People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Oran Es-Senia Faculty of Letters, Languages, and Arts Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages English Section The British Labour Party (1906-1994) Research Paper Presented to the department of Anglo-Saxon languages, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Magister in British Civilization Presented by: Supervised by: Nadia MANSOURI Prof. Fewzi BORSALI soutenue le 30/06/2013 Jury Members: Prof. R. YACINE (University of Oran) Profesor President of the Jury Prof. F. BORSALI (University of Adrar) Profesor Supervisor Prof. B. LAHOUEL (University of Oran) Profesor Examiner Dr. B. BELMEKKI (University of Oran) M.C.A. Examiner Academic year: 2012-2013 To my dear parents i Acknowledgements I owe the completion of this work, in the first place, to Allah who has privileged me with health and strength and helped me overcome all the obstacles. I am deeply grateful to my supervisor, Prof. F. Borsali, who read my numerous revisions, and had supported me throughout this memoire with his knowledge and pieces of advice. He has always been patient and encouraging in times of new ideas and difficulties. I would like to thank the head of the doctoral school; Mrs. Yacine, and Mrs. Moulfi who endowed me with the good advice, support and sympathy throughout three years. Words fail me to express my gratitude to my cousin, Abdelkader, and my lifelong friend, Fatima, for their persistent confidence in me and support for which my mere expression of thanks likewise does not suffice. I am indebted to my parents who deserve special mention for their inseparable moral and financial support and prayers throughout all my studies. My special thanks also go to my brothers and sisters for being supportive and caring siblings. For any errors or inadequacies that may remain in this work, of course, the responsibility is entirely my own. ii Abstract L'apparition du Parti travailliste britannique au début du 20ème siècle a été le résultat d'une longue tradition de la politique de la classe ouvrière. Au cours des premières années de son existence, Le Parti n'a pas pu obtenir une large adhésion à l'échelle du pays, mais il a continué à survivre jusqu'au déclenchement de la Première Guerre mondiale en 1914. Après la fin de cette guerre, il a adopté sa constitution qui l'a engagée au socialisme et l'a rendue plus indépendant des libéraux. L'année 1922 a vu l'apparition du Parti travailliste comme la principale opposition aux conservateurs. Il a également eu plusieurs passages dans le gouvernement britannique en 1924, 1929-1931, 1945-1951, 1964-170 et 1974-1979. Néanmoins, le Labour (le Parti) a aussi connu plusieurs défaites électorales aggravées par l'effondrement de ses fortunes électorales tout au long des années 1930, 1950, 1980 et au début des années 1990. Au fur et à mesure de l'évolution du Parti travailliste, de nombreuses évolutions ont eu lieu en ce qui concerne ses mécanismes. Ces développements internes ont été la réponse à plusieurs événements externes qui ont à leur tour influencé les électeurs et leurs opinions sur la politique. De même, cette influence a exigé un changement de l'image du Parti, sa structure et ses politiques. De 1906 à 1994, Le Labour a progressivement passé d'un parti radicale de gauche à parti centriste en Grande-Bretagne. iv ABSTRACT The emergence of the British Labour Party in the turn of the twentieth century was the result of a long tradition of working class politics. During its early years, Labour was unable to secure a nation-wide membership, but it continued to survive to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. After the War, it adopted its constitution which committed it to socialism and made it more independent from the Liberals. The year 1922 witnessed the emergence of Labour as the main opposition Party to the Conservatives. It had also several stints in government in 1924, 1929-1931, 1945-1951, 1964-1970 and 1974-1979. Nevertheless, the Party went through many electoral defeats compounded with a collapse in its electoral fortunes throughout the 1930s, 1950s 1980s and early 1990s. As the Labour Party evolved, a lot of developments took place with regard to its machinery. These internal developments were fostered in response to many external events which in turn had affected the voters’ opinions on politics. In the same respect, that influence entails a change in the Party’s image, structure and policies. From 1906 to 1994, Labour had gradually moved from being a radical Left Party in Britain into being a centrist one. iii Table of Contents DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................II ASBTRACT .............................................................................................................................III TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................................IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................VI LIST OF APPENDICES .......................................................................................................VIII INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE: The Evolution of the Labour Party to 1951 I.1. Factors Leading to the Emergence of the Labour Party in 1906..........................................4 I.1.1. The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on the Working Class………………………....4 I.1.2. The Rise of Working Class Political Consciousness.........................................................7 I.1.3. The Birth of the Labour Party.........................................................................................11 I.2. The Labour Party: from Consolidation to Forming Parliamentary Majority…………….15 I.2.1. The Socialist Commitment and the Surge to Second Party Status 1906- 1922...............15 I.2.2. Progress and Collapse in Labour’s Electoral Fortunes 1922- 1945…………………....20 I.3. The Attlee Governments 1945-51………………………………………………………..26 CHAPTER TWO: The Labour Party and the Internal Disputes (1951-1983) II.1. The ‘Thirteen Wasted Years’ and the Arrival of Harold Wilson at Power (1951-1970)………..………………………………………………………………………….33 II.2. Labour’s Left Wing Revival in the 1970s………………………………………….…....35 II.2.1. Britain in the Seventies: the Domestic Context………………………………....…….36 II.2.2. Party Politics Dominated by the Left………………………………………................38 II.2.3. Labour’s Programme 1973: ‘New Attitudes, New Policies’…….................................46 II.3. Labour in Government under Wilson and Callaghan (1974-79)...………...…………....49 II.3.1. The Government’s Attempt to Hold to its Manifesto’s Promises (1974-76)…….........45 II.3.2. The Economic Problems and the Collapse of the Social Contract……………….…...52 II.3.3. ‘Winter of Discontents’………………………………………………………..............57 II.4. The Labour Party’s Further Move to the Left (1979-1983)……………………..............59 II.4.1. Internal Disputes and Division…………………………………………………...........60 v II.4.2. The Left’s Electoral Strategy and the Electoral Crisis………………………...............66 CHAPTER THREE: Modernizing the Labour Party: Organizational and Policy Changes (1983-1994) III.1. Slow Road to Electoral Recovery (1983-1987)………………………………………..71 III.1.1. The Limits of Leadership (1983-85)…………………………………………………71 III.1.2. Re-establishing the Leadership Power and the Internal Changes of the Party……….79 III.2. The Establishment of the Policy Review and the Organizational Transformation (1987-1992)……..…………………………………………………………………………….86 III.3. John Smith as Party Leader (1992-1994)………………………………………………96 CONCLUSION………………………….………..…………………………………………101 APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………………103 BIBLIOGRAGHY.…………………….……………………………………………………117 vi List of Abbreviations A. E. S. Alternative Economic Strategy B.I.B. British Investment Bank CGs Constituency General Committees C.L.P. Constituency Labour Parties E.E.C. European Economic Community E.R.M. European Exchange Rate Mechanism G.L.C. Greater London Council I. L. P. Independent Labour Party I.M.F. International Monetary Fund I.R.A. Irish Republican Army I. W. C. Institute of Workers Control L.C.C. Labour Coordinating Committee L. R. C. Labour Representative Committee N.A.T.O. North Atlantic Treaty Organization N.E.B. National Enterprise Board N.E.C. National Executive Committee N.P.F. National Policy Forum N.U.M. National Union of Mineworkers N.U.P.E. National Union of Public Employees OMOV One Member, One Vote P.L.P. Parliamentary Labour Party P.R.G. Policy Review Group S. D. F. Socialist Democratic Federation S.D.P. Social Democratic Party S.N.P. Scottish National Party vii T.U.C. Trades Union Congress U.S.S.R. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics V.A.T. Value Added Tax viii List of Appendices: Appendix A: Labour Prime Ministers (1906-1994) Appendix B: Dates of General Elections (1945-1992) Appendix C: General Election Results, 9 June 1983 Appendix D: General Election Results, 11 JUNE 1987 Appendix E: General Election Results, 9 April 1992 ix Introduction In most countries, political parties exist. They are organized groups with the aim of gaining and exerting power within the society in which they operate. They take responsibility for law and order,