DOCSLIB.ORG

From Galton to Globalization: the Transatlantic Journey Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Galton to Globalization: the Transatlantic Journey Of FROM GALTON TO GLOBALIZATION: THE TRANSATLANTIC JOURNEY OF EUGENICS A DISSERTATION IN History and Social Science Presented to the Faculty of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by ANNA DERRELL B.A., University of Missouri-Kansas City M.A., University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City, Missouri 2021 © 2021 ANNA THERESA DERRELL ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FROM GALTON TO GLOBALIZATION: THE TRANSATLANTIC JOURNEY OF EUGENICS Anna Theresa Derrell, Candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2021 ABSTRACT How did eugenics go from an idea in Britain to a movement in America? That was the question this dissertation originally set out to answer. Also, of interest was how the theory of eugenics went from the fringes to becoming mainstream. Who were the key figures in this transatlantic journey? How were the ideas transmitted and ultimately transformed? How did eugenics become one of the many fads of the 1920s? It was accepted not only as science, but popular science, science made for mass consumption by the public. Through the lens of four biographical essays, this dissertation traces the journey and transformation of eugenics by telling the stories of four men who helped create it, shape it, revolutionize it, and promote it. What is most interesting is that all four of the men looked at in this study are known, among intellectual circles at least, but not namely for eugenics. One is known as an inventor, one is known as a statistician, one is known as a biologist, and the last is known as an economist. All four were essential to the history of eugenics. Perhaps the most important finding of by this research, however, is how eugenics does not necessarily have to be racist. This dissertation argues that racism is not inherent to eugenics, as it is often assumed to be. It is true that eugenics did go hand and hand with white supremacism, but the principle of race iii is not fundamental to the theory of eugenics. What is, is the factor of socio-economics. Racism can be separated from eugenics, but classism cannot be. iv The faculty listed below, appointed by the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies, have examined a dissertation titled “From Galton to Globalization: The Transatlantic Journey of Eugenics,” presented by Anna T. Derrell, candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, and certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. Supervisory Committee Lynda Payne, Ph.D., Committee Chair Department of History Linwood Tauheed, Ph.D., Co-Committee Chair Department of Economics Diane Mutti-Burke, Ph.D. Department of History Matthew Osborn, Ph.D. Department of History Theresa Torres, Ph.D. Department of Sociology v CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................................. vii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ viii Chapter 1. “WELL-BORN”: THE LIFE OF SIR FRANCIS GALTON AND THE FOUNDING OF EUGENICS ............................................................................. 1 2. “GOODNESS OF FIT”: THE LIFE OF KARL PEARSON AND EVOLUTION OF EUGENICS.................................................................................. 27 3. “THE HIDDEN FIGURE”: THE LIFE OF CHARLES B. DAVENPORT AND TRANSATLANTIC JOURNEY OF EUGENICS ........................................... 60 4. “TEACHERS AND PREACHERS”: THE LIFE OF IRVING FISHER AND MAINSTREAMING OF EUGENICS ............................................................. 97 5. CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................... 131 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 134 VITA .................................................................................................................................... 140 vi ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 2.1 Standard portrait of Sir Francis Galton ......................................................................... 43 vii INTRODUCTION The term “eugenics,” roughly translated to mean “well-born,” was coined by English aristocrat, inventor, and aspiring scientist Francis Galton in 1883, one year after the death of his well-known cousin, Charles Darwin. A mere forty years later, eugenics had developed from being a fringe theory in Britain to a normalized and applied popular science worldwide. This interdisciplinary dissertation will analyze how eugenics evolved simultaneously with medicine as a science and profession, gaining not just acceptance, but popularity. It will discuss the journey of eugenics from its birthplace in Britain in 1883 to America, where it first became an applied pseudo-science. I argue that the primary reason eugenics was able to evolve from an intellectual concept to an applied popular science by the 1920s was through the formation and legitimization of the discipline of science itself, especially in the fields of statistics