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Zwischen Ost-West-Handel Und Opposition Monographien Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien Band 57, 2014 MEINEN ELTERN Christian Heideck Zwischen Ost-West-Handel und Opposition Die Japanpolitik der DDR 1952–1973 Monographien aus dem Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien Band 57 2014 Monographien Band 57 Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien der Max Weber Stiftung – Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland Direktor: Prof. Dr. Florian Coulmas Anschrift: Jochi Kioizaka Bldg. 2F 7-1, Kioicho Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-0094, Japan Tel.: (03) 3222-5077 Fax: (03) 3222-5420 E-Mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://www.dijtokyo.org Umschlagbild: Der Vorsitzende des Staatsrates der DDR Willi Stoph beim Empfang einer Delegation des japanischen Oberhauses unter der Leitung des Oberhauspräsidenten Kōno Kenzō in Ostberlin am 10. Oktober 1973. Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-M1010-026, Fotograf: Steinberg Fotoarchiv Dietz Verlag Berlin GmbH Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-86205-045-1 © IUDICIUM Verlag GmbH München 2014 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Druck: fgb freiburger graphische betriebe, Freiburg Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-86205-045-1 www.iudicium.de Anmerkungen zur Umschrift und der Wiedergabe von Namen ANMERKUNGEN ZUR UMSCHRIFT UND DER WIEDERGABE VON NAMEN In der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden Begriffe und Namen aus dem Japanischen nach dem modifizierten Hepburn-System transkribiert. Lan- ge Vokale werden durch einen Längungsstrich gekennzeichnet. Eine Ausnahme ist der lange Vokal „i“. Handelt es sich um die Transkribie- rung von in Katakana niedergeschriebenen Lehnswörtern, wird ein Län- gungszeichen verwendet. Ansonsten erfolgt die Wiedergabe als „ii“. Ausgenommen von den Vorgaben des modifizierten Hepburn-Systems sind Bezeichnungen und Namen, die bereits im Deutschen weithin ver- breitet sind, wie etwa Tokyo, Osaka oder Kyoto. Die vorliegende Untersuchung folgt der ostasiatischen Gepflogenheit, in der Reihenfolge der Namen zuerst den Familiennamen und anschlie- ßend den Vornamen zu nennen, sofern es sich um japanische oder chine- sische Personennamen handelt. Die in die Untersuchung eingearbeiteten Übersetzungen japanischer Quellen wurden vom Verfasser der vorliegenden Dissertation angefer- tigt, sofern nicht anderweitig gekennzeichnet. Gelegentliche Klarstellun- gen wurden im Text in eckigen Klammern hinzugegeben. 5 Danksagung DANKSAGUNG Bei der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt es sich um eine überarbeitete und geringfügig gekürzte Fassung meiner Doktorarbeit, die im Oktober 2011 von der Philosophischen Fakultät I der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle- Wittenberg als Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades angenom- men und im Oktober 2012 erfolgreich verteidigt wurde. Die Entstehung dieser Studie wäre ohne die vielfältige Hilfe und Unterstützung zahlreicher Einzelpersonen nicht möglich gewesen. Mein erster Dank gilt Professor Dr. Christian Oberländer. Er hat die Entwicklung dieser Arbeit begleitet, stets gefördert und kritisch kom- mentiert und diskutiert. Professor Dr. Verena Blechinger-Talcott habe ich für die Übernahme des Zweitgutachtens zu danken. Auch den wei- teren Mitgliedern meiner Prüfungskommission, Professor Dr. Dr. Uwe Wolfradt und Professor Dr. Michael Hillgruber, spreche ich meinen Dank aus. Ihre Anregungen und Verbesserungsvorschläge habe ich in die Überarbeitung der Erstfassung der Doktorarbeit einbezogen. Bei Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Josef Kreiner und Professor Dr. Peter Pantzer möchte ich mich für den Zuspruch und Ratschlag bedanken, der er- heblich zu meinem Entschluss beigetragen hat, mich der Umsetzung dieser Untersuchung zu widmen. Ebenso gilt mein Dank Professor Kudō Akira, Frau Dr. Saitō Eiko, Professor Waragai Ikumi, Professor Katō Tetsurō, Professor Okubu Susumu, Professor Hirataka Fumiya sowie Professor Hosaka Kazuo. Sie alle haben mich während der Ent- stehung dieser Arbeit mit wichtigen Ratschlägen unterstützt. Die Haniel-Stiftung hat die Erstellung der Dissertation durch ein Sti- pendium gefördert. Der Stiftung und den Mitarbeitern der Promotions- förderung sei an dieser Stelle herzlich für die Unterstützung und Hilfe gedankt. Dem Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien danke ich für die Auf- nahme meiner Dissertation in die Monographienreihe des Instituts. Für die Beschaffung und Bereitstellung der Vielzahl von Quellen, die in diese Arbeit eingeflossen sind, danke ich den Mitarbeitern aller genutzten Ar- chive und Bibliotheken. Besonders ausgezeichnet war die Betreuung durch die Archivare der SAPMO im Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde, des Politischen Archivs des Auswärtigen Amts in Berlin, des Archivs der Sozialen Demokratie der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung in Bonn sowie durch die Mitarbeiter der Behörde des Bundesbeauftragten für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (BStU). Den Mitarbeitern dieser Einrichtungen möchte ich be- sonderen Dank aussprechen. 