century artifacts beneath stratified fire 1697, resettlement was attempted by a small debris (probably from a fire in 1679) that number of Huguenots who were driven away had been used as fill; a 1690-1720 level permanently in 1704. Aims of the present rich in artifactual materials, especially research include an exhaustive study of all ceramics, bone, and leather, that appears to documents relating to the settlement and the represent expansion of the waterfront preparation of a National Register nomina­ through systematic filling; and a 1770-1790 tion for all significant sites in Oxford level, again rich in artifacts, that indi­ associated with the Huguenots. Future goals cates the complete filling of the site area may include an examination of Anglo-French and the beginning of its use for commercial relations on the Massachusetts frontier as building lots. The materials collected from well as archaeological investigations that the site represent the first systematically will lead to an examination of the 17th­ recovered assemblage from colonial Boston. century French model of frontier settlement. Research on the site and the materials from The principal investigator welcomes it has been undertaken with a $5,000 grant comparative information from others from the hotel's developer, the Winn involved in similar research. Please Development Company, and has been conducted address correspondence to: J. Cooper with the assistance of Mary C. Beaudry of Wamsley, Archaeological Studies Program, the Archaeological Studies Program, Boston Boston University, 232 Bay State Road, University. A preliminary report is Boston, MA. 02215. expected to be ready by summer, 1982. Copies will be available from James W. Quincy: Dr. Suzanne Spencer-Wood, Associate Bradley, Survey Director, Massachusetts Graduate Program Director for Historical Historical Commission, 194 Washington St., Archaeology at the University of Massa­ Boston, MA. 02108. chusetts/Boston, directed excavations last summer and fall at seven 19th-century domestic sites in the Boston metropolitan

27 area. The research pr,oblem is concerned the state and federal reviewing agencies but with establishing a pred:ictive relationship in final draft these will be combined fnto a between the archaeological remains of con­ single volume. The final report will also sumption patterns and sooioeconomic status. contain a synthetic cultural history for The research design has involved first this section of the Delaware Valley based on establishing documentary correlations the study of the individual historic and between socio-economic status, measured by industrial sites. occupational class, and consumption The need to computerize the vast amount patterns, measured by the average value of of testing and excavation data recovered all materials culture anCi the average value from the archaeological work in and adjacent of durable status items in probate inven­ to the Abbott Farm National Landmark was tories from Quincy, Massachusetts, 1870-80. recognized from the beginning of the Phase The results of this study, distinguishing II Survey in 1981. Michael Ester (Senior among proprietors, farmers, craftsmen, and Systems Analyst/Archaeologist) is currently laborers on the basis of inventoried con­ designing a data base management system for sumption patterns, will be published in the rapid and efficient handling of prehistoric next issue of Northeast Historical and historical archaeological information Archaeology. The analysis~rchaeological derived from the Abbott Farm area. This remains of consumption patterns from four system is being designed to handle both 19th-century Quincy houses, as well as two existing Phase II and future mitigation in Milton and one in JalDaica Plain, will data. As of February 1982, prehistoric and invol ve correIa ting archa4~010gical measures historical fieldwork in the Abbott Farm area of socioeconomic status, such as Miller's had involved approximately 2,500 postholes, ceramic index, with the documentary data to 160 test squares, and 12 backhoe trenches, determine the extent to 1r1hich the archae­ resulting in an artifact yield in excess of ological date can be used to make the same 100,000 specimens. Ul tima tely it is socioeconomic distinct:tons as the expected that more than two million speci­ documentary data. Thus the utility of mens will be recovered during the Phase II archaeological data in predicting socio­ survey and mitigation stages. economic status will be determined so it can Artifact conservation is also an integral be accurately used in the absence of docu­ component in the processing of materials mentary data. Others interested in estab­ recovered from Abbott Farm. Facilities for lishing the significance oj~ Miller's ceramic materials conservation are presently being index or other archaeological measures of expanded by the Cultural Resource Group socioeconomic status please contact Dr. under the supervision of Nancy Demyttenaere, Spencer-Wood at the Department of Anthro­ Senior Conservator. The conservation pology, University of Massachusetts, laboratory will provide comprehensive Boston, MA. 02125. services far beyond the standard cleaning and stabilization of artifacts. The NEW JERSEY laboratory capability will include identi­ 1 fication and analysis of unknown materials, Abbott Farm National Landmark and customized packing for storage of fragile or Trenton/Bordentown Areas: The Cultural sensitive speCimens, restorations, mounting Resource Group of Louis Berger and Associ­ for displays, and the design of maintenance ates, Inc. (John Hotopp and Richard Hunter, programs for conserved artifacts. Conser­ Principal Archaeologists; Richard Porter, vation services are currently being offered Senior Historian) is continuing the Phase II on a contract basis to institutions and cuI tural resource survey in advance of the individuals with existing collections and to completion of Interstates 195 and 295, and all professional field archaeologists. New Jersey Routes 29 and 129, in the Trenton/Bordentown area. Fieldwork is Lower Raritan Valley: South River and New nearing completion, with only a small Brunswick Areas: The Cultural Resource section of the bluff overlooking Crosswicks Group of Louis Berger and Associates, Inc. Creek yet to be investigat.ed. Laboratory (John Hotopp and Richard Hunter, Principal analysis and report preparaUon is currently Archaeologists; Richard Porter, Senior in progress for the historic and industrial Historian; Leonard Bianchi, Project Archae­ si tes already encountered. Si te specific ologist) has recently completed a cultural reports are being submitted individually to resource reconnaissance in the Lower Raritan

28 Valley for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers PENNSYLVANIA (New York District). Portions of the flood plain in the South River/Sayreville and New The Lenape of the Lower Delaware Valley Brunswick/Highland Park areas were examined 1600-1750: Documentary evidence recovered in connection with possible flood control through research funded by the National projects. A total of 172 sites were Endowment for the Humanities is now being identified as being of historical archae­ analyzed by Marshall J. Becker of West ological and architectural interest. These Chester State College and provides a clear sites include a number of major 19th century picture of Lenape culture in the post­ brickworks in the Sayreville vicinity (Sayre contact period. The distinctions between & Fisher, Bissett, Wood, Wright/Powers), two the Pennsylvania and Jersey Lenape during historic districts (Raritan Landing and the the 18th century have been delineated, but New Brunswick City Waterfront), and numerous before 1680 the separation may not have been mill sites, domestic sites and transpor­ as great or at all extant. tational features (bridges, roads and Boundaries between the Lenape and Munsee canals) • have been more clearly indentified through studies of the Movements of individuals. NEW YORK Some suggestions of Lenape becoming "White" (Christian) in large numbers have directed The Ronson Ship: Soil Systems, Inc. research toward the demonstration of these recently completed excavation of an early facts and the calculation of the extent of eighteenth century merchant ship in Lower this particular aspect of native American Manha t tan. The ship was found as part of an culture change. archaeological investigation of the 175 Water Street site conducted for Fox and VIRGINIA Fowle Architects. The project, initiated under New York City Landmarks regulations, Eastern Shore: A reconnaissance level was conducted to mitigate the adverse survey will be conducted on the Virginia impacts of construction of a thirty story Eastern Shore by Virginia Research Center office building planned by HRO Inter­ for Archaeology staff archaeologist, J. national, Limited. Mark Wittkofski. This will be the first The ship, named the "Ronson" after the systematic effort on a large scale to locate primary developer of the office building, and record both prehistoric and historic was placed on the block between 1747 and sites for the region. Previous efforts have 1755 as a landfill structure. The ship been limited to smaller scale surveys and measured 85 feet long (at the main deck) by interviews with collectors. 26 feet wide, and had functioned as a The project area consists of about 50 lightly armed merchantman. At least 70% of farms selected because of their location the ship was present. No cargo and little within differing environmental zones of the of the original ballast was found as the peninsula. The actual location is a 20-mile ship had been stripped prior to sinking. linear belt centered on the Accomack-Nort­ Excellent architectural detail was present, hampton County line. and included much of the main deck and The survey has been developed to take weather deck. A well preserved capstan was into consideration the different micro­ recovered, as were portions of what appears enVironments; site distribution, both to have been a wooden pump. spatial and temporal; site density; and the The strategy developed for this project effects, if any, of differing soil types. involved excavation of a 50% longitudinal These data will be used in a master's thesis section of the ship and 100% of the bow. The in Anthropology at the College of William bow was removed for conservation and later and Mary as well as for the development of a display. county-wide preservation plan. The project was conducted under the direction of Patrick H. Garrow as project Flowerdew Hundred: James F. Deetz manager and Warren Riess and Sheli Smith as (Director, Lowie Museum of Anthropology) and co-field directors. Analysis and reporting Steve Brandt (University of Georgia) will be are scheduled for completion during fall, directing excavations at four sites this 1982. summer at Flowerdew Hundred in Prince George County. The excavations will be co-

