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Daylighting in Buildings

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Daylighting in Buildings A THERMIE PROGRAMME ACTION THERMIE Daylighting in Buildings . .E The European Commission R Directorate-General for Energy (DGXVII) The THERMIE Programme THERMIE Maxibrochures This is an important European Community instrument. It is A key element of the THERMIE programme is the enhanced designed to promote greater use of European energy dissemination of information relating to proven measures. technologies. THERMIE is a major EC initiative, it will run This information is brought together for example in for five years (1990-94) and it is estimated that the EC publications called Maxibrochures. These Maxibrochures contribution during this period will amount to 700 million will provide an in valuable source of information for those ECU. wishing to appreciate the current state-of-the-art within particular technologies. The main aims of THERMIE are to: Maxibrochures will draw together relevant information on · promote innovative energy technologies; specific subjects. This information will describe the current · disseminate information on these technologies; state-of-the-art within all member states and will therefore · encourage greater use of new and renewable provide a pan-European assessment. energy sources; · improve energy efficiency; THERMIE Colour Coding · improve environmental protection. To enable readers to quickly identify those maxibrochures relating to specific parts of the THERMIE programme each THERMIE has been developed from previous EC Maxibrochure will be colour coded with a stripe in the lower programmes and provides enhanced provision for: right hand corner of each document, ie; · co-ordination with complementary programmes in Member States; · extensive dissemination of proven technologies; SOLID FUELS · evaluation, follow-up, dissemination and co-operation; · co-operation with non-member countries; · consideration of environment and safety within eligibility criteria; RENEWABLE · liaison with key intermediary bodies within Member States to aid promotion of innovation. ENERGY The THERMIE programme covers a wide range of technologies for the production, transformation and use of energy. These are: RATIONAL USE OF · rational use of energy in industry, buildings and transport; · renewable energy sources including energy from biomass ENERGY and waste, thermal and photovoltaic solar energy, wind, hydroelectric and geothermal energy; · solid fuels, use of gaseous, liquid and solid wastes and gasification with a combined cycle; HYDROCARBONS · hydrocarbons; their exploration, production, transport and storage. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are due to the following for their contributions to this publication: Prof. John Twidell, AMSET, De Montfort University, for information on TIM. All of the architects and daylighting consultants whose buildings are featured in the text. OKALUX Kappillarglass GmbH for information on TIM. Mark Fontoynont, LASH-ENTPE, Lyon, for his assistance with the The participants at the Thermie Daylighting Workshop, Dublin, 3-4 section on design tools. February 1994, for their constructive comments on the text. BRECSU, Watford, for technical review and for case study information Assistance was received also from: about De Montfort University. Prof. Helmut Striffler, Mannheim; Herr. Dipl.-Ing. Lammel, Stadtparkasse Möchengladbach; GOPA Consultants, Bad Homburg; Nick Baker, The Martin Centre for Architectural and Urban Studies, Salvatore Sciuto, Catania; TÜV Rheinland, Köln; COWIconsult, Cambridge, for his editorial advice. Lyngby, DK; Agence Poitou-Charentes Energie Déchets Eau, Poitiers; Centro para a Concervação de Energia, Lisbon; Benisch & Partner, Centre de Recherches en Architecture, UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve for case Stuttgart; Institut für Licht - und Bautechnik an der Fachhochschule Köln. study information on the Psychiatric Prison in Berlin. Edited by Ann McNicholl and J. Owen Lewis. Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES), Athens, for case study information on the Byzantine Museum. Make-up by Pierre Jolivet. Poul Kristensen, Esbensen Consulting Engineers, Lyngby, for assistance Additional photographs and diagrams by W.H.Hastings. with diagrams and case study data. Additional assistance from Eoin O’Cofaigh and John Goulding, Energy Zweckverband Regionale Entwicklung und Energie, Regensburg, for Research Group. University College, Dublin. information on the Lichtblau Office. Cover photo: Custom House Docks Marketing Centre, Dublin. Burke-Kennedy Doyle & Partners. Daylighting in Buildings Energy Research Group, UCD-OPET School of Architecture, University College Dublin, Richview, Clonskeagh, Dublin 14, Ireland For the European Commission Tel: +353 1 269 2750 Directorate-General for Energy (DGXVII) Fax: +353 1 283 8908 Reproduction of the contents is subject to acknowledgement of the European Commission, 1994. Neither the European Commission, nor any person acting on its behalf: (a) makes any warranty or representation, express or implied, with respect to the information contained in this publication; (b) assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or damages resulting from this information. