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Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Sampling Methods Sampling Methods for Forest and Shade Tree Insects of North America Volume 1 Christopher J. Fettig Jeffrey G. Fidgen Quintin C. McClellan Scott M. Salom Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team — Morgantown, West Virginia United States Forest FHTET-2001-01 Department of Service 2nd Edition - April 2010 Agriculture We are grateful to Warren Mays, J. Wilker and Kelly Wilson of Virginia Polytechnic and State University for support in locat- ing journal articles and L. Fidgen for for reviewing earlier versions of our seed and cone reviews. In addition, we thank Dr. John Foltz of the University of Florida for his comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. We also acknowledge the many soursces that permitted us to reproduce original illustrations. This review was supported in part by funding to Scott M. Salom by the USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET)., the Hyland R. Johns Grant from the International Society of Arboriculture Research Trust, and a CALS and Distance Education Grant from Virginia Tech University. We also thank Denise Binion for editing the manuscript and FHTET for prividing funds for printing. For additional copies of this publication contact Scott Salom at (540) 231-2794 ([email protected]) or Richard Reardon at (304) 285-1566 ([email protected]) he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 Tby the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ CAUTION: PESTICIDES References to pesticides appear in this publication. Publication of these statements does not constitute endorsement or recommendation of them by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, nor does it imply that uses discussed have been registered. Use of most pesticides is regulated by state and federal laws. Applicable regulations must be obtained from the appropriate regulatory agency prior to their use. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish and other wildlife if they are not handled and applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices given on the label for use and disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Federal Recycling Program Printed on recycled paper. Sampling Methods for Forest and Shade Tree Insects of North America Volume 1 Christopher J. Fettig, Jeffrey G. Fidgen, Quintin C. McClellan, and Scott M. Salom Contents Preface -------------------------------------------------------- vii Introduction ------------------------------------------------- 1 Using This Publication ----------------------------------------------2 References -------------------------------------------------------------2 Bud, Shoot, and Root Insects Coleoptera: Curculionidae ------------------------------------------5 Pales Weevil, Hylobius pales (Herbst) Adult survey, forecasting seedling damage, pit trap method ........................................5 Adult survey, PVC pitfall trap method ............................................................................7 Adult survey, PVC pitfall trap method ............................................................................8 Adult survey, damage prediction, PVC pitfall trap method ..........................................9 Pine Root Collar Weevil, Hylobius radicis Buchanan Adult survey, damage prediction, PVC pitfall trap method ........................................11 Comprehensive review of survey techniques, hazard rating systems .......................12 Pitcheating Weevil, Pachylobius picivorus (Germar) Adult survey, PVC pitfall trap method ..........................................................................15 Adult survey, PVC pitfall trap method ..........................................................................16 Adult survey, damage prediction, PVC pitfall trap method. .......................................17 i Coleoptera: Scarabiidae ------------------------------------------- 19 White Grubs, Phyllophaga spp. Larval survey, sequential sampling plan .........................................................................19 Lepidoptera: Hepialidae ------------------------------------------ 23 Conifer Swift Moth, Korscheltellus gracilis (Grote) Adult survey, sticky and Malaise trap methods .............................................................23 Lepidoptera: Tortricidae ------------------------------------------ 25 Western Pine Shoot Borer, Eucosma sonomana Kearfott Visual, shoot dissection and pheromone-baited trap methods ..................................25 European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Denis & Schiffermüller) Regression equation relating tree damage to moth density ........................................27 Nantucket Pine Tip Moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) Visual field damage estimates, regression equations ....................................................28 Larval survey, absolute population estimates, FORTRAN program ........................29 Sampling with known precision, FORTRAN program ..............................................30 Sequential sampling plan ..................................................................................................32 Pitch Pine Tip Moth, Rhyacionia rigidana (Fernald) Larval survey, absolute population estimates, FORTRAN program ........................36 Sampling with known precision, FORTRAN program ..............................................37 Spruce Budmoth, Zeiraphera canadensis Mutuura and Freeman Egg and larval surveys, sequential sampling plan for larvae ......................................39 Defoliating Insects Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae --------------------------------------- 43 Elm Leaf Beetle, Pyrrhalta luteola (Müller) Egg mass survey, control decision-making ...................................................................43 Hymenoptera: Diprionidae --------------------------------------- 45 Redheaded Pine Sawfly,Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch) Comprehensive review of risk, detection and evaluation surveys .............................45 Red Pine Sawfly,Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl. Egg survey, sequential sampling plan .............................................................................49 European Pine Sawfly,Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) Egg survey, use of vertical sampling pole to determine egg density ........................51 Larval survey, regression equation relating damage to sawfly density ......................52 Swaine Jack Pine Sawfly,Neodiprion swainei Middleton Egg survey, sequential sampling plan .............................................................................53 Hemlock Sawfly,Neodiprion tsugae Middleton Egg survey, sequential sampling plan .............................................................................55 Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae ------------------------------------- 57 Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hübner) Over-wintering larval surveys, damage prediction .......................................................57 Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae ----------------------------------------- 59 Lodgepole Needle Miner, Coleotechnites milleri (Busck) Larval survey, sequential sampling plan .........................................................................59 Larval and pupal survey, sequential sampling plan ......................................................61 ii Lepidoptera: Geometridae --------------------------------------- 63 Eastern Hemlock Looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guenée) Egg survey, sequential sampling plan .............................................................................63 Method for processing moss and bark samples for egg sampling ............................65 Western Hemlock Looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hulst) Egg distributions within trees, common sampling problems.....................................66 Egg sampling with known precision, optimum sample sizes .....................................67 Pupal sampling with known precision, burlap band method .....................................69 Bruce Spanworm, Operophtera bruceata (Hulst) Egg survey, ABS pipe oviposition trap method ...........................................................71 Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae ------------------------------------- 72 Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hübner) Egg mass sampling, regression
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