29 sponsored by the FlowerdE!W Hundred Founda­ will be used by the Flowerdew Hundred tion, a non-profit educational organiza­ Foundation to reconstruct representative tion. Flowerdew Hundred 'I'1as the site of an agricultural settlements spanning 400 English settlement as early as 1618 and was years. one of the most successful of a number of early agricultural communities begun along Monticello: An intensive laboratory session the James River to grow tobacco. ended the first year of the Monticello The University of Georgia archaeological Craft-History/Black Life Archaeological field school under Brandt'.s supervision will Project co-sponsored by the Thomas Jefferson continue investigations begun last summer at Memorial Foundation and the National Endow­ a Late Woodland Indian site near the James ment for the Humanities. Directed by Dr. River. Initial exploration last year William M. Kelso, aided by Douglas Sanford, uncovered lithic and CE!ramic materials, field assistant, and Sondy Sanford, faunal remains, and evidence of structures laboratory supervisor, the analysis focused that had been covered by flood deposits. on material recovered from the sites of The results of this study should provide craft shops, slave quarters, and utilitarian useful data on late prehistoric subsistence outbuildings located south of the hous~. and settlement patterns. Concurrently, laboratory and field inter­ Deetz will be directing students from the pretation of the Foundation's on-going University of California at Berkeley· and landscape archaeological program continued participants in the University Research as the physical reconstruction of the garden Expeditions Program (UREP), who will be and orchard began. excavating three sites ranging in date from The remains of four structures were the early 17th century to the ante-bellum uncovered during the 1981 season including a period. Historical researoh will be carried smokehouse/dairy building, a small craft out by Edward Ayres, Historian for the building later converted to a dwelling, a Flowerdew Hundred Foundation, in conjunc­ "dry well" or deep root cellar, and a tion with work in the field. One group of building foundation of unknown purpose. The students will test the house lot surrounding soil layers associated with the building a previously excavated dwelling to determine remains have survived in relatively undis­ if evidence of associated structures has turbed state, and many of Jefferson's dated survived. The main dwellIng was builtin records concern details of the Monticello the 1620s and appears to be related to a yardscape design. Consequently, an nearby defended enclosure that dates from unusually accurate picture of the evolution the same time period. Another crew will of the Monticello setting can be drawn. excavate what may be an ea.rly 18th-century For example, archaeology is helping to domestic site that was tE!sted last year. determine that the outbuilding arrangement The results of this work should shed light and yardscape of Monticello before and after on a relatively unknown phase of the planta­ the beginning of the 19th century was tion's past. A third group of participants al tered as drama tically as was the house will attempt to locate stru()tures associated during the same period. Excavations found with a 19th-century plantat.ion complex that that during the first 30 years of belonged to the Willcox family. Historical Jefferson's development, a detached kitchen maps and documents indicate that a number of and surrounding workyard with food preser­ dependencies (including an overseer's vation and storage facilities existed at the dwelling, a kitchen, and farm buildings) side of the house, a very traditional 18th­ once stood near the main residence. A century plan. But, by the time Jefferson primary goal will be to locate and excavate left the presidency in 1809, he had built one of a cluster of slave dwellings dating the now familiar attached dependencies that from the 2nd quarter of the 19th-century. put the kitchen and supporting outbuildings Artifacts recovered during the excava­ out of sight beneath the formal southeast tions will be exhibited in the museum at terrace. It was at this time that the Flowerdew Hundred after they are analyzed at earlier kitchen yard was abandoned and UCB and UG. Results from these excavations terraced over. will be included in several student theses, The historical records leave little doubt and final reports will be completed in 1983. that Jefferson frequently changed the land­ Ultimately these investigations will scape during his 56 years at Monticello, provide architectural and other data that

30 and this is reflected in the archaeological area are beginning to emphasize how inter­ record of the craft buildings and slave dependent and how much a part of the overall quarters. The excavation of a small landscape design they all were. As the building foundation known to have supported building sites in the kitchen yard began to a "storehouse for nailrod and other iron" in align with planting areas and a garden 1796 clearly showed that the building was structure to the south, it became originally designed and used as a nailery progressively clear that Jefferson used that and finally as a dwelling, probably for line as a fulcrum upon which to balance the slaves. Stra tified artifact assemblages location of craft buildings, utilitarian defined these changes, and quantified outbuildings, and slave quarters above a analysis of ceramics combining a matrix 1000'garden platform and orchard and vine­ approach to soil levels and vessel counts yard. Consequently the line now serves as a helped to pinpoint these changes in time. key datum pOint to layout the garden and Although the excavation of historically­ orchard anew according to Jefferson's pre­ documented slave quarter sites at Monticello cise garden/orchard records. is only beginning, the nature and quantity The Foundation will again offer an of artifacts and food remains already archaeological field school in conjunction recovered from suspected slave sites like with James Madison University. The eight­ the "storehouse" tend to conform to patterns week course will offer excavation experience of slave refuse disposal found on other on slave quarter sites and further study of 18th-century Virginia sites and to descrip­ the stone retaining wall in the garden for tions by 19th-century slave owners. On the future reconstruction. Work by the students other hand, preliminary analysis of ceramic in 1981 defined the western half of the vessel form and function do not seem to wall, and its reconstruction will soon be reflect the status differences found by completed. similar research on collections recovered An extensive manuscript report of the from other sites of the period along the garden study nears completion, and an southeastern coast. interim report of the Craft-History/Black The excavation and analysis of the arti­ Life study is in progress. facts and food remains recovered from the dry well have proven to be especially valu­ Poquoson: Salvage excavations continued at able both in defining the quality of certain the 17th-century Bennett Farm site, home of household objects and in emphasizing the middle class planter Humphrey Tompkins. The experimental nature of the garden and project is under the direction of Nick orchard. Originally dug during the winter Luccetti, Historical Archaeologist with the of 1771 in the "old" kitchen yard, the 19'­ Virginia Research Center for Archaeology. deep backfilled shaft contained examples of About 1000' from the Tompkins dwelling, an fine overglazed Chinese Export porcelain, animal pen was discovered. It consisted of elaborate pierced and molded creamware, an enclosure made of both wattle and board white saltglazed stoneware, and an engraved fences, surrounding a shallow, 20'-diameter "Madeira" wine decanter. At the bottom, depression, or wallowing pit, and a watering five intact bottles were found still in hole. Large amounts of faunal material were their storage position on the clay floor and recovered from the two features, which were still full of their original contents, backfilled ca. 1700. The site, which is preserved fruit. Chemical analysis and seed being sold for development, will be further studies determined that four of the bottles investigated in 1982. contained cherries and one bottle contained cranberries. It is well known that Jefferson grew cherries but the probable SOUTHEAST success of cranberry "bushes" and "trees" is a surprise. The amount of carbonized seeds Reported by Kathleen Deagan recovered by the flotation process from associa ted ash levels in the dry well was SOUTH CAROLINA also unanticipated. Numerous fruit pits, corn, sorghum, and varieties of wild plants The William Harvey House: Under the probably used as dyes were found. direction of Theresa A. Singleton (Depart­ The archaeological discoveries of the ment of Sociology/Anthropology, The College earlier garden study and the craft/slave

31 of Charleston), Judith K:ramer and Sallie century, with a gradual shift from resi­ Sinkler are completing the analysis of dential to commercial occupation. archaeological materials recovered from a During the monitoring of earth-moving privy and backyard area of the William activities at the site, 41 features were Harvey House. located, recorded and excavated. These The Harvey House loca.ted in downtown ranged in date of deposition from ca. 1810 Charleston was built in 1728 and has been to 1890. Materials recovered are currently relatively unchanged in its 250 years. being analyzed and cataloged. The project During part of its early history, the house was funded by, and conducted in agreement was leased to James Glen, the Provincial with, the City of Charleston. Elaine B. Governor of South Carolina. Later in the Herold is principal investigator, and· Martha mid-19th century, the hOUSE! was occupied by Zierden is field director. Joel Poinsett, the statesman and diplomat best remembered for having intorduced the poinsettia to the United S1~ates. GULF STATES The archaeological materials were collected in 1978 by thl:! staff of The Reported by Anne E. Fox Charleston Museum during rE!storation of the house by the present owners. Most of the MISSISSIPPI materials date from the late 18th to mid- 19th centuries. Creamware and pearlware Temple Heights: Richard A. Marshall, Cobb sherds with unusual hand-pa.inted overglazed Institute of Archaeology, Mississippi State designs have been identified. University, carried out excavations during the summer of 1981 at Temple Heights in Research Design for the City of Charleston: Columbus, an antebellum house (1836), in The Charleston Museum is currently preparing order to test the history model of the an archaeological research design for the house. Working with the First Mississippi city of Charleston. The p]:"oject is funded Governor's School, Mississippi Uni versi ty by a grant from the City of Charleston, and for Women, 15 high school students were will continue until August 1983. The pro­ directed by Marshall, assisted by Jock ject is principally a documEmtary study, and Phels, Anthropology, MSU. A full report of will result in an organized record of the the excavation was presented to the patterns of settlement, growth and develop­ Governor, William F. Winter, at the close of ment of the City, and thei]:" manifestations the three week school. in the archaeological re(~ord. It will provide the basic framework for subsequent TEXAS archaeological research in the city. The final product of this research will be Guenther's Upper Mill: Built in 1868 on the directed at municipal plannl:!rs and authori­ San Antonio River just south of the town, ties, as well as archaeologists and this mill was operated as a flour mill until historians. The research design is being the early 1900s when it was modified for prepared by Martha Zierden, archaeologist, other uses. It was finally torn down in and Jeanne Calhoun, historian, under the 1926 during a channel improvement project. direction of Elaine B. Herold. Under the direction of Lois Flynn, the original foundations of the mill and associ­ The Charleston Center Site: The Charleston ated buildings have been exposed and Museum staff is currently involved in recorded. Work is currently under way on monitoring and salvage excavations at the removal of the outer wall of the mill race site of the proposed Charle'ston Convention from the river bed and the recording, Center. The salvage excavations at the site removal and curation of wooden timbers still follow Phase II testing conducted by the preserved below the water line. Contractors Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology, for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers will University of Tennessee-Cha.ttanooga. The channelize the river, then replace the mill Charleston Center Site cOm!lists of a one­ race wall on a new footing in preparation block area in downtown Charleston, located for reconstruction of the mill building, within the boundaries of the Old and based on historical records and pictures. Historic District. The block has been con­ The mill will be located in a City park tinuously occupied since the mid-eighteenth within the historic King William District.