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the Commission. Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Visual Comfort 1.2 Daylight as a resource 2 Daylight and Energy 3 Daylighting Data 4 Costs 5 Daylighting Design 5.1 Rooflights 5.2 Atria 5.3 Glazing 5.4 Transparent Insulation 5.5 Lightshelves and Reflectors 5.6 Lightpipes and Lightducts 5.7 Shading 5.8 Artificial Lighting 5.9 Integrated Controls 6 Retrofit 7 Design Tools 8 Case Studies 9 References 10 Bibliography 1 INTRODUCTION chronic headaches and rhinitis, to non-specific malaise. Plainly these carry human and economic costs which one It is difficult to overestimate the significance of daylight, would wish to avoid, and they can indeed be minimised by and of sunlight, in the character of a building and in the the careful design, installation and maintenance of lives of the people who use it. There are, of course, some ‘artificial’ systems. But there is growing recognition that building types, such as cinemas, theatres or nightclubs, the more direct and rewarding solution may lie in a where being cut off from the world outside is an essential renewed emphasis on natural light and ventilation. part of the experience. In others, department stores or Attempts to prove a direct relationship between museums for example, daylight may be excluded from productivity and the presence of daylight and views of the large areas of the building so as to give full play to outdoors have been inconclusive, but research does show carefully designed display lighting. But most interiors that people value the variety of daylight, enjoy the which are to be occupied by people, as opposed to goods presence of sunlight in a building, and want at least a or machinery, need plenty of light, and until the middle glimpse of the world outside. Daylight is the light to which years of this century the limits of natural lighting were we are naturally adapted; it is the light against which we critical determinants in the plan of a building and in the measure all other kinds of light, in which we try to view design of its external envelope. things if we want to know what they ‘really’ look like. Historically, fine buildings have always exploited natural light and, after a brief interlude, the skillful use of daylight is once again being seen as a critical element in the design of buildings of high architectural quality. The argument for daylighting in buildings therefore has three strands: • it provides a healthier and more enjoyable indoor climate • it conserves the earth’s resources • because it saves energy, it saves money. This publication is aimed at the professionals involved in the design of buildings and their clients. It is not a design manual, rather an introduction to the implications of daylighting strategy for the design of non-domestic buildings. 1.1 Visual Comfort Visual comfort is the main determinant of lighting Dun Laoghaire Town Hall, Co. Dublin. John Loftus requirements. Good lighting will provide a suitable Robinson (1848 - 1894). intensity and direction of illumination on the task area, appropriate colour rendering, the absence of discomfort The arrival of fluorescent lighting and cheap energy made and, in addition, a satisfying variety in lighting quality and possible the multi-storey, deep-plan building where the intensity from place to place and over time. ratio of usable floor area to external envelope was taken to its maximum. And with the deep plan came mechanical People’s lighting preferences are subjective, relative and ventilation, followed by sealed windows and full air- contextual and they vary with age, gender and the time of conditioning. On expensive sites in dense, noisy and day or year (1). But the activity to be performed is polluted urban areas the logic of this approach was critically important: the more intricate the task and the particularly compelling. Daylight, in these circumstances, older the individual, the higher will be the level of light was no longer a critical design element - external walls (illuminance) required. Poor lighting can cause eyestrain, might have some windows, no windows or, in the case of fatigue, headaches and irritability, to say nothing of curtain walls, be all window. But this phase was to be mistakes and accidents. Tables listing recommended short-lived. The energy crises of the 1970s together with illuminances for different activities, such as those recognition of the damage we are
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