and medicine. The last American eugenics law was taken off the books in 1979, meaning that the overt social and racial policy of regulating human breeding has only recently entered the realm of history. As a historical problem, research has not to date been done on how eugenics became such a popular practice by the third decade of the twentieth century. This may in part be due to scholars describing eugenics as an extreme practice and not the accepted norm. An examination of the history, however, says otherwise. By the 1920s eugenics was a popular movement in both America and northern Europe. Some might label it as just a “fad” of the decade, and there is some evidence to support that.1 Yet this begs the question of how eugenics became a matter of fashion and style. In my dissertation I want to examine the rise of eugenics. How did it go from a fringe theory to a mainstream one? By what avenues was it 1 Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought (Boston: Beacon Press, 1944), 161. viii normalized and popularized? I argue that two things made eugenics as attractive as it was by the 1920s: science and media. Eugenics was a popular science, meaning that it was promoted as scientific and that is how it was legitimized, but it was also more accessible to the general public than science usually was. It was the subject of art, magazine articles, movies, and other forms of media that promoted it to people as a social good. It was also taught in medical schools (Galton, eugenics’ founder, was originally trained in medicine) and became a popular theory among many academics in different fields including economics, statistics, social work, and political science. The link between eugenics and medicine has been explored in some works, but my dissertation will go further by analyzing the historical relationship of eugenics to the rise and popularization of social sciences. This dissertation has four chapters. The first will focus on Sir Francis Galton and his work leading up to and following his coinage of the word “eugenics.” This chapter will give the historical context for when eugenics was founded and show how Galton originally sought to legitimize his theory. It will also examine whether Galton’s original concept of eugenics was actually the same as what it would become as an applied science and why that may or may not be. Key to understanding Galton is an understanding of the Victorian era and its principles, especially among the middle and upper classes, which Galton belonged to. My research will show that eugenics, as Galton originally designed it, was steeped in classism and Victorian believes of rigid hierarchies. Also critical to the development of Galton’s “eugenics” was an expedition he took to Africa, which is where the element of race will first come into play. Due to that crucial experience in Galton’s life, I will argue that even if he did not intend it to be as brutality racist as it would become, race was a principal factor in ix eugenics. As we will see later though, eugenics does not have to be a racist theory. The second chapter will focus on Galton’s successor and arguably more influential developer of eugenics, Karl Pearson. The argument will be made in this chapter that Pearson’s eugenics were harsher than Galton’s original concept and it would be Pearson’s vision that ultimately got applied. Pearson was almost obsessed with giving eugenics scientific authority and how he sought to do that will be discussed in the second chapter. Pearson was a complicated man, both personally and intellectually, and championing eugenics gave him something solid and, as he saw it, “clean” to focus his attention on. That issue of cleanliness, of physical and moral hygiene, would become a repetitious theme of the eugenics movement and while it is first articulated by Pearson, it too can be traced back to the same Victorian principles that Galton used in originally designing eugenics. It is also an issue of classism, because to the Victorian upper class, the lower classes were seen as intently unclean. Words such as “dirty,” “filthy,” “contaminated,” and “tainted” were all used in association with the poor. Pearson would turn eugenics into a campaign to clean society and the only way to do that was to get rid of the poor. The third chapter will
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Race and Membership in American History: the Eugenics Movement
