Collecting in the South
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& LYTHBERG (EDS) (EDS) LYTHBERG & DOUGLAS, VEYS collecting in the south sea collecting in the south sea The Voyage of Bruni d’Entrecasteaux 1791-1794 This book is a study of ‘collecting’ undertaken by Joseph Antoine Bruni d’Entrecasteaux and his shipmates in Tasmania, the western Pacific Islands, and Indonesia. In 1791–1794 Bruni d’Entrecasteaux the south sea led a French naval expedition in search of the lost vessels of La in collecting Pérouse which had last been seen by Europeans at Botany Bay in March 1788. After Bruni d’Entrecasteaux died near the end of the voyage and the expedition collapsed in political disarray in Java, its collections and records were subsequently scattered or lost. The book’s core is a richly illustrated examination, analysis, and catalogue of a large array of ethnographic objects collected during the voyage, later dispersed, and recently identified in museums in France, Norway, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. The focus on artefacts is informed by a broad conception of 1791-1794 d’Entrecasteaux Bruni of Voyage The collecting as grounded in encounters or exchanges with Indigenous protagonists and also as materialized in other genres—written accounts, vocabularies, and visual representations (drawings, engravings, and maps). Historically, the book outlines the antecedents, occurrences, and aftermath of the voyage, including its location within the classic era of European scientific voyaging (1766–1840) and within contemporary colonial networks. Particular chapters trace the ambiguous histories of the extant collections. Ethnographically, contributors are alert to local settings, relationships, practices, and values; to Indigenous uses and significance of objects; to the reciprocal, dialogic nature of collecting; to local agency or innovation in exchanges; and to present implications of objects and their histories, especially for modern scholars and artists, both Indigenous and non-Indigenous. Sidestone ISBNSidestone 978-90-8890-574-2 Press edited by ISBN: 978-90-8890-574-2 BRONWEN DOUGLAS, FANNY WONU VEYS & BILLIE LYTHBERG PACIFIC PRESENCES 3 9 789088 905742 Source Reference Douglas, B., Veys, F.W. and Lythberg, B. (eds.) 2018: Collecting in the South Sea. The Voyage of Bruni d’Entrecasteaux 1791-1794, Leiden: Sidestone Press. SIDESTONE PRESS This is a free offprint – as with all our publications the entire book is freely accessible on our website, where you can also buy a printed copy or pdf E-book. WWW.SIDESTONE.COM © 2018 Individual Authors Series: Pacific Presences, volume 3 General Editor: Nicholas Thomas Published by Sidestone Press, Leiden www.sidestone.com Lay-out & cover design: Sidestone Press Cover images: Front cover: Jacques-Louis Copia after Jean Piron, ‘Sauvages du Cap de Diemen préparant leur repas’, engraving, detail, in Jacques Julien Houtou de La Billardière, Atlas pour servir à la relation du voyage à la recherche de La Pérouse … (Paris, 1800), plate 5, National Library of Australia, Canberra (N F308 (ATLAS)) Back cover; Top and spine: Kanak bwar (hache-ostensoir), ceremonial axe, collected in New Caledonia, Musée cantonal d’Archéologie et d’Histoire de Lausanne (V/B-025). Photograph Yves André; Middle: handle of a Māori toki poutangata, adze, collected in Aotearoa-New Zealand, Universitetsmuseet, Bergen (BME 10). Photograph Svein Skare Bottom: Fijian sedri ni waiwai, oil dish, collected in Tonga, Museum Volkenkunde – Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen, Leiden (RV-34-21). Photograph Irene de Groot ISBN 978-90-8890-574-2 (softcover) ISBN 978-90-8890-575-9 (hardcover) ISBN 978-90-8890-576-6 (PDF e-book) Bronwen Douglas, as ever, dedicates this book to Charles, Kirsty and Ben, Allie and Andrew, Jean and Owen, whose enduring love and support make everything possible Wonu Veys dedicates it to her mum and grandmother, to Paul, and to her colleagues and mentors whose enthusiasm, patience, and support made this project possible Billie Lythberg dedicates it to her family, collaborators, and mentors, without whose unwavering curiosity and generosity such projects would simply not eventuate CONTENTS Abbreviations 11 Preface and Acknowledgements 13 PART 1 - PROLOGUE 17 1. History – Contexts, Voyage, People, Collections 19 Bronwen Douglas The ‘Effets’ (effects) plates 34 Bronwen Douglas 2. Ethnohistory – Collecting and Representing 41 Bronwen Douglas PART 2 - ARTEFACT COLLECTIONS 63 3. Object Trajectories, Webs of Relationships 65 Fanny Wonu Veys 4. Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac, Paris 71 Bronwen Douglas bwar—Kanak hache-ostensoir, ceremonial axe 73 Bronwen Douglas sisi fale—Tongan coconut fibre waist garment 85 Billie Lythberg and Melenaite Taumoefolau 5. Musée des Beaux-Arts – LAAC, Dunkerque 93 Hélène Guiot and Claude Steen-Guélen kie—Tongan small fine mat 98 Hélène Guiot 6. Universitetsmuseet, Bergen 103 Knut Rio Encountering Māori and their artefacts 108 Billie Lythberg and Mānuka Hēnare Archery equipment 115 Andy Mills 7. Kulturhistorisk Museum, Universitetet i Oslo 121 Arne Aleksej Perminow 8. Museum Volkenkunde – Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen, Leiden 133 Fanny Wonu Veys Tongan ships carving 138 Fanny Wonu Veys helu tu‘u—Tongan comb and hair dressing 142 Billie Lythberg and Melenaite Taumoefolau 9. Tropenmuseum – Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen, Amsterdam 149 Tristan Mostert 10. Zeeuws Museum, Middelburg 155 Caroline van Santen 11. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology – 161 Harvard University, Cambridge MA Fanny Wonu Veys kali—Tongan headrest 166 Fanny Wonu Veys 12. Musée cantonal d’Archéologie et d’Histoire, Lausanne 175 Claire Brizon, Claude Leuba, and Lionel Pernet with Fanny Wonu Veys and Bronwen Douglas Absent objects, Muséum d’Histoire naturelle du Havre 184 Thierry Vincent PART 3 - OTHER COLLECTIONS 187 13. Drawings and Engravings 189 Bronwen Douglas tayenebe, exchange—Reviving Aboriginal fibre work in Tasmania 197 Julie Gough kupesi—Tongan design structure and Piron’s experiment 209 Billie Lythberg and Tavake-fai-‘ana Semisi Fetokai Potauaine 14. Tongan Wordlists 213 Paul Geraghty 15. Tongan Musical Instruments 227 Fanny Wonu Veys, Billie Lythberg, and Rachel Hand with Tavake-fai-‘ana Semisi Fetokai Potauaine PART 4 - RE-INTERPRETATIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS 241 16. Cultural Currents—Tongan and Fijian sculpture 243 Andy Mills 17. Tongans in 1793 255 Phyllis Herda and Bronwen Douglas 18. Translation and Transformation—Piron’s Drawings 267 Nicola Dickson Lisa Reihana’s Emissaries 285 Billie Lythberg PART 5 - EPILOGUE 293 19. Reflections 295 Nicholas Thomas PART 6 - CATALOGUE 299 Appendix 1 - Catalogue of the Objects 301 Fanny Wonu Veys, Billie Lythberg, and Andy Mills Appendix 2 - Objects by Institution 323 Fanny Wonu Veys and Billie Lythberg Appendix 3 - Objects by provenance 329 Wonu Veys and Bronwen Douglas Contributors 335 Figures 341 References 351 Index 375 CHAPTER 9 Tropenmuseum – Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen, Amsterdam TRISTAN MOSTERT In 2006, during preparation for a small exhibition of Oceanic clubs at Amsterdam’s Tropenmuseum (Museum of the Tropics), curator David van Duuren and I rediscovered the interesting origins of eleven clubs from the Pacific that had been part of the collection since the museum’s founding. While consulting the museum archives, Van Duuren found correspondence with the French historian Hélène Richard in 1977 indicating that the objects had been collected during the Pacific expedition of Bruni d’Entrecasteaux. This revelation prompted us to investigate in detail the provenance of the objects. They turned out to have left such a rich paper trail that we were able to reconstruct their collection history almost from the moment the expedition was stranded on Java in 1794 to the moment they were incorporated into the Tropenmuseum.1 A well-documented history The paper trail starts in early 1797, with correspondence between François van Boekholtz and Sebastiaan Cornelis Nederburgh. The former had been Governor of Banda for the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (Dutch East India Company, henceforth VOC) but had fallen into disgrace the previous year for surrendering Fort Nassau, one of the main VOC fortifications in the Dutch East Indies, to the British without so much as a struggle. Relieved of his duties, he was now living in Semarang (Java) and was desperately trying to ward off judicial prosecution. To this end, he sought the favour of S.C. Nederburgh, commissioner-general of the VOC and at the time de facto the most powerful man in Java. Van Boekholtz wrote several letters to Nederburgh. In one, he evidently pointed out the existence of thirteen ‘rarities from islands in the Pacific’ and offered his services as a broker in helping Nederburgh obtain them from their current owner. Unfortunately, this particular letter is the only one missing from an otherwise impeccable archive—apparently because it was later used to prove the authenticity of the objects and was lost in the process (see below). Its existence is known because of subsequent correspondence—Nederburgh’s positive reply of 23 January;2 later correspondence about the logistics of getting the objects from Semarang, where Van Boekholtz had brought them, to Batavia, where Nederburgh was 149 Collecting in the South Sea stationed;3 and the correspondence in which the letter is presented as proof of the origin of the objects.4 The original letter might have added to an already rich paper trail by providing more information about the owner of the objects at the time and the way in which he had come to possess them after the collapse of Bruni d’Entrecasteaux’s expedition a good two years earlier. During more than a year spent in Java between the end of the expedition and his departure for Europe, the naturalist La Billardière had found it necessary to sell some of the objects collected during the voyage. Moreover, parts of the collection simply had to be left behind as there was not enough room on the VOC return fleet that took the bulk of the crews and their belongings from Batavia on 5 December 1794.5 Various objects from the expedition now held in Dutch museums found their way to Europe in the luggage of high-ranking VOC officials.