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The Syllable PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/146148 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-09-23 and may be subject to change. The production of syllables in connected speech Monika Baumann THE PRODUCTION OF SYLLABLES IN CONNECTED SPEECH Layout: Monika Baumann Cover design: Bernadette Schmitt Printed and bound by: Benda drukkers, Nijmegen Copyright: ©1995 Monika Baumann No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without prior written permission of the author. Niets uit deze uitgave mag woorden verveelvuldigd en/of openbaar gemaakt door middel van druk, fotokopie, microfilm of welke andere wijze ook, zonder vorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de auteur. CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Baumann, Monika The production of syllables in connected speech / Monika Baumann. - [S.l : s.n.] (Nijmegen : Benda drukkers). - 111. Thesis Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen. - With réf. - With summary in Dutch. ISBN 90-9008946-2 Subject heading: speech production THE PRODUCTION OF SYLLABLES IN CONNECTED SPEECH een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Sociale Wetenschappen PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 5 februari 1996 des namiddags te 3.30 uur precies door MONIKA BAUMANN geboren op 27 maart 1967 te Aken (Duitsland) Promotor: Prof. dr. WJ.M. Levelt Co-promotor: Dr. A.S. Meyer The research reported in this thesis was supported by a grant from the Max-Planck- Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften, Munich (Germany) and carried out at the Max-Planck-Institut für Psycholinguistik, Nijmegen (The Netherlands). ISBN 90-9008946-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements viii INTRODUCTION 1 The Syllable 1 The Syllable in Phonetics 3 The Syllable in Phonology 6 The Syllable and Syllabification in Dutch: Single Words 11 Syllabification Across Word Boundaries: Encliticized Forms in Dutch 13 The Syllable in Psycholinguistics 15 The Production of Syllables 21 Phonological Encoding in Speech Production 21 Levelt's Model of Phonological Encoding 25 Predictions of Levelt's Model 28 PART 1: THE TIME COURSE OF SYLLABIFICATION 30 Auditory Syllable Priming in a Ρ air ed-Associate Learning Task: Paradigm, Stimuli, and Hypotheses 30 The Picture-Word Interference Paradigm 30 The Semantic-Associate Learning Task 32 The Targets 33 The IS Conditions 34 Hypotheses 35 Overview of the Syllable Priming Experiments 40 Experiment 1: Single Verbs, 10% Related IS 41 Method 41 Results and Discussion 46 Experiment 2: Single Verbs, 40% Related IS 49 Method 50 Results 50 Reanalysis with the Items of Experiment 1 53 Discussion 55 Experiment 3: Single Verbs, IS Cut Out of Target Form 56 Method 56 Results 58 Discussion 59 Experiment 4: Encliticized Forms, 12.5% Related IS 61 Method 62 Results 65 Discussion 67 ν Experiments 5a,b: Encliticized Forms, 40% Related IS 68 Method of Experiment 5a 69 Results of Experiment 5a 71 Method of Experiment 5b 72 Results of Experiment 5b 74 Discussion 75 Experiment 6: Morphology Control 76 Method 77 Results 80 Discussion 83 Experiment 7: Lexical Control 84 Method 84 Results and Discussion 86 Reanalysis with Pink Noise as a Baseline 87 Summary and Discussion of Part 1 95 PART 2: THE LEVELS OF SYLLABIFICATION 100 Final Devoicing in Encliticized Forms: Phenomenon, Predictions, Paradigm 100 Final Devoicing in Dutch 100 Final Devoicing in Encliticized Forms: Predictions 103 Experimental Studies on Final Devoicing 103 Paradigm 105 Experiment 8a: The First Production Experiment 107 Method 107 Experiment 8b: The First Perception Experiment Ill Method Ill Results 114 Discussion 117 Judging the Materials 119 Experiment 9a: The Second Production Experiment 123 Method 124 Experiment 9b: The Second Perception Experiment 126 Method 126 Results and Discussion 127 Acoustic Measurements 132 Method 133 Results and Discussion 135 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 143 Summary of the Results 143 Implications for Phonological Theory 147 Implications for Phonological Encoding 150 vi REFERENCES 156 APPENDIX A: MATERIALS AND RESULTS 165 Al Experiment 1 165 Al.l Prétest 165 A1.2 Main Experiment 1 166 Al Experiment 2 168 A2.1 Materials 168 A3 Experiment 4 169 A 3.1 Pretest 169 A3.2 Materials of Main Experiment 4 170 A3.3 Mean RTs per Set in Experiment 4 173 A4 Experiment 5 174 A4.1 Pretest 174 A4.2 Materials of Main Experiment 5 175 A5 Experiment 6 176 A5.1 Pretest: Materials 176 A5.2 Pretest: Results 176 A5.3 Materials of Main Experiment 6 177 A6 Experiment 7 179 A6.1 Materials 179 A7.1 Table of Experiments Ito 7 180 A7.2 Difference Scores from Pink Noise Baseline 180 A8 Experiments 8a,b 182 A8.1 Materials of the First Production Experiment (8a) 182 A8.2 Materials of the First Perception Experiment (8b) 184 A8.3 Results for the Voiced Responses ('d' - (4)+(5)) 184 A8.4 Reanalysis of the Responses to Items Judged as Encliticized 185 A9 Experiments 