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Redalyc.Jean Antoine Chaptal Revista CENIC. Ciencias Químicas ISSN: 1015-8553 [email protected] Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Cuba Wisniak, Jaime Jean Antoine Chaptal Revista CENIC. Ciencias Químicas, vol. 34, núm. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2003, pp. 159-165 Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas La Habana, Cuba Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=181626024007 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Revista CENIC Ciencias Químicas, Vol. 34, No. 2, 2003. RESEÑA BIOGRAFICA Jean Antoine Chaptal Jaime Wisniak Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel 84105 [email protected] Recibido: 11 de enero del 2002 Aceptado: 11 de febrero del 2002 Palabras clave: Jean Antoine Chaptal, historia de la química, biografía Key words: Jean Antoine Chaptal, history of chemistry, biography RESUMEN: Jean Antoine Chaptal (1756-1832) fue un químico aplicado que no his medical license on April 11, nos dejó ningún principio teórico que lleve su nombre. Se dedicó totalmente a 1777. On April 24 he was aplicar los principios científicos a la industria con el fin de disminuir la admitted to the Societé Royale des dependencia de Francia de las importaciones, primero al nivel local en los Estados Sciences de Montpellier (Note 1) de Laguedoc y luego a nivel nacional. Se transformó en político y ocupó muchos as adjoint anatomiste, (assistant cargos públicos de importancia que lo ayudaron a alcanzar sus metas industriales. anatomist) and on May 1 he Fue Ministro del Interior de Napoleón y difícilmente escapó tres veces de ser received his diploma of docteur en guillotinado. En la cima de su carrera alcanzó gran riqueza para perderla más tarde médecine. In the same year he read y vivir una vida modesta hasta su muerte. his first memoir Le Mécanisme de la Respiration (The mechanism of ABSTRACT: Jean Antoine Chaptal (1756-1832) was an applied chemist who did respiration). In 1787 he transferred not leave us with any theoretical achievement that bears his name. He devoted to the chemical section also as himself to the application of scientific principles to industry to decrease France’s assistant, and in 1789 he was dependence on imports, first at the local level of the Estates of Languedoc and then promoted to associate member in at the national level. He became a politician and served in many high public offices the mathematics section of the that helped him achieve his industrial goals. He was Minister of Interior of Society. Napoléon and scarcely escaped the guillotine three times. At the zenith of his Chaptal never forgot what his career he was extremely rich, later he lost most of his fortune and lived a modest uncle had done for him. He dedi- life until his death. cated him his medical thesis Life and career1,2 “Conspectus Physiologicus de Fontibus Differentiarum Inter Jean Antoine Chaptal was born in Nojaret, Lozère, France, on September 5, Homines, Relative ad Scientias” 1756, the son of Antoine Chaptal (1718-1772) and Françoise Brunel, relatively (A Physiological Treatise on the well-off landowners. At the age of 10 he was taught rudiments of Latin by Jean- Origin of Differences Between Antoine Carylar de Bardon to allow him to enter, in 1767, the religious Collége de Humans Based on Science), a 62- Mende, (managed by the Pères de la Doctrine Chrétienne) where he spent the next page tract, written in Latin, five years. In 1772 he was admitted to Collége de Rodez, to finish his basic presented on November 5, 1776. education and obtain the Bachelor of Arts, the basic admission requirement to a This thesis was later reedited, a university. fact that “ce que ne s’etait jamais Jean Antoine’s father passed away on May 10, 1772, at the age of 64 and the vue” (never seen before in eldest sons took charge of the family business. His uncle, Claude Chaptal (1699- Montpellier).2 About ten years 1787), was a very successful and prosperous physician that had graduated from the later, when he was already very Université de Médecine de Montpellier. Claude was childless and probably this is famous, he wrote to the Société the reason why he took his 16-years old nephew under his protection and became Royale de Médecine de Paris more than a tutor to him; he was truly a foster father. Although Claude was not a recommending that they publish royal professor, he was senior vice-professor of anatomy and botany at the his uncle’s work. University and a well-known and appreciated person in Montpellier. All he did to help the advancement of his nephew was a typical example of the nepotism In spite of his medical studies, common to many societies. Chaptal was never inclined to In September 1774, the young