    Race and Membership in American History: The Eugenics Movement Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc. Brookline, Massachusetts Eugenicstextfinal.qxp 11/6/2006 10:05 AM Page 2 For permission to reproduce the following photographs, posters, and charts in this book, grateful acknowledgement is made to the following: Cover: “Mixed Types of Uncivilized Peoples” from Truman State University. (Image #1028 from Cold Spring Harbor Eugenics Archive, http://www.eugenics archive.org/eugenics/). Fitter Family Contest winners, Kansas State Fair, from American Philosophical Society (image #94 at http://www.amphilsoc.org/ library/guides/eugenics.htm). Ellis Island image from the Library of Congress. Petrus Camper’s illustration of “facial angles” from The Works of the Late Professor Camper by Thomas Cogan, M.D., London: Dilly, 1794. Inside: p. 45: The Works of the Late Professor Camper by Thomas Cogan, M.D., London: Dilly, 1794. 51: “Observations on the Size of the Brain in Various Races and Families of Man” by Samuel Morton. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. 4, 1849. 74: The American Philosophical Society. 77: Heredity in Relation to Eugenics, Charles Davenport. New York: Henry Holt &Co., 1911. 99: Special Collections and Preservation Division, Chicago Public Library. 116: The Missouri Historical Society. 119: The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit, 1882; John Singer Sargent, American (1856-1925). Oil on canvas; 87 3/8 x 87 5/8 in. (221.9 x 222.6 cm.). Gift of Mary Louisa Boit, Julia Overing Boit, Jane Hubbard Boit, and Florence D. Boit in memory of their father, Edward Darley Boit, 19.124.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Crises of W Hiteness to Western Supremacism
    Australian Critical Race and Whiteness Studies Association Journal, Vol. 1, 2005 FROM THE CRISES OF W HITENESS TO WESTERN SUPREMACISM ALASTAIR BONNETT Introduction figure in any of the British parties who confessed to a faith in the white man‘s This article explores the rise of the West in mission to rule‘ (1953: 201). In the short- relation to the decline of whiteness. It does term at least, the crisis of whiteness had so by comparing two Victorian intellectuals different consequences in Australia, which who helped articulate this transition, the had witnessed the production of a political English Social Darwinist Benjamin Kidd class highly conscious of the spectre of (1858œ1916) and the English-born ”Asianisation‘. The policies and politics of Australian politician and social reformer ”White Australia‘ were the principle product Charles Pearson (1830œ1894). of this sensibility. However, by the time ”White Australia‘ finally came to an end (it The decline of whiteness may seem a is conventional to cite the deracialisation of surprising theme. Whiteness is, after all, immigration law in 1973 and 1978 as an still very much with us. Indeed, the close end point), the idea of ”the West‘, with its relationship between the globalisation of corollary of westernisation, had already neo-liberalism and the image of the ideal been in circulation for over a century. consumer appears to be producing a new Although John Howard can be seen to have symbolic economy of exchange with re-asserted elements of a white Australia whiteness at or near its centre (Bonnett immigration policy, by the close of the last 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 the Right-Wing Media Enablers of Anti-Islam Propaganda
    Chapter 4 The right-wing media enablers of anti-Islam propaganda Spreading anti-Muslim hate in America depends on a well-developed right-wing media echo chamber to amplify a few marginal voices. The think tank misinforma- tion experts and grassroots and religious-right organizations profiled in this report boast a symbiotic relationship with a loosely aligned, ideologically-akin group of right-wing blogs, magazines, radio stations, newspapers, and television news shows to spread their anti-Islam messages and myths. The media outlets, in turn, give members of this network the exposure needed to amplify their message, reach larger audiences, drive fundraising numbers, and grow their membership base. Some well-established conservative media outlets are a key part of this echo cham- ber, mixing coverage of alarmist threats posed by the mere existence of Muslims in America with other news stories. Chief among the media partners are the Fox News empire,1 the influential conservative magazine National Review and its website,2 a host of right-wing radio hosts, The Washington Times newspaper and website,3 and the Christian Broadcasting Network and website.4 They tout Frank Gaffney, David Yerushalmi, Daniel Pipes, Robert Spencer, Steven Emerson, and others as experts, and invite supposedly moderate Muslim and Arabs to endorse bigoted views. In so doing, these media organizations amplify harm- ful, anti-Muslim views to wide audiences. (See box on page 86) In this chapter we profile some of the right-wing media enablers, beginning with the websites, then hate radio, then the television outlets. The websites A network of right-wing websites and blogs are frequently the primary movers of anti-Muslim messages and myths.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistics on Spotlight: World Statistics Day 2015