6 Danksagung Meine Familie und viele Freunde haben mich stets liebevoll und groß- zügig unterstützt. Jenseits der persönlichen, materiellen und institutio- nellen Förderung, die ich erhalten habe, gebührt meinen Eltern der größ- te Dank. Ihnen ist diese Arbeit gewidmet. Halle (Saale), im April 2014 Christian Heideck 7 Inhaltsverzeichnis INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I. EINLEITUNG: JAPAN UND DAS GETEILTE DEUTSCHLAND . 13 1. Forschungsstand. 14 2. Problemstellung und konzeptionelle Überlegungen . 23 3. Quellenlage . 29 4. Gliederung. 35 II. OST-WEST-HANDEL, FRIEDENSBEWEGUNG UND GEWERKSCHAFTEN: ERSTE ANNÄHERUNGEN IN DEN FÜNFZIGER JAHREN . 38 1. Japans sicherheitspolitische Ausrichtung im Kalten Krieg . 39 1.1 Deutschlandpolitik und der handelspolitische Stel- lenwert der Bundesrepublik für die japanische Regie- rung . 41 1.2 Das japanische Verhältnis zum „Ostblock“ . 44 2. Internationale Entspannung und japanischer Ost-West- Handel . 46 2.1 Kali-Nachfrage als Motor der Handelsbeziehungen . 47 2.2 Ideologische und praktische Seiten des Japan-Han- dels . 50 3. Das Deutschland der Weimarer Ära und die japanische Friedensbewegung: Kontinuitäten im ostdeutsch-japani- schen Verhältnis der fünfziger Jahre . 53 3.1 Japanische Gelehrte im Deutschland der Weimarer Ära . 55 3.2 Initiativen aus dem linken Milieu . 57 3.3 Hirano Yoshitarō als Mittler zwischen Japan und der DDR . 59 3.4 Die Bewegung gegen Atom- und Wasserstoffbomben . 63 4. Gewerkschaftskontakte und die neutralistische Opposi- tion . 64 4.1 Im Windschatten des Weltgewerkschaftsbundes . 66 4.2 Träger des Gewerkschaftsaustausches . 69 4.3 Der schwierige Anfang der Beziehungen zur SPJ. 73 4.4 Faktionalismus in der SPJ und das Verhältnis der Par- tei zu den Machtblöcken. 76 5. Aufbau eines überschaubaren Netzwerkes . 79 9 Inhaltsverzeichnis III. INMITTEN DER S PANNUNGEN UM DIE R EVISION DES J APANISCH-AMERI- KANISCHEN SICHERHEITSVERTRAGES . 81 1. Die japanisch-amerikanische Allianz im internationalen Spannungsfeld der späten fünfziger Jahre . 81 1.1 Die Japanreise von Willy Brandt und das Werben der antagonistischen Machtblöcke um die japanische Op- position . 84 1.2 Deutsch-deutsche Auseinandersetzungen in der Be- wegung gegen Atom- und Wasserstoffbomben . 88 1.3 Verlust einer Plattform in Japan: Das Ende der Teil- nahme des Deutschen Friedensrates an der Weltkon- ferenz . 92 2. Deutschlandpolitik inmitten der Krise von 1960. 94 2.1 Die Unterzeichnung des revidierten Sicherheitsver- trages und der Beitrag der Bundesregierung zur Inte- gration Japans in den westlichen Machtblock . 96 2.2 Gemeinsam mit Sōhyō gegen den Sicherheitsvertrag, Massenentlassungen und die Kishi-Regierung. 102 2.3 Der vorläufige Höhepunkt des Reiseverkehrs zwi- schen der DDR und Japan . 106 2.4 Fürsprecher der DDR im Zeichen des Mauerbaus . 110 3. Einseitiges Engagement. 115 IV. ZWISCHEN PEKING UND MOSKAU: SCHATTEN DES CHINESISCH- SOWJETISCHEN SCHISMAS . 117 1. Das Chinesisch-Sowjetische Schisma, die KPJ und die Ent- stehung einer Freundschaftsbewegung . 118 1.1 Das Freundschaftskomitee DDR-Japan . 120 1.2 Die Beschaffenheit der Freundschaftsbewegung Ja- pan-DDR . 123 1.3 Im Schatten der Beziehungen der SED zur KPJ . 129 2. Die Neubelebung der Freundschaftsbewegung und das Verhältnis der SPJ zur DDR . 135 2.1 Neuausrichtung gegenüber der japanischen Opposi- tion . 136 2.2 Neigungen zur DDR in Japans sozialistischer Bewe- gung . 139 2.3 Rivalitäten in der Freundschaftsbewegung . 143 2.4 Annäherung und Entfremdung. 146 3. Die Verfassung der Freundschaftsbewegung Japan-DDR . 149 10 Inhaltsverzeichnis V. H ANDELSPOLITIK NACH CHINESISCHEM VORBILD: NEUE ZIELE IM ZEICHEN DES AUFSCHWUNGS DES JAPANISCHEN OST-WEST-HANDELS . 151 1. Die Stoßrichtung japanischen Ost-West-Handels zu Be- ginn der sechziger Jahre . 152 1.1 Neuausrichtung der Handels- und Wirtschaftsbezie- hungen. 155 1.2 Privatabkommen als zukünftiges Kernstück des ost- deutschen Japan-Handels? . 161 1.3 Vorbildfunktion chinesischer Handelspolitik . 164 1.4 Enge Zusammenarbeit des Ikeda-Kabinetts und der Bundesregierung . 167 1.5 Grundzüge der ostdeutschen Handelspolitik gegen- über Japan . 170 1.6 Werben um die japanische Wirtschaftswelt und der (selbst)verstellte Weg zur Handelsvertretung . 173 1.7 Verhandlungsabbruch als vorerst letztes Druckmittel . 178 2. Die neue Bedeutung des Kultur- und Wissenschaftsaus- tausches . 180 2.1 Die „Tage der Freundschaft mit dem japanischen Volk“ . 181 2.2 Die Japanische Gesellschaft für
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