32 Mission Nuestra Senora de la Purissima CENTRAL PLAINS Concepcion de Acuna: James Ivey and Anne Fox are completing a report on test excava­ Reported by Robert Bray tions and surveys wi thin the San Antonio Missions National Historic Park for the MISSOURI National Park Service. The locations of the east, north and west walls of Mission Watkins Woolen Mill: Research continued in Concepcion (founded in 1731) have been 1981 at the Watkins Woolen Mill State relocated and important information has been Historic Site near Kearney, Missouri. The recovered on the building sequence at the "First Cabin" site, built ca. 1839, was site. Survey of specific areas within the located and excavated. Oral history, an park has resulted in identification of historical photograph, and a letter from the anomalies recorded by aerial photography. Watkins family papers played important parts in discovery of the correct site and in Old Ursuline Academy: James Ivey and interpreting the findings. A 1925 garage Courtenay Jones have completed testing and had been erected over remains of the cabin, architectural recording at the site of a and had entirely enclosed six foundation girl's school operated near downtown San piers, two porch piers, and a dismantled Antonio by the Ursuline Sisters from 1851 fireplace, chimney, and hearth. About one until the school moved to a new location in meter of clay fill had been spread over the 1961. Concentration was on a group of small architectural features and had provided a buildings used for various purposes such as sealed context for them. The cabin was of a laundry, a kitchen, a carriage house and a single pen log construction. The dimensions music building and later pottery shop. A were 16 x 21 feet. great deal of historical and architectural The research was conducted by Professor information has resulted from this project, Robert Bray of the University of adding considerably to the recorded history Missouri/Columbia, in collaboration with of the site. restoration planner Kenneth E. Coombs, AlA, of Newbury, Massachusetts. Funding was Rancho de las Cabras: The second season of supplied by the Missouri Department of work at this Spanish ranch site connected Natural Resources, Division of Parks and with Mission San Francisco de la Espada has Historic Preservation. now been finished and the report is nearing completion. Rancho de las Cabras is located Ozark National Scenic Riverways: During downriver from San Antonio near the town of 1980 and 1981, archaeological investiga­ Floresville, and was in operation during the tions were carrled out by Dr. James E. Price last half of the 18th century. Units and Cynthia R. Price ( Center for Archae­ excavated during this season investigated ological Research, Southwest Missouri State two defensive bastions, the facade of the University) under contract with the National chapel and discrete areas within and Park Service, Midwest Archaeological directly outside the walls. Evidence of Center, at two nineteenth century sites in palisado structures, earlier compound walls the Ozark National Scenic Riverways. The and a lime kiln built into an early wall purpose of the work was to archaeologically foundation was excavated and recorded. locate the sites, which were known from Additional testing within the compound and documentary sources, and to assess their excavation of areas of the courtyard in present condition and potential for future front of the chapel will be carreid out this research. The investigation included summer during the third season's work. A preliminary historical research, survey to complete history of the site is also being locate the sites, and very limited subsur­ compiled, using the original Spanish face testing. archival sources. The 1980 work was carried out at the site of Old Eminence, the first county seat of Shannon County, Missouri. Located in the Current River Valley, Old Eminence was established c. 1841; the site was burned during the Civil War and then abandoned, the county seat being moved to a new location. The results of the research to date suggest

33 that the settlement at Old Eminence may best harbor defense installation at Fort Mason be described as a frontier political center have located the buried remains of a brick rather than a town, as It appears to have and earthenwork battery constructed to guard consisted solely of a courthouse - jail San Francisco from a Confederate attack. complex and a residence. The site has One of three such batteries built on the suffered very little dis1;urbance since the West Coast as temporary fortifications 1860s abandonment. during the Civil War, the recently located In 1981, investigation,s were centered on structure at Fort Mason, perched high on a the Isaac Kelley Site, an early nineteenth bluff overlooking San Francisco Bay and century farm or plantation also in the Alcatraz Island, is the last to survive. Current River Valley. The site, initially Fort Mason has been the headquarters for the settled c. 1810-1815, was one of the earlier Golden Gate National Recreation Area, a unit and wealthier agricultural establishments of the National Park Service, since 1972. in the area and was inhab:L ted by the Kelley GGNRA Park Archaeologist Martin T. Mayer and family until the late nineteenth century. Park Historian James P. Belgado planned the Refuse deposits dating to the period of ~rchaeological investigation of the site in early occupation were located during conjunction with Regional Archaeologist testing. Roger Kelly when plans were advanced for a Further excavations at both sites are new irrigation system in the area. Initial planned for 1983. probing located the buried walls of the In addition to the ~'ork completed to battery, and subsequent test excavations date, the National Park Service has con­ disclosed three gun pits, a small "ready tracted with the Center f'or Archaeological magazine" for shot and powder, and the Research, Southwest Missouri State Univer­ beginnings of a breast-high wall for sity, for an overview of the archaeological infantry troops to stand behind while resources (both prehistori':l and historic) in defending the emplacement with rifles. In the Riverways. The project, which will be addition to the well-preserved red brick -- carried out over several YE!arS, is under the which was manufactured by George D. Nagle, direction of Dr. James E. Price, Principal the civilian contractor who also supplied Investigator, and Cynthia R. Price, Project brick for Fort Point at the Golden Gate -- Archaeologist, for the historic sites the archaeologists uncovered the rotted studies. Both documentary and field timber revettments atop the brick parapet, investigations are planne,d and the study the timber mounts for the huge seacoast guns will address both park management needs and emplaced at the battery, earthenware, and regional research goals. several Model 1863 friction primers used to Results of preliminarJr work indicates fire the cannons. Of the ten units that a great number and variety of historic excavated, only two were excavated down to period sites are present in the park. Among the original surface of the battery six feet the sites are: historic Indian settlements; below grade. The other uni ts cleared the farmsteads, mills, cemeteries, communities, top of the wall as part of an effort to trace stores, and roads dating from the early the outlines of the structure. Several nineteenth to the twentieth century; late additional gun pits remain unexcavated, as historic period schools and churches; does the suspected site of a timber magazine nineteenth century coppeir mines; sites which supplied half of the battery with associated with the late nineteenth-early powder. Additional excavation is not twentieth century logging industry in the planned unless tests currently being con­ area; and Ci viI War camlPs and possible ducted by the Soils Laboratory of the skirmish sites. National Park Service's Western Archae­ ological and Conservation Center determine the long-term exposure of the bricks will PACIFIC WEST not pose a threat to their preservation. If excavation can proceed, it is hoped that Reported by Paul F. J. Schumacher authorization can be obtained for the complete excavation and restoration of this CALIFORNIA unique and significant structure. In the meantime, the proposed irrigation project Black Point Civil War Batteries at Fort intended for the area has been postponed. Mason: Preliminary historical archae­ ological excavations at the site of an 1863