Chaptal registered at the Université de Médecine practice the profession, for this from where he received his bachelor degree in medicine on November 5, 1776, and reason, on the fall of 1977; he 159 Revista CENIC Ciencias Químicas, Vol. 34, No. 2, 2003. departed for Paris with Jean-Jacques Bérard (1764-1839) who was also his of France. Chaptal was denounced Régis Cambacérès (1753-1824) (Note préparateur for the chemistry course and imprisoned. Fortunately he was 2). There he took courses of obstetrics he gave at Montpellier. This factory released from prison and being with Jean-Louis Baudelocque (1746- continued to be prosperous even after liberated he hid safely in the 1810) and courses of chemistry and Chaptal’s death. In was managed first Cévennes. It was there that his family mineralogy with Jean-Baptiste by Etiene Bérard and then by the son sent him an edict from the Committee Bucquet (1746-1780), Pierre of the latter, Jacques-Etienne (1789- of Public Health, dated December 24, Mitouard (Note 3), Balthazar-Georges 1869), who closed it in 1863. An 1793, appointing him Inspecteur Sage (1740-1824), and Jean-Baptiste interesting item is that when years Général des Poudres et Saltpêtres Romé de l’Isle (1736-1790). While in later a railroad was built in the area (General Inspector of Gunpowder and Paris, Chaptal continued to contribute the station next to the chemical Salpetre) for the Midi of France: “Le scientific memoirs to the Societé, on factory was named Gare Chaptal. besoin de saltpetre se fait sentir par different medical subjects. In 1788, the Estates of Languedoc toute la République. La chimie est On September 11, 1781, he petitioned and obtained from Louis une des occupations humanes don’t la married Anne-Marie-Rose Lajard at XVI that Chaptal be awarded him République doit tirer un des ses plus the Notre-Dame des Tables church. nobility at the Cross of Saint-Michel, puissants secours pour sa défense. This marriage was extremely as a reward for what he done to his … C’est au nom de la Patrie que nous beneficial for Chaptal not only province. t’invitons et qu’au besoin, même, because of the dowry contributed by Chaptal studied many applications nous t’enjoignons de te render a the bride but also because her family of chemistry to industry; he published Paris”1 (There is a need of saltpetre in was extremely well related in society his book Eléments de Chimie that all of the Republic. Chemistry is a and industry. eventually would become Chimie profession from which the Republic Chaptal made a very fast career, Appliquée aux Arts3, the first French should obtain the most powerful aids already in 1789, under the kingdom of work on industrial chemistry. Two for its defence... It’s in the name of Louis XVI, he was appointed to the important industrial projects realized your country, who in her out of chemistry chair created in 1780 in by Chaptal were the production of red necessity looks to you, that we Montpellier by the Estates of brown pigment and sulphuric acid. At command you to come to Paris). This Languedoc; he was director of many that time the pigment was imported order was signed by Lazare Carnot mining and manufacturing enter- from England and Spain. The (1753-1823) and Prieur de la Côte- prises; a member of the Royal Order sulphuric acid he began manu- d’Or (1763-1832).2 Under the de Saint-Michel, and after May 12, facturing was of better quality and pressure of his friends, Chaptal 1788, a member of the nobility. cheaper than the one imported from accepted the appointment. After Chaptal (the same as Le Chátelier England. Within ten years Chaptal reporting to Maximilien Robespierre did later) tried to conciliate industry established himself as talented (1758-1794) he started working in the and science. He believed was that by entrepreneur that put the results of his general inspection until three months the use of chemistry in manufacturing chemical research into industrial acts. later a second edict arrived, issued on processes it would be possible to All these projects made Chaptal very April 22, 1794, appointing him liberate France from the tribute she rich and he invested his fortune Directeur de l’Agence Révo- was paying every year by importing wisely. Among his investments was lutionnaire des Poudres et Saltpêtres products for which there was no purchasing the Hotel Joubert in (Agency of the Revolution for reason she could not manufacture Montpellier. Gunpowder and Saltpeter) and herself. He used to criticize In 1789 he became infected with ordering him to organize the manufacturing chemists who enthusiasm by the reforms that would manufacture of explosives (see complained of the arbitrary progress take France away from a regime hated below).
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