9a,b 185 A9.1 Materials of the Second Production Experiment (9a) 185 A9.2 Materials of the Second Perception Experiment (9b) 186 A9.3 Results for the Voiced Responses ('d' - (4)+(5)) 187 A9.4 Example for a Segmented Speechwave 187 APPENDIX B: TESTS OF SIMPLE EFFECTS 188 SAMENVATTING 191 vii Acknowledgements I've just realized that looking forward to writing the acknowledgements for your thesis in happy anticipation is much easier than actually writing them. Anyway, I owe a lot of thanks to many people who in different ways contributed to the work reported in this book. I would like to thank Pirn Levelt, my promotor, for talking to me about "strategy" at the right moments in time and for his support. Antje Meyer intensively and excellently fed me, the theoretical linguist, with experimental psychology and statistics. As my co-promotor, she carefully read every paper I wrote and always had time to discuss things and came up with many suggestions and critical questions. Co-operating with Antje was both effective and fun. Herbert Baumann and John Nagengast provided valuable technical support for the experiments, Christa Hausmann-Jamin kept the system running, and Ad Verbunt helped optimizing the equipment for writing and printing. Thanks also to the other people from the technical group who were always willing to help, and Richard Piepenbrock of "CELEX". Nora van Eenennaam and especially Paul Verleg called more than 800 participants - I think Paul lost some nanometers of skin dialing all those telephone numbers. Moreover, while waiting at Paul's reception desk for the participants to come (or not to come ...), I learned - between two incoming phone calls - quite a lot about Dutch language, people, history and geography over the years. Jos van Berkum, Geert Booij, Etta Drews, T.A. Hall, Jörg Jescheniak, James McQueen, Ardi Roelofs, Bernadette Schmitt, Herbert Schriefers, Miranda van Turennout, Linda Wheeldon, and Pienie Zwitserlood helped me in thinking about many of the issues in this thesis. Cecile Kuijpers and Daan Broeder gave support with formants and transitions. Silvia Aal, Jos van Berkum, Ger Desserjer, Marc Fleischheuers, Alette Haveman, Paul Verleg, and Marianne Wissink carefully checked lists of Dutch materials for me. Agnes Bolwiender, Ingrid Schophuis, and Miranda van Turennout provided the spoken stimuli. André Luissen ran the sessions of the main experiments of Experiments 1 and 2 when he was a trainee at the Institute. I owe many thanks to Jos van Berkum, who translated the Dutch summary that you find at the end of this book, although he was busy finishing his own thesis at the time. The jumping coda consonant on the front cover would have never come out of its syllable bubble without the graphic skills of Bernadette Schmitt. A whole bunch of nice fellow PhD students and colleagues contributed in many ways towards making my stay at the institute a very pleasant one. Heike Behrens, the excellent cook and perfect host, provided valuable psychological and food support. Jörg Jescheniak and Janpeter de Ruiter, my subsequent officemates, heroically tolerated (and lucky enough survived) my need for fresh air. A final "Danke!" to my family and friends back home for keeping in close contact all the time and cheering me up whenever necessary - and not only then! die zeit vergeht lustig luslustigtig lusluslustigtigtig luslusluslustigtigtigtig lusluslusluslustigtigtigtigtig luslusluslusluslustigtigtigtigtigtig lusluslusluslusluslustigtigtigtigtigtigtig luslusluslusluslusluslustigtigtigtigtigtigtigtig (ernst jandl) INTRODUCTION The syllable is a unit that phoneticians have a hard time defining, but that nevertheless almost all phonologists have incorporated into their theories as a useful concept. Psycholinguists have collected experimental evidence for the syllable. The first part of the Introduction deals with the syllable in phonetics, phonology, and psycholinguistics. It furthermore includes a description of syllables in Dutch. The second part of the Introduction deals with the production of syllables. In particular, Levelt's model of phonological encoding will be introduced. Predictions drawn from this model were tested in the experiments reported in the remaining chapters. The Syllable Imagine you are participating in one of these games where the entertainment increases with the number of friends participating. It is your turn, and you are shown a little card with a concept printed on it that you have to explain without 2 Introduction: The Syllable naming it, while your team has to guess what is printed on your card as quickly as possible. Imagine furthermore, that on the card that was just handed to you it said 'SYLLABLE'. The chance is high that in order to help making your team win, you will not start a report on suprasegmental phonology, sonority hierarchies of phonological segments, or stress assignment - especially since it is rather unlikely that all members of your team are phonologists.
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