34 Emigrant Summit Trail: A cultural resource Seven prehistoric sites and 3 isolated survey of the Emigrant Summit Trail (EST) pOints also were recorded. The relationship was conducted by the Cultural Resource of the sites and finds with the historic EST Facility, Anthropological Studies Center of suggests aboriginal trail use of the Sonoma State University under contract to corridor, although probably to a lesser Eldorado National Forest in August, 1981. degree than lower passes due to the high Located in Alpine, Amador and El Dorado altitude here. Typological analysis and Counties, the investigated portion of the obsidian hydration readings from recovered Trail ranges in elevation from 7800' to prehistoric artifacts point to occupation 9520' • A segment of the Carson Route, from the Middle Prehistoric period, ca. itself an artery of the Overland Trail A.D. 300, into historic times, with the most network, the EST had been pioneered by intense use between A.D. 500 and A.D. 1300. Mormon soldiers in 1848. Despite its encom­ In addition to site records and passing exceedingly difficult terrain as discussion of the archaeological resources well as the highest elevation point of gold themselves, including significance and rush era wagon travel, the EST accommodated integrity, the draft report, co-authored by much of the 1850s immigration into James Bennyhoff, Vance G. Bente, Mary California. Hilderman Smith and Terry Jones, treats the CO-directed by Vance G. Bente and Dr. project area's environmental, ethnographic James Bennyhoff, the intensive archae­ and archaeological background as well. A ological reconnaissance was directed to the contribution by Adrian Praetzellis con­ 16.7 mile Trail (100 m corridor), an access siders the cultural landscape. The final trai 1 and four-wheel-dri ve roads totaling chapter offers detailed management recom­ 5.45 miles, and other areas that might mendations related to conservation, receive environmental/cultural impacts due authentication and public interpretation. to the Forest's proposed undertaking. The field work was conducted with reference to Mendocino National Forest - Three Cabins: the historic and prehistoric research Between September and December 1981, objectives and orientations set forth in the fieldwork and analysis were performed in the RFP response, and Mr. Frank Tortorich of prehistoric, historic, and architectural Jackson, California, served as Historic evaluations of three cabin sites under the Consultant to the project. overall supervision of Robert I. Orlins, Archival research constituted another California Archeological Consultants, Inc., component of the project, one carried out by and Gary F. Wirth AlA, Gary F. Wirth AlA & Mary Hilderman Smith and Kathleen Stanton Associates/Architects, Inc., both of Roscoe. Fifty-four primary documents, 38 of Woodland, California. these journals/accounts of travellers who Three high elevation cabins, Cedar Log traversed the Trail between 1849 and 1852, Cabin, Rowcroft Cabin, and West Goat Camp or were reviewed. An extensive synthesis of Haypatch Ranger Station, in the Mendocino \ the Trail's history was prepared for the National Forest, were investigated and report by Mary Hilderman Smith. evaluated for their potential eligibility The historic Trail itself was recorded as for the National Register of Historic a single linear site with discontinuous loci Places. All were evaluated on the basis of of activity. Apart from 900 + examples of historical and architectural significance. grooved and/or rust-stained and polished Two of the cabins, Cedar Log Cabin and rocks and trailbed that were recognized as Rowcroft Cabins, were also investigated by actually comprising the Trail's physical an historical site archeologist. Addi­ remains, other evidence presumed to be tionally, the prehistoric components at the related to the historic passage of immi­ latter two sites were tested. Recommen­ grants - such as blazes, road modifica­ dations for eligibility, interpretation, tions, graves, and layover/service enter­ and reconstruction/restoration were made prise sites - were recorded as Trail for all three cabin sites. features with a single datum used to plot These cabins are among the very last distances. Previously known locations of standing or semi-standing log structures historic activity, such as Plassee Trading built in the 19th century, and their Post and Tragedy Spring, were recorded as deteriorating condition' prompted this separate sites. study. In general, results indicated that the cabins, on the east side of the North

35 Coast Ranges, showed an economic orientation plastered. The question of reuse of to the northern Sacramento Valley region. buildings later as cells occurs immediately. The cabins were not intended to be permanent The trash pit is nearly completed. By habitation structures and the simple the end of Spring 1982, we anticipate no detailing generally evident reflected further excavation in that area. Things may intended use as temporary, seasonal cabins change this goal - as is the habit of in the pursuit of summer grazing of sheep, archaeology. cattle, and goats. This h:lstoric, seasonal, One unit (QR-21) has been excavated to economic transhumance was characteristic of sterile soil. Pollen samples, soil samples, at least local history in the last half of and stratigraphic profiles were completed the 1800' s and continues in much reduced and the unit was backfilled. Students form to this day. (having dug 8' in one semester - a total of The report is on file at the Supervisor's some 14') erected a headstone and dropped Office, Mendocino National Forest, Willows. daisys on the surface. Apart from this engineering and "cultural" experience the New Melones: In 1981, historical archae­ unit proved that the slope was too steep for ologists, directed by Co-Principal Investi­ traffic; that there was evidence of severe gator Roberta Greenwood, e~ccavated eight New flooding; and that the grinding of food­ Melones sites selected fOlr their potential stuffs was done on two types of tools - yield of information about early habitation metates and basins. in placer mining areaa, relationships We have continued to recover artifacts between historic groups a.nd the effective from the midden. New are the silver coins environment, and activities of identified and a doorlock. One additional deep unit ethnic populations. gxcavations were (WX-24) will be completed to sterile soil, preceded by an active program of historical and with that the trash pit will have been research. Greenwood and Mc,ratto, along with adequately sampled. Co-Principal Investigator '~illiam Singleton Our analysis of the midden began last and a large staff, are prl~paring the final year. This year the San Diego Community report on the New Melones project. College District granted $11,700 to the Presidio project for the computer analysis San Diego Presidio Entranceway Project of the data recovered. Completion is (1980-1981): Diane Everett-Barbolla of Mesa estimated by 1984. It should be mentioned College reports that the search for the that all of the required computer time is Gateway has long been our goal. It is now free. This makes the total assistance by clear that this elusive feature is not the SD Community College District very "between the two mounds" (1976-1977 report). Significant. This has been demonstrat.ed through the excavation of QR-21 in thE! trash pit to a Santa Barbara Presidio: Under contract to depth of some 14 feet. Stratigraphically, the Santa Ba~bara Trust for Historic the incline is so steep th;at it would pre­ Preservation, Legion Archaeological clude use as an entranceway. Knowing where Research conducted Phase III archaeological the entranceway is not is helpful. It investigations of the Royal Presidio Chapel allows us to concentrate on an area which of Santa Barbara, California. Founded on currently is the Entranceway - Presidio April 21, 1787, El Presidio de Santa Barbara Drive. A reference in Alfred Robinson's represents the oldest Spanish establishment Life in California before! the Conquest, in the Santa Barbara area. The abobe Chapel (1929) mentions "a small gothic chapel with building itself, initially completed in its cemetery and immediatel>: in front, close 1786, was extended through the addition of a to the principal entrance, was the Guard­ sacristy and repaired at subsequent inter­ room". vals. With the Chapel already in disrepair Both the south and north mounds continue by the late 1850s, lot grading in 1890 and to reveal large-scale architecture. This later construction of a Buddhist Temple semester our main thrust has been to depleted its structural remains. complete the trash pi t tel sterile soil. Directed by Vance G. Bente and assisted Fall 1981 will concentrate on architecutre. by Judi th D. Tordoff and Mary Hilderman Our best guess, and it is a. guess, is that Smith, the February-April 1982 field project the guardrooms are not in our area. utilized California Conservation Corps Interior walls of large rooms were members for excavation and laboratory crews.