    Statistics on Spotlight: World Statistics Day 2015 Shahjahan Khan Professor of Statistics School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental Sciences University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, AUSTRALIA Founding Chief Editor, Journal of Applied Probability and Statistics (JAPS), USA Email: [email protected] Abstract In the age of evidence based decision making and data science, statistics has become an integral part of almost all spheres of modern life. It is being increasingly applied for both private and public benefits including business and trade as well as various public sectors, not to mention its crucial role in research and innovative technologies. No modern government could conduct its normal functions and deliver its services and implement its development agenda without relying on good quality statistics. The key role of statistics is more visible and engraved in the planning and development of every successful nation state. In fact, the use of statistics is not only national but also regional, international and transnational for organisations and agencies that are driving social, economic, environmental, health, poverty elimination, education and other agendas for planned development. Starting from stocktaking of the state of the health of various sectors of the economy of any nation/region to setting development goals, assessment of progress, monitoring programs and undertaking follow-up initiatives depend heavily on relevant statistics. Only statistical methods are capable of determining indicators, comparing them, and help identify the ways to ensure balanced and equitable development. 1 Introduction The goals of the celebration of World Statistics Day 2015 is to highlight the fact that official statistics help decision makers develop informed policies that impact millions of people.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism Cosmopolitan Reflections
    Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism Cosmopolitan Reflections David Hirsh Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, UK The Working Papers Series is intended to initiate discussion, debate and discourse on a wide variety of issues as it pertains to the analysis of antisemitism, and to further the study of this subject matter. Please feel free to submit papers to the ISGAP working paper series. Contact the ISGAP Coordinator or the Editor of the Working Paper Series, Charles Asher Small. Working Paper Hirsh 2007 ISSN: 1940-610X © Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy ISGAP 165 East 56th Street, Second floor New York, NY 10022 United States Office Telephone: 212-230-1840 www.isgap.org ABSTRACT This paper aims to disentangle the difficult relationship between anti-Zionism and antisemitism. On one side, antisemitism appears as a pressing contemporary problem, intimately connected to an intensification of hostility to Israel. Opposing accounts downplay the fact of antisemitism and tend to treat the charge as an instrumental attempt to de-legitimize criticism of Israel. I address the central relationship both conceptually and through a number of empirical case studies which lie in the disputed territory between criticism and demonization. The paper focuses on current debates in the British public sphere and in particular on the campaign to boycott Israeli academia. Sociologically the paper seeks to develop a cosmopolitan framework to confront the methodological nationalism of both Zionism and anti-Zionism. It does not assume that exaggerated hostility to Israel is caused by underlying antisemitism but it explores the possibility that antisemitism may be an effect even of some antiracist forms of anti- Zionism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Colonial Roots of the Racial Fetishization of Black Women
    Black & Gold Volume 2 Article 2 2016 The oloniC al Roots of the Racial Fetishization of Black Women Caren M. Holmes College of Wooster Follow this and additional works at: https://openworks.wooster.edu/blackandgold Part of the African American Studies Commons, and the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons Recommended Citation Holmes, Caren M. (2016) "The oC lonial Roots of the Racial Fetishization of Black Women," Black & Gold: Vol. 2. Available at: https://openworks.wooster.edu/blackandgold/vol2/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Open Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Black & Gold by an authorized administrator of Open Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Holmes: The Colonial Roots of the Racial Fetishization of Black Women The Colonial Era: The narrative of New World imperialism was eroticized by rhetoric that sexualized the imperialist practices of European colonizers. Documentation of the British conquest is riddled with language that suggests the sexual nature of the land and of its discovery. In his travel logs, Columbus suggested that the earth is shaped like a woman’s breast (Mclinktok, 2001). The New World was frequently described as “virgin land” by colonizers, wrongly suggesting an empty and uninhabited territory (Mclinktok, 2001). This patriarchal narrative of imperialization depicts the New World through rhetoric normally ascribed to women, suggesting the land’s passive and submissive nature, awaiting the conquest of men. This romancization was used to validate the conquest of the land itself, precluding the sexualization of the women made victim by these imperialist mindsets.
