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Universidade Federal Do Amazonas Faculdade De Ciências Agrárias Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Agronomia Tropical Estudo Da E UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO AMAZONAS FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM AGRONOMIA TROPICAL ESTUDO DA ECOLOGIA QUÍMICA DA BROCA-DO-FRUTO DO CUPUAÇUZEIRO Conotrachelus humeropictus Fiedler, 1940 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): PROSPECÇÃO DE SEMIOQUÍMICOS E ESTUDOS COMPORTAMENTAIS EDINALDO LOPES DA COSTA MANAUS 2018 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO AMAZONAS FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM AGRONOMIA TROPICAL EDINALDO LOPES DA COSTA ESTUDO DA ECOLOGIA QUÍMICA DA BROCA-DO-FRUTO DO CUPUAÇUZEIRO Conotrachelus humeropictus Fiedler, 1940 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): PROSPECÇÃO DE SEMIOQUÍMICOS E ESTUDOS COMPORTAMENTAIS Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia Tropical da Universidade Federal do Amazonas, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Agronomia Tropical, na Área de Produção vegetal. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Neliton Marques da Silva Co-Orientadora: Dra. Maria Carolina Blassioli-Moraes MANAUS 2018 EDINALDO LOPES DA COSTA ESTUDO DA ECOLOGIA QUÍMICA DA BROCA-DO-FRUTO DO CUPUAÇUZEIRO Conotrachelus humeropictus Fiedler, 1940 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): PROSPECÇÃO DE SEMIOQUÍMICOS E ESTUDOS COMPORTAMENTAIS Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia Tropical da Universidade Federal do Amazonas, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Agronomia Tropical, área de concentração Produção vegetal. Manaus, 17 de janeiro de 2018 Dedico a minha família, pelo incentivo e apoio sempre. v AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, fonte de luz e confiança em minha caminhada. Aos meus pais, Edno Soares da Costa e Maria de Nazaré Lopes da Costa, por representarem minha fonte de segurança e amor; À minha família (irmãos, irmãs, cunhados, sobrinhos, tios e avós), pelo amor e por sempre acreditarem no meu sucesso profissional; À minha Esposa, Adriele Ribeiro Costa, minha filha Sophia Ribeiro Costa e meu filho Levi Ribeiro Costa pela inspiração e amor. À Universidade Federal do Amazonas e Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias pela minha formação e oportunidade de realizar o curso de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia Tropical; À Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e a Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM) pela concessão de bolsa de estudos durante o curso; A Secretaria Municipal de Educação do município de Manaus (SEMED) pela liberação para realizar curso de Pós-Graduação por meio do PROGRAMA QUALIFICA e propiciar ao servidor uma política de qualificação condizente, de valorização. A Secretaria de Estado de Educação e Qualidade de Ensino do Amazonas - SEDUC pelo apoio e acompanhamento durante o curso. À Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, a Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia e a Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM) pelo apoio logístico e financeiro necessários para a conclusão deste trabalho; Aos Doutores, Neliton Marques da Silva e Carolina Moraes Blassioli, pela orientação, aprendizado e oportunidade de conviver com exemplos de profissionais dedicados, grandes detentor de conhecimentos na área de Entomologia e Ecologia Química. Meus sinceros agradecimentos e profunda admiração; À Dra. Aparecida das Graças Claret de Souza por ser a responsável pela minha participação nessa linha de pesquisa tão importante dentro do projeto pesquisa: Pesquisas e inovações tecnológicas para o desenvolvimento da cultura do cupuaçuzeiro no Estado do Amazonas – Edital PRÓ-ESTADO/FAPEAM. Aos Doutores, Miguel Borges, Raúl Laumann, Flávia batista Gomes, Márcio Wandré, Ronaldo Ribeiro de Moraes e Ana Maria Santa Rosa Pamplona pelas valiosas sugestões para o aperfeiçoamento do trabalho; vi Aos servidores da Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, em especial ao Senhor Manoel Alvino Santos Andrade, Alarico de Souza Garcia, Joaquim Valdomiro Pinheiro Seabra, Sergio de Araújo Silva e a todos que participaram de etapas da pesquisa, pela ajuda. Aos amigos Jakson Douglas, Paulo Correa e Wanderley Guimarães pela ajuda nas coletas e instalação de experimentos. Ao inesquecível grupo de estudos de Pós-graduação, Jakson Douglas, Marcelo Tavares, Rodrigo Rener, Fabiana Rocha, Suelen Lima, Francisco Martins, pela amizade e momentos de descontração. Enfim, a todos que de alguma forma contribuíram para a realização deste trabalho e para que eu pudesse dar mais esse passo em busca do meu objetivo profissional, meu muito obrigado. vii SUMÁRIO Página ÍNDICE DE TABELAS .......................................................................................................................................... x ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS .......................................................................................................................................... xi OBJETIVOS ......................................................................................................................................................... xiii Geral ................................................................................................................................................................. xiii Específicos ....................................................................................................................................................... xiii HIPÓTESES ......................................................................................................................................................... xiv RESUMO .............................................................................................................................................................. xv SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................... xvi 1. INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................................................ 17 O uso de semioquímicos no controle da broca-do-cupuaçu (Conotrachelus humeropictus) ............................ 17 2. REVISÃO DE LITERATURA ..................................................................................................................... 20 2.1. A espécie [Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd ex Spreng) Schum] ........................................................ 20 2.1.1. Características gerais ................................................................................................................... 20 2.1.2. Importância socioeconômica do cupuaçuzeiro ............................................................................ 21 2.1.3. Ocorrência e distribuição ............................................................................................................ 21 2.1.4. Aspectos botânicos ...................................................................................................................... 23 2.1.5. Compostos orgânicos voláteis do cupuaçuzeiro em interação inseto-planta ............................... 24 2.2. A espécie Conotrachelus humeropictus Fiedler, 1940 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ........................... 26 2.2.1. Descrição taxonômica ................................................................................................................. 26 2.2.1. Danos e importância econômica .................................................................................................. 28 2.2.2. Biologia ....................................................................................................................................... 29 2.2.3. Atividades comportamentais ....................................................................................................... 31 2.2.4. Manejo e controle ........................................................................................................................ 33 2.2.5. Semioquímicos no manejo de Conotrachelus humeropictus ....................................................... 36 2.3. Semioquímicos ..................................................................................................................................... 38 2.3.1. Semioquímicos e interações ecológicas ...................................................................................... 38 2.3.2. Semioquímicos e o manejo de insetos-pragas ............................................................................. 39 2.3.3. Cairomônios em insetos-pragas ................................................................................................... 42 3. CAPÍTULO I: Avaliação da influência dos voláteis de diferentes estruturas (flor, fruto e folha) do cupuaçuzeiro sobre o comportamento de busca de Conotrachelus humeropictus Fiedler, 1940 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). ...................................................................................................................................................... 45 RESUMO .............................................................................................................................................................. 45 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................... 46 3.1 INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................................................... 47 3.2. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ............................................................................................................................ 50 3.2.1. Local ......................................................................................................................................................
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