36 Julia G. Costello served as consultant 1600. Preliminary data indicate that these during the start-up phase of the project. smaller areas may have been occupied by Excavation focused on removal of extant migrants entering the Chumash territory. Chapel foundations and buttresses. Although The entire site appears to have been the Trust will be reconstructing the Chapel abandoned in 1805 due to missionization, but using primarily Spanish methods of the was reoccupied between 1810 and 1825 by a period and like materials, the contemporary small group of Chumash affiliated with the local building code requires steel rein­ San Fernando Mission. A hearth which dates forced foundations capable of withstanding to this period yielded large amounts of earthquakes. The archaeological inquiry burned historic beads and food remains addresses Spanish Colonial construction including beans, corn, wheat or barley, methods in general and the Chapel design, acorns, and bones of cattle and possibly sequence of construction and repairs in other domesticated animals. Flotation of particular. all excavated soil recovered a massive In addition to structural materials quantity of charred plant remains. In related to the Spanish Colonial and possibly addition to the species already mentioned, Mexican periods (floor and roof tiles and these include nut fragments of walnut and segments of pained plaster), recovered Islay (Prunus illicifoiia), berries and artifacts include numerous sherds of various seeds of manzanita (Arctost aphylos sp.), Majolica types, unglazed "mission" wares, bulb and yucca fragments, wood fragments, Canton porcelain, and edged earthenwares, as and small seeds from sage (Salvia sp.), well as shell and glass beads. grasses and numerous other herbaceous Supplementary work beyond the confines of plants. Fish remains recovered from the 3- the Chapel foundation verified the location mm. mesh screens have provided the first of the original Presidio defense wall, substantive evidence that sardines were an pinpointed the ground surface of the period, important part of the Chumash diet. and revealed a trash deposit dating perhaps to 1782-1794. Apparently associated with Tahoe National Forest reports that Jackson the Comandante' s residence, the deposit's Research Projects (W. Turrentine Jackson, sampled materials include a presently Principal Investigator with Rand Herbert and unidentified Majolica type with scalloped Stephen Wee assisting) is preparing a rim and solid blue on blue decoration historical overview of the Forest, with a covering the entire vessel brim, and a brass completion date in May, 1982. trade ring with bezel-set glass cabochons similar to those recovered from 18th century Warm Springs Cultural Resources Study: Mary French and British fur trade sites in the Praetzellis and Adrian Praetzellis, of midwest and northeast United States. Sonoma State University, have recently Analysis and interpretatio~ are under­ completed a report for the U.S. Army Corps way. A report to the Santa Barbara Trust of Engineers entitled: "Archaeological and for Historic Preservation will be forth­ Historical Studies of Kelly Road Corridor, coming. Sonoma County, California." Kelly Road is a logging road through the rugged mountains of Santa Monica Mountains: Chester King northwestern Sonoma County, constructed in reports test excavations carried out during 1953 and donated to the U.S. Army Corps of the winter of 1980-1981 at Talepop (Ca-LAn- Engineers in 1979. It passes through a 229), a prehistoric and historic (ca. A.D. portion of the area presently being studied 1100-1830) Chumash village located in the by the Warm Springs Cultural Resources Santa Monica Mountains. The project, Study. The report consists of two parts: carried out under contract with the results of a field survey of the 100-foot California Department of Parks and Recrea­ right-of-way and an overview of historic­ tion, was necessitated by planned road con­ period land use, settlement history, and struction at Malibu Creek State Park. Three demography of the Kelly Road Corridor. For discrete residential areas with associated the overview, the road was viewed as a outdoor food processing and projectile point transect through adjacent landholdings; the manufacturing areas·were distinguished. The resulting history, therefore, covers an largest of these areas was inhabited areas much larger than the 442 acres covered throughout the life of the village; the during field survey. other two were first occupied around A.D. The history of Euro-American settlement

37 in the area mirrors certain trends identi­ developers, and construction activities fied nation-wide by rural historians and continue to destroy the archaeological demographers. Briefly, there was a shift deposits at the site, including both from semi-subsistence to commercial prehistoric Hawaiian burials and abundant agriculture occurring concommitantly with a remains from the late 1800s. Bert Davis population decline which resulted from (University of Hawaii) was the principal outmigration and a dr()p in fertility. investigator on the project, and his report During the period of Early Settlement, from should be completed by the end of the 1865-1875, much of the land was claimed, and summer, if not sooner. some patented, by agriculturalists and sheep and cattle ranchers. Bet~,een about 1876 and Lahaina, Maui: In January, Dave Cox and 1890, these families enlarged their Rick Bordner, Environment Impact Study holdings, and the area experienced something Corporation, conducted some test trenching of a fluorescence and its population at a construction site in Lahaina, MauL increased in size and di vl:!rsi ty. Following They uncovered a large trash dump from the this optimistic time o:r Family Tenure, 1930s, which included a number of economic decline marked by Foreclosure and interesting bottle types and an abundance of Speculation set in (1891-1900); many family Japanese ceramics. Theil" report should be enterprises failed during this period or available soon. (770 Kapiolani Blvd. 1605, were sold on the dea th of the head of the Honolulu, 96813). family. Next followed COl'porate Investment (1901-1934), which was characterized by the Iolani Palace: Archaeological investi­ consolidation of many fa~mily holdings by gations were conducted by the Bishop Museum corporations, extensive land use, and at Iolani Palace several years ago. A final stabilization of the arears population at a report was never written, and the excavated low level. material is available for analysis. It would be a good project for a masters Yosemite National Park: George A. Teague, thesis. Western Archeological and Conservation Center, reports NPS investigations in Maui: A construction project on Maui will Yosemite National Park. John Whittaker destroy a sugar cane workers' plantation investigated six sites in the Wawona Valley camp within the next year or so. The camp at the South end of Yosemite. Historic dates from the 1930s. The study of the material included a dump and a slaughter­ archaeological deposits associated with house with associated bone dump belonging to this camp would be a good project for some the Wawona Hotel which nas built in the graduate student interested in historic 1850s to 1870s. archaeology. HAWAII NEVADA

North Kohala - Big Island: The Department Borealis: The Social Sciences Center, of Land and Natural Resour'ces, Division of Desert Research Institute, is currently State Parks, (Box 621, Honolulu, 96809) preparing the final report on field work recently completed a cultural resources completed in June, 1981, on six square miles management study for North Kohala on the Big of National Forest land being developed by Island. The report is called: "North Houston International Minerals Corporation. Kohala: Perception of a Changing In addition to a complex suite of pre­ Communi ty, " and was prepared by Myra historic archaeological sites, the project, Tomonari-Tuggle. It provides a good under the direction of Dr. Lonnie C. Pippin, regional overview for any historic also encountered numerous remains of 20th archaeology that might be done in the area century gold mining and prospecting in the future. activities. These historic manifestations are currently being analyzed by Ronald L. Halekulani Hotel, Waikiki: The Bernice P. Reno. Bishop Museum conducted salvage excavations Archaeological and documentary evidence on the property of the Halekulani Hotel, indica tes that there have been two main Waikiki, in December. Th,eir proposal for periods of prospecting and mining activity further work at the site was rejected by the at Borealis. The first was from 1915 to

38 1920, and the second was a short revival two-room rectangular structures. Subse­ starting in 1936, centered on the Borealis quent add-ons (e.g. screened-porches, bed­ Mine. Archaeological remains also indicate rooms, baths, kitchens) and other modifi­ that some mining took place between these cations have partially obscured the original two periods. structures in all those slated for destruc­ The historic remains, including roads, tion. Though entire structures are being mines, prospects, isolated artifacts, and recorded, it is the intent of the museum camps, have yielded an informative overall archaeologist and staff to identify and view of site distributions and relation­ define as completely as possible construc­ ships. Twelve camp sites composed of single tion techniques, and materials, size, space structures or living areas, and one large utilization and architectural features of tent camp with eight distinct living areas the original dwellings. or tent platforms and associated trash Recording of the structures to date, deposi ts have been recorded. The large includes: 8 x 10 black and white photos, camp, probably abandoneu about 1920, has colored slides, to-scale plan, section and been identified as "Ramona", the center of elevation drawings of the interior, exterior mining activity in the area during the early and unique architectural features. Also, period of exploitation. The tent camp written histories of all dwellings are being remains recorded at Borealis are of special compiled. importance in that published studies of such The successful undertaking of this remains are rare in the literature, despite project is partially attributable to the their great significance in providing the volunteer assistance of the Archaeo-Nevada bases for much of the activity that took SOCiety, a Las Vegas based avocational place on the frontier. All towns started as achaeological organization, and the Lost a cluster of temporary structures, but this City Museum Docent Council. stage is poorly represented archae­ ologically, for successful towns destroy the Other Areas: An overview of the prehistoric fragile remains of their earliest and historic cultural resources of the beginnings, and in such places as Ramona Carson City BLM District is being conducted that never developed beyond the initial test by the American Museum of Natural History camp stage, the remains are so unobtrusive under the direction of Lorann S.A. that they simply disappear or go unnoticed. Pendleton. Similar efforts have been completed for eastern Nevada under the Overton: The Lost City Museum of direction of Dennett, Muessig, and Associ­ Archaeology, Overton, Nevada is in the ates of Iowa City. process of recording historical structures Ertec Inc. carried out several surveys in scheduled for demolition in the near future. Nevada and Utah during 1980 and 1981 as part The dwellings have been condemned by of the environmental studies for the MX Clark County Building inspectors as a result Missile system. Dry Lake Valley, a total of of flood damages incurred during August of 1 ,920 ha were examined and 139 cultural last year. resource sites recorded. Historic funds With one exception, the homes represent consisted of three isolated artifacts, one the resettlement of the Moapa Valley (Muddy campsite, and three section corner markers. River) during the late 1800s and early There were 700 ha surveyed in Pine Valley 1900s. Four of the original structures are and 679 ha in Wah Wah Valley. The Pine of wood frame construction and two are built Valley survey resulted in the discovery of of kiln-dried adobe brick. 32 cultural resource sites. Historic arti­ Although one of the adobe structures was facts included seven isolated artifacts and not constructed until the late 1930's, many one section corner marker. In Wah Wah of the materials from which it was built Valley 59 cultural resource sites were were salvaged from the Gentry Hotel in St. recorded. Historic sites consisted of six Thomas, the first Mormon pioneer settlement isolated artifacts and three campsites. in the area. Also, the dwelling is repre­ sentative of a turn-of-the-century architectual style common to Mormon communities in the Southern Nevada-Utah area. Five of the homes were originally one or