    [Show full text]
  • How White Supremacy Returned to Mainstream Politics
    GETTY CORUM IMAGES/SAMUEL How White Supremacy Returned to Mainstream Politics By Simon Clark July 2020 WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.ORG How White Supremacy Returned to Mainstream Politics By Simon Clark July 2020 Contents 1 Introduction and summary 4 Tracing the origins of white supremacist ideas 13 How did this start, and how can it end? 16 Conclusion 17 About the author and acknowledgments 18 Endnotes Introduction and summary The United States is living through a moment of profound and positive change in attitudes toward race, with a large majority of citizens1 coming to grips with the deeply embedded historical legacy of racist structures and ideas. The recent protests and public reaction to George Floyd’s murder are a testament to many individu- als’ deep commitment to renewing the founding ideals of the republic. But there is another, more dangerous, side to this debate—one that seeks to rehabilitate toxic political notions of racial superiority, stokes fear of immigrants and minorities to inflame grievances for political ends, and attempts to build a notion of an embat- tled white majority which has to defend its power by any means necessary. These notions, once the preserve of fringe white nationalist groups, have increasingly infiltrated the mainstream of American political and cultural discussion, with poi- sonous results. For a starting point, one must look no further than President Donald Trump’s senior adviser for policy and chief speechwriter, Stephen Miller. In December 2019, the Southern Poverty Law Center’s Hatewatch published a cache of more than 900 emails2 Miller wrote to his contacts at Breitbart News before the 2016 presidential election.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Primary Sources for In-Depth Engagement with Americans and the Holocaust Experiencing History: Holocaust Sources in Context
    EXPLORING PRIMARY SOURCES FOR IN-DEPTH ENGAGEMENT WITH AMERICANS AND THE HOLOCAUST EXPERIENCING HISTORY: HOLOCAUST SOURCES IN CONTEXT - WWW.EXPERIENCINGHISTORY.COM What is Experiencing History? Experiencing History is a digital learning tool that explores the Holocaust through unique, original, contexualized sources. With this tool, you can read, watch, and examine the experiences of everyday people to analyze how genocide unfolded. Learn about the Holocaust by engaging with a variety of sources from the period. Discover a diary, a letter, a newspaper article, or a policy paper; see a photograph, or watch film footage. Discuss the complex context from which the Holocaust emerged, and consider the importance of primary sources for understanding our world. Topic: Immigration and Refugees The following sources in Experiencing History illuminate the topic of immigration and the refugee crisis from a variety of perspectives. These sources ask us to consider: What did the vast bureaucratic web of immigration paperwork look like on a personal level? How did refugees understand their own plight as they were experiencing it? How did those advocating on their behalf frame their case for the American public? From Jewish refugees attempting to locate family members, to those trying to find safe haven, to those advocating on their behalf, these sources illuminate the complex questions that this topic raises through personal stories and reflections. Report on the work of the refugee committee, American Friends Service Committee, 1940 Report outlining the activities of the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) in refugee aid. These activities included both evacuating refugees from Europe and assisting in their adjustment to life in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Orion Mystery Pdf
    Orion mystery pdf Continue Robert Bauval is an author, lecturer and researcher of Ancient Egypt, best known for his theory of Orion's correlation. Bauval was born in Alexandria, Egipi. He attended Franciscan College in Buckinghamshire, England. He spent most of his engineering career living and working in the Middle East and Africa as a civil engineer. At the end of 1992, Bauval contacted Adrian Gilbert; they went on to write The Mystery of Orion together, which became an international bestseller. He also co-authored three books with Graham Hancock, Breaking The Mirror Of Heaven: Conspiracy to Suppress the Voice of Ancient Egypt with Ahmed Osman and two books with Thomas Brophy, including The African Imhotep: The Architect of Cosmos. Robert Bauval is the famous author of The Secrets of Orion and co-author (with Graham Hancock) of The Mystery of the Sphinx, The Mystery of Mars and the Guardian of Genesis. His contribution to Egyptology and Archaeology was widely recognized. Adrian Gilbert is a best-selling author and co-author of The Orion Mystery, The Mayan Prophecies, Magi: The zuest for a Secret Tradition and The Holy Kingdom. The fringe hypothesis in the alternative Egyptological representation of the central principle of Orion's correlation theory: the outlines of the pyramids of Giza superimposed on the photograph of stars in the Orion belt. The veracity of this match was questioned by Hancock's critics. The Orion Correlation Theory (or the theory of the Ghiza-Orion correlation) is a fringe theory in alternative Egyptology. He argues that there is a correlation between the location of the three largest pyramids of the Giza pyramid complex and the Orion belt of the constellation Orion, and that this correlation was conceived as such by the original builders of the pyramid complex giza.