39 SOUTHWEST 1874, and second, to document through the artifactual remains and evidence of Reported by Jame;s E. Ayres remodeling whether the building was reused after the army abandoned Fort Lowell in ARIZONA 1891 • Pollen samples were taken from the adobe brick, mortar, and plaster of the Lyle Stone (Archaeological Research ki tchen and dining hall as well as from Services, Inc., Tempe) reports progress on unfired adobe from the footing trench. two projects~ Information from these samples will be used to determine construction sequences and to Central Arizona Project: ARS has completed determine whether the adobe brick was made a Class 2 level inventory of historic sites, on site or purchased from a local supplier, buildings, and structurE!S as part of an as indicated in some of the historical evaluation of cultural :resources for the records. Al though the analysis of the Tucson aqueduct element of the Central archaeological information has just begun, Arizona Project. Nearly 200 sites ranging it appears that the Band Quarters Kitchen from the Spanish Period to the mid-1930s was reoccupied after 1891, and that certain were recorded. Remarkably, a number of architectural features were added by later sites dating from the HI80s - 1900 period inhabitants. were found undis turbed ,d thin the Tucson urban area. ARS conducted the historical Navajo Nation Cultural Resource Management aspect of the study under contract to the Program (Window Rock): NNCRMP, under the Arizona State Museum which is responsible to general direction of David E. Doyel, has the Bureau of Reclamation for the study. conducted approximately 45 projects on Results of the historio study will be Tribal lands in Arizona, New MeXiCO, and incorporated with those of the prehistoric Utah during the first quarter of 1981. inventory effort. Final oorridor selection These projects have varied from small-scale for the Tucson aqueduct will be based on surveys of home sites and water lines to a these results. large-scale linear survey convering over 60 miles. About ten of these projects have Anamax-Rosemont Project: ARS will begin a encountered cultural resources that date to 5.5 month excavation of historic mining the historic period, most of which are remains in the Santa Rita, Mountains south­ Navajo. east of Tucson in early May. James E. Ayres A survey of approximately 60 miles of will be the Project Director for ARS which seismic lines in the vicinity of Chaco is under contract to the Arizona State Canyon National Monument is currently in Museum for the project. Two small mining progress under the direction of Russell T. communities and 30 smaller, scattered mining Fehr (NNCRMP). The survey has already and ranching sites dating from the 1880s to recorded one noteworthy historic Site, a ca. 1920 are included in mitigative efforts ranch headquarters on a homestead that was which are required as part of a land patented in the early 1920s. exchange between the Anamax Mining Company Field work has been completed, and and the U.S. Forest Service. reports are in preparation, for several projects that were begun late in 1981. Band Quarters Kitchen: A data recovery Three reports present the results of both program was recently complHted by a CuI tural archaeological and ethnohistorical research Resource Management Division, Arizona State on historic-period sites in several areas Museum (Tucson) crew at t.he Band Quarters scheduled for range reseeding. Reports of Kitchen, Fort Lowell, TUCI!On. Portions of archaeological survey results are being the kitchen complex, which included a dining prepared by Laurie E. Warner (NNCRMP), with hall, kitchen, and attached storage room, a contribution by Mark Elson, for an area were excavated in order to collect a sample near Cove, Arizona; by Phillip Steward of the artifactual material, and to gather (NNCRMP), for one near Wheatfields-Canyon de architectural in'formation. The project was Chelly; and by Kris Langenfeld (NNCRMP) for under the supervision of F:red Huntington. several areas around Gallup. The ethno­ The aim of the investiga.tion was twofold: historical sections of these reports are first to document the 'building methods being prepared by Klara Kelly (NNCRMP), and employed in the original construction in include the results of inquiries among local

40 Navajos about local land-use history and Navajo Nation, by Linford and Teri Cleeland; also about sacred sites. The collection of and Prehistoric and Historic Occupation of religious information is mandated by the the Black Creek Valley, Navajo Nation by American Indian Religious Freedom Act (PL Fehr, Kelley, Popelish, and Warner (Navajo 95-341) • Nation Papers in Anthropology Numbers 6 and Another report in preparation by Linda 7) • Popelish (NNCRMP), with a contribution by Fehr, provides a purely archaeological UTAH treatment of Navajo sites along Navajo Route 13, which crosses the Chuska Mountains from Brigham Young University (Provo): Dale Red Rock to Lukachukai, Arizona. Anne Berge submits the following brief reports: Cully, Marcie Donaldson, and Molly S. Toll BYU excavated a late Mormon site dating of the Ethnobotany Laboratory of the Univer­ to the 1850s in Chesterfield, Idaho. This sity of New Mexico are preparing a report, site consisted of a hillside dugout with a with a contribution by Kelley, part of which log cabin on top. Analysis and writing are concerns Navajo farming sites near Chaco under way. Canyon. Three other volumes are being This summer Berge plans to conduct prepared by Terry A. Del Bene, Dabney Ford, excavations of Mercur, Utah, a mining town Lawrence E. Vogler, Dennis A. Gilpin, and dating to 1870-1920. The town was destroyed Joseph K. Anderson (all of NNCRMP) that by fire in 1902. include studies of historic sites (again, The Goshen, Utah project is in the mostly Navajo) on the Navajo Indian Irriga­ process of being studied and written. Arti­ tion Project (NIIP) near Farmington, New fact analysis, historical documentation, Mexico. Another report in preparation with and oral interviewing are continuing. Berge information on Navajo sites in the hopes to have the project completed by Farmington area is that of Fehr and James G. summer, 1983. Enloe on an archaeological survey at the Berge is collecting photographs and Burnham Mine. Scott C. Russell is preparing researching historical documents on Camp a report on the Navajo history and Floyd, Utah which he plans to start digging archaeology of central Black Mesa, Arizona, in 1983. Camp Floyd was the largest pre­ on outgrowth of the Navajo Route 41 archae­ Ci vil War fort in the west and dates to ological survey. The report on the survey 1857-1861. The fort was the headquarters of itself, which recorded many Navajo sites, is Johnston's army which was in Utah to supress also being assembled by Laurence D. Linford the so-called Mormon Rebellion. (NNCRMP). Finally, a collection of papers Further work on the Thomas Job house in presented at the Society for American Goshen, Utah will be undertaken by BYU Archaeology 1981 meetings is in preparation students. Their goal is to finish the and will include two papers on Navajo archaeology and stabilize the building. The archaeology and ethnohistory. house dates to 1870-1930. Job was a All of these reports combined provide Reorganized Latter Day Saint who lived on archaeological data on several hundred the fringes of Mormon Culture. historic-period sites, most of them Navajo. Most of the accompanying analyses elucidate changes in economy, political organization, CANADA: ONTARIO and land use that the sites may reflect. The analyses of the NIIP Navajo sites employ Reported by Karlis Karklins frontier and acculturation theory in an attempt to explain changes in the charac­ Warminster Site: Clark M. Sykes, Adjunct teritstics of Navajo sites. Detailed Assistant Professor of Archaeology and studies of historic artifacts from the NIIP Director of the Office of Public Archaeology sites have also been conducted. at Boston University, reports the completion Kelley's ethnoarchaeological and of a five-year study of an early 17th ethnohistorical study of the Chaco Canyon century Iroquoian village located in Ranch is in press, and two other volumes southern Ontario. The Warminster site is have recently been published that include believed to be the Huron town of Cahiague, studies of historic Navajo sites: Archae­ visited by Samuel de Champlain in 1615-16. ological Survey in the Forest Highlands of The village is unusually large for an ~ Defiance Plateau and Chuska Mountains, Iroquoian settlement, covering about 15

41 acres and containing an estimated 150-220 produce a minimum of fifty-four whiskey and longhouses, or a total population of between gin bottles, but it also contained at least 3,000 and 5,000 Huron. The Uni versi ty of thirty-three wine bottles including four of Toronto has carried out work at the site ohampagne and at least one French estate intermittently since 1946; to date, approxi­ vintage. These bottles had been dropped mately 130,000 sq. ft., or 20 percent of the into the pit under the summer kitchen and entire village, has been excavated, pushed into the back of the root cellar to including large portions of the palisade, get them out of the way. many longhouses, several large middens, and There were at least forty-one decorated an associated ossuary. A great quantity of clay. smoking pipes including one imported European trade goods wafl recovered during French effigy pipe. A Jews harp and a these excavations, in addition to a variety harmonica provided musical interludes and of native materials. Sykes' work is one of the ladies on the site may have been a concerned principally ~,ith patterns of dancer. Someone on the site could write community organization and intra-settlement and, presumably, read. There may have been exchange. A more comprehensive report, with an invalid, for the site produced many contributions from several scholars who have medicine bottles and a glass dosage measure. analyzed material from Warminster, is As is common in sites of this period, 'he planned for the near futu.re. seems to have shopped around for a cure; no two bottles are of the same brand. Long Tavern: or, When Is: a Bar Not a Bar? The residents of the site included a man The Long Tavern site was a late 19th century who wore large, heavy work boots and work residence located near Ottawa, in the Stony pants with suspenders, and one or more Swamp Conservation Area. The site was ladies who wore small (size 5) boots of good studied by a six-week undergraduate field quality and dressed in mourning clothes school from the University of Toronto trimmed with jet buttons and a heavy jet sponsored by the National Capital bracelet. Commission. During thE! period May 11 Evidence from dated coins and buttons, through June 26, 1982, the remains of four from objects of known historical structures were examined: a log house with provenience, and from style and techno­ cellar, a root cellar, a summer logical analysis of the ceramics, bottles, kitchen/storage shed and a cold cellar. window glass, medicine bottles and clay Local tradition identif'1ed the site with pipes makes it clear that site occupation a tavern of sorts run by one James Brown began no earlier than 1850 and probably according to the 1841 census. Archi val actually took place between about 1870 and examination revealed that Brown had lived in 1900. this area until 1852; at that time he moved, Was the site actually a tavern? Several perhaps because of non··payment of his factors argue no. There was only one mortgage. We anticipated, therefore, a site drinking glass. There is little room inside dating from the early-middle part of the the house for guests to sit down. The 19th century which would show evidence of artifacts are typical of a residential farm use as a tavern in the form of large numbers of the period. The quantity of alcoholic of alcoholic beverage bottles, drinking and beverages could easily have been consumed by eating wares, smoking pipel~ and so forth. a hard-drinking farmer over a period of The analysis of the s:Lte has revealed thirty years. that the residents of the s:lte were probably On the other hand, there is a most farmers: fragments of a plough, shovels, unexpected variety of bot tIes. It seems hoes, and other farm equipment were unlikely that our hard-drinking farmer would recovered. In addition, they kept animals have indulged in French wines and champagnes including a team of horses. The owner may when whiskey and gin were cheaper and more have done some of his own blacksmithing; the potent. There is also an unexpectedly large large number of metal punches and the loose number of clay pipes. For comparison, the horseshoes on the site fit with this idea. neighboring farm of Abraham Bradley, an They owned a carriage or cu1~ tel' and a larger occupation which lasted from 1854 to 1911, wagon. produced fragments of three early alcoholic There was a great deal of drinking on the beverage bottles and twelve pipe bowl site, and the drinkers shoued a cultivated fragments, only one of them decorated. The taste in beverages. Not only did the site presence of the musical instruments and the

42 dancing shoes, as well as expensive Program to administer the Northwest Terri­ tortoiseshell hair combs and jewelry, tories Archaeological Site Regulations. By suggests that the Log Tavern site was more the summer of 1982 there will be a Senior than the residence of a poor farmer. Archaeologist as well as an Arctic and The answer to the mystery may lie in the Subarctic archaeologist on staff to manage 1891 census records; if so, we will have to prehistoric and historic cultural wait to discover the true identity and resources. occupation of the Log Tavern owners. But at this point it is plausible, from the nature of the site and the artifact sample, that CARIBBEAN the site may have been the location of a small and informal public house of some Reported by David R. Watters sort. GENERAL

CANADA: PRAIRIE REGION David R. Watters (Woods Hole Oceano­ graphic Institution) currently is compiling Reported By Peter J. Priess a list of publications dealing with histori­ cal archaeology, contact-period sites, MANITOBA ethnohistory, and archives throughout the circum-Caribbean region. Of particular Delorme House: Archaeological investiga­ interest are books, monographs, journal tions, under the direction of K. David articles, and serial publications treating McLeod, were conducted at the Delorme House, these topics produced by the regional a mid-nineteenth century Metis dwelling museums, universities, research insti­ located along the Red River approximately 20 tutions, and historical and archaeological km south of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Interest in associations or foundations. However, pub­ the house is generated by the fact that it lications about the region by institutions is one of the earliest extant structures in located outside the Caribbean proper are the Red River area. A tentative being solicited also. construction date of ca. 1860 has been Early and sustained European involvement determined by architectural historians. combined with subsequent African and Asian Immediate plans for the house include cultural introductions makes the Caribbean removing it from its present location and as region of great interest to historical a result funding was approved by the archaeologists. Unfortunately, much Manitoba government to conduct archae­ research conducted by local institutions and ological testing on the site. The major organizations is not well known outside of objectives included obtaining a more the region and the potentially wider appli­ reliable date of construction, cability of these studies has not been architectural information concerning the realized. This compilation of publications kitchen wing which had been removed in 1960 is an effort to introduce Caribbean research and accumulating cultural data concerning to a wider audience and demonstrate the Metis society. utility of the studies for other regions. Preliminary results indicate that 1) the Persons and institutions in the Antilles house may have been built as early as 1854, and Bahamas islands and continental areas of 2) the kitchen wing was built in a fashion northern South America and Central America, similar to that of the house and 3) a wood­ who wish to provide information on histori­ lined cellar had been built under the cal archaeology publications, should kitchen. Analysis of artifacts from the contact Watters at MPOM Program, Woods Hole cellar will provide information pertaining Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA to Metis culture. Other results include 02543, USA. Please note the compilation recovery of a butchering/midden area near does not include studies strictly prehis­ one of the now-demolished outbuildings and toric in nature. the delineation of a ca. 1900 kitchen midden. HAITI The Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre Clark Moore currently is investigating in Yellowknife now has an Archaeology the location of markers erected to perma-

43 nently fix the boundary between the Spanish Center, Boston University) will direct the and French parts of HispcLniola following an fieldcrew in intensive surface collection agreement signed on Febr'uary 29, 1776, at and controlled soil sampling of the 2.5 acre Attalaya in the Central Plateau of Haiti. plantation industrial center. Donald Jones The signing of the Treaty of Aranjuez in (Boston University) will be laboratory Spain by the home governments in 1777 supervisor overseeing computer cataloguing officially ended some 100 years of disputes and distributional analyses. Riva Berleant­ over the boundary by the two colonies. The Schiller (Anthropology, University of boundary was effecti ve for less than 25 Connecticut, Torrington) will begin working years, however, because of the slave revolts on historical 'aspects of the project. The and eventual Hai tian indl~pendence from the first season's report has just been com­ French. During this struggle the Haitians pleted by Pulsipher and Goodwin; copies are gained control of the Central Plateau in the available for $8.00 from Pulsipher, Depart­ 1790s. Today the former frontier is largely ment of Geography, University of Tennessee, within the Republic of Haiti. Knoxville, TN 37996. Starting where the Mas~lacre River empties into the Atlantic Ocean in the north and ending at the mouth of thEI Perdenales, which INDONESIA empties into the Caribbean Sea in the south, 221 numbered boundary markers were emplaced Reported by John N. Miksic to define the frontier. Fifteen of the original markers have been located by using Indonesia's history begins in the fourth written descriptions of the markers in the century A.D. with the oldest surviving stone appendix to "Santo Domingo Past and Present inscriptions, in Sanskrit, from Borneo. Wi th a Glance at Hayti" written by Samuel These mark the beginning of the Classical Hazard in 1873 and by examination of photo­ period, which lasted one thousand years graphs of the original flurvey map in the before giving way to the Islamic period, National Library at Madr:Ld. Work on this which in turn has continued until the pre­ project is progressing under the auspices of sent time. Institut de Sauvgarde Patrimoine National Written indigenous sources from the (ISPAN) of Haiti. Stabil:lzation and repair Classical period are limited to a few of damaged markers is undl!rway as well. As hundred items written on stone and metal; additional markers are located, they will be documents on perishable material have not photographed and their positions noted on survived. These sources can be augmented by topographic maps. Fur further information, travellers' descriptions (Chinese and contact Moore at Le Bon Samaritan Hospital, Arabs), and records of Indonesian political­ Limbe, Haiti, West Indies., commercial missions to China. Fuller social and economic documentation only becomes MONTSERRAT available in the Islamic period, particu­ larly after European contact. The term The Galways Plantation Project, "historical archaeology" in Indonesia's Montserrat, West Indies, an interdisci­ context is most closely equivalent to the plinary study of a sugar plantation active archaeology of this period. from circa 1650 to 1850, begins its second Wi th one notable exception, the urban field season on June 24. Again this year site of Banten (Bantam), West Java, sites the primary source of fund:Lng comes from the later than the 16th century have received Center for Field Research/garthwatch. Lydia little attention, for reasons which are Mihelic Pulsipher, prl:>ject director, quite understandable, including the aes­ recei ved a grant from the Uni versi ty of thetic allure of the great monuments of art Tennessee to collect oral histories as part and architecture from Indonesia's classical of the overall project. This field season period which still need a great amount of the project will be expanded in scope and study. There are many sites of one focus on some interdisclplinary aspects. particular type which have not been examined Pulsipher will study water resource manage­ at all, namely the fortified European ment at the plantation arid throughout the trading settlement, built by Portuguese, island as well as tape oral histories. English, and Dutch, which are scattered Project archaeologist Conrad Goodwin throughout the archipelago and date in some (doctoral student, ArchaElological Studies cases to the 16th century.

44 While living in the province of Bengku1u tion themselves in the fort's neighborhood. (Bencoo1en, southwest Sumatra) I had oppor­ There are also similar sites in north and tunities to visit several British fort sites south Bengku1u Province which are in better along the coast, including several trips to condition, and could provide data on differ­ York Fort, first occupied in 1685, abandoned ences between the central settlement and the about 1714. The East India Office Library outstations. in London contains documentation on the Foreign influence in Sumatra was, until site, including the interesting role played the late 19th century, restricted to the by Elihu Yale in its founding. The site coasts. This pattern of coastal entrepots appears to have been uninhabited from the in contac~ with foreign regions and early 18th century up to 1942, when Japanese mediating between foreigners and the bulk of forces occupying the Dutch East Indies the population in the interior upland established a base there, and built a road valleys extends back much further in time, across one edge of the sit~. In 1979 the to the beginning of Sumatran history or even Indonesian Fisheries Department constructed earlier. Study of distributional patterns a fish auctioning facility on the edge of of artifacts from the period of British the site, and exposed a refuse layer about contact along the transport routes to the 50 cm. thick, which contained Chinese interior can shed new light on the tradi­ porcelain and stoneware, local earthenwrae, tional politico-economic systems of European bottle glass and pottery, coins, Sumatra. clay pipe fragments, and other small A project currently under discussion is artifacts. Artifact density in the habita­ the excavation of a part of the Dutch fort tion layer was considerable. Food bones Vredeburg, built in Yogyakarta in 1755, the were also well preserved, and charcoal capital of the Javanese kingdom of Mataram. nodules were numerous. This excavation would be a part of a The fort was built of local brick on a restoration project. Other sites of the small hill near the mouth of the Bencoo1en recent past have been partly restored, River on the coast of the Indian Ocean. The including 18th and 19th century palace site was marshy and malarial, and the main structures, ceremonial gardens, government trading factory was transferred two miles buildings, mosques and temples, but seldom south to Fort Marlborough. This site was has archaeological research been a part of recently restored by the provincial office such projects. There are indications that of the Department of Education and Culture historical archaeology will, however, with some financial assistance by the receive more attention in the next few years British Council, and artifacts were col­ as many more Indonesians receive advanced lected during digging operations to repair training in archaeological method and the foundations of the wall, although no theory. records were made of their position. York Fort has been despoiled of its remaining bricks, and a slaughterhouse for cattle has been built on a portion of the site. After the digging operations for the THE ADVISORY COUNCIL ON fisheries center exposed some remains, UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY neighboring villagers conducted illicit digging operations on the site searching for Position Statement of the Council (by J. possible buried valuables. Although I was Barto Arnold, III) not permitted to excavate, I did collect numerous sample artifacts which had been The Advisory Council on Underwater exposed by other diggers, and some con­ Archaeology is a group of professional clusions can be drawn regarding the relative diving archaeologists dedicated to the importance of various commercial connec­ support of scientific principles in under­ tions in the life of the fort community. water research. Mere recovery of artifacts Possible excavations now being discussed from the floor of the ocean is not could provide extremely interesting infor­ archaeology, nor is treasure hunting. We mation on the lives of early European insist that the discovery and study of sites colonists in Southeast Asia, their relation­ and artifacts underwater can be as ships with the surrounding population, and scientific and as objective as on land. We the economic situation of the local popu1a- agree wholeheartedly with Jacques Cousteau,

45 who after his pioneering work on the Grant you. His address is; National Park Service, Congloue wreck in the early 1950' s, wrote of 655 Parfet Street, P.O. Box 25287, Denver, his difficulties with thE! project and stated Colorado 80225. Proceedings for the CUA that it was easy to traln an archaeologist meetings of the past several years have been to dive but difficult to train a diver to be published and are available. an archaeologist. However, this is not to Individually, Council members are active say that there is no placJe for the partici­ on advisory boards in the academic world, pation of the sport d1.ving community in government and industry. We are a volunteer properly supervised undEirwater archaeology group and have only limited time to devote projects. to Council business, but even so, I think The Council has several goals. In addi­ our members have done an outstanding job. tion to the promotion of proper scientific Some are on various state and federal procedures, the Council is committed to advisory and planning boards, several are education of the publio to the need to state underwater archaeologists, and some protect the underwater cultural resources. are university professors who teach courses And those resources are in dire need of in underwat~r archaeology as well as give protection. As an example, the new federal assistance and advice when asked. ~ny of antiquities act, "Archae,ological Resources us have active, ongoing research projects, Protection Act of 1979," HR 1825, specifi­ most of which are pioneering studies. We cally exempts the continl~ntal shelves from would appreciate active support from our coverage. One way that the Council can help colleagues and will welcome your ideas and is to assist State Historic Preservation comments about topics related to underwater Officers and other public officials with archaeology. advice on regulations or the enactment of legislation to protect ulrlderwater antiqui­ Officers: ties. We will be happy to respond to requests for information about solutions of The Advisory Council on Underwater problems with which some e,f our members have Archaeology has selected a new slate of struggled. To that end w,e have established officers for 1982-84: J. Barto Arnold, III, a subcommittee of membel:'S who have been Chairman; Reynold J. Ruppe, Vice-Chairman; involved in the formulaUon of pOlicies or and W. A. Cockrell, Secretary-Treasurer. legislation, or were asked to give advice to lawmakers. The Council acts as a cJlearing house for information about sites, underwater acti vi ties, training pre'grams and people involved in archaeological projects under­ water. Another activity jLs coordination of the annual Conference on Underwater Archae­ ology and planning the program of papers and seminars at the meeting. We meet every January with the Society for Historical Archaeology and use their Newsletter and journal as our offici,il publications. Instead of forming another' separate organi­ zation with a membership and dues, those interested in the ACUA aro asked to become members of the SHA. The noxt annual meeting will be held in Denver, Colorado on January 6-9, 1983. Those wishing to attend this or any subsequent meeting should contact the Society for Historical Archaeology, 1703 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., liashington, D.C. 20009. We will be delightEld to have you all attend and lend your supp()rt. And if any one has research they wish to report, Cal Cummings who is Program Chair for the under­ water section will be happy to hear from

46 THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY The Society for Historical Archaeology is a non-profit scientific-educational organization which aims to promote scholarly research and the dissemination of knowledge concerning historical archaeology; to exchange information in this field; to hold periodic conferences to discuss problems of mutual interest relating to the study of historical archaeology; and to obtain the cooperation of the concerned disciplines for projects of research. The focus of interest is the era since the beginning of exploration of the non-European parts of the world by Europeans, with prime concern in the Western Hemisphere. The Society also concerns itself with European, Oceanic, African, and Asian archaeology having a definite bearing upon scholarly problems in the Western Hemisphere. The Society invites the participation and support of all who share its interest in history as its emerges from archaeological research and the study of written records. Membership is open to both professionals and interested laymen. An application form is provided below for those wishing to join. Society Officers for 1982: Robert L. Schuyler, President; Edwin S. Dethlefsen, President-elect; Bert Salwen, Immediate Past President; Stephanie Rodeffer, Secretary­ Treasurer; Ronald Michael, Editor; Norman F. Barka, Newsletter Editor; Kathleen Deagen, Roberta Greenwood, Donald Hardesty, Kenneth E. Lewis, George Miller, and Cynthia R. Price, Directors; J. Barto Arnold, Chairman CUA.

MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION I hereby apply for membership in the Society for Historical Archaeology, as checked below. All memberships are for the calendar year, and include the annual publication HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY and the quarterly NEWSLETTER.

( ) Individual $20.00 U.S. ) Institutional $40.00 U.S. NAME: (Please print or type) ADDRESS:

Make cheques payable (in U.S. Funds) to: THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY Mail to: American Anthropological Association Society for Historical Archaeology 1703 New Hampshire Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20009

47 THE SOCIETY FOR HISTOFtICAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWSLETTER Please note the upcoming deadlines for submission of news for the 1982 issues of the Newsletter: Issue Editor's Deadline

October 1982. • • • • • • 27 August 1982 DeceDlber 1982 • • • • • • 22 October 1982

Members are urlged to send any news relating to historical archaeology.

1983 SHA/CUA CONFER:~NCE (see Call for Papers and Information inside this issue).

When: 6-9 January, 1983 WherE!: Denver, Colorado Hotel: Marriott-Hotel City Center General Chairman: Adrienne Anderson

1984 SHA/CUA CONFERENCE Willi,amsburg, Virginia. 5-8 January, 1984 Gener'al Chairman: Norman F. Barka

1985 SHA/CUA CONFERENCE: invitation received from Boston, Mass.

48

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