    [Show full text]
  • Eugenics, Pt. 2
    Eugenics, Pt. 2 8.31 Lecture - LPS 60 Review: Eugenicists claim to be supported by which two scientific theories? Scientific theory Application by Eugenicists Natural Selection -----------> Darwinian Morality (“Might makes right”) Hard Heredity ------------> Genetically-determined Social fitness Review: Eugenicists claim to be supported by which two scientific theories? Scientific theory Application by Eugenicists Natural Selection -----------> Darwinian Morality (“Might makes right”) Hard Heredity ------------> Genetically-determined Social fitness 1. Darwinian Morality “One of the effects of civilization is to diminish the rigour of the application of the law of natural selection. It preserves weakly lives that would have perished in barbarous lands.” “The question was then forced upon me: Could not the race of men be similarly improved? Could not the undesirables be got rid of and the desirables multiplied?” - Francis Galton, "Hereditary Talent and Character" in MacMillan's Magazine Vol. XII (May - October 1865). London Poster, 1910s 2. Genetically-determined social fitness The following groups are deemed socially ‘unfit’: epileptics, depressed, poor (paupers), criminals, alcoholics, blind, deformed, deaf, feeble-minded Galton (1869) focuses on intelligence. Laughlin (1922) includes all of these groups and more under the label “socially inadequate”. London Poster, 1910s “Eugenics...is capable of becoming the most sacred ideal of the human race, as a race; one of the supreme religious duties… Once the full implications of evolutionary biology are grasped, eugenics will inevitably become part of the religion of the future” - Julian Huxley, Eugenics Review (28:1), 1936 Huxley was a biology professor at King’s College London & the Royal Institution as well as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London; he’s said to be the founder of the “modern evolutionary synthesis”.
    [Show full text]
  • Against-Eugenics-And-Anthropocide-1
    Against eugenics and anthropocide AN APPEAL TO ABOLISH ANY1 ARTIFICIAL REPRODUCTION OF THE HUMAN BEING A crime against humanity is taking place before our eyes. This crime, born in the brains of biologists2 and committed through the means of medicine and genetics, presents itself outwardly as a good deed and an emancipation for mankind. A good deed for victims of sterility (organic or due to the chemical and industrial poisoning of the environment), for single women and couples of the same sex who are naturally infertile. Emancipation from the living - spontaneous, autonomous and unpredictable - from the constraints of nature from which derives birth with all its uncertainties. This crime is eugenics (at first called viriculture or aristogenics), the artificial selection of the human species, renamed this way in 1883 by Galton, a cousin of Darwin and also co-inventor of biometrics together with Karl Pearson (1857-1936). Or again race hygiene (Rassenhgyiene) in 1904, by Alfred Ploetz and Ernst Rüdin, two Nazi doctors. A crime supported and spread by countless scientists, businessmen (Henry Ford, John D. Rockefeller), thinkers (Renan, Teilhard de Chardin), political leaders (Trotsky, Churchill, Hitler). It was again renamed transhumanism in 1957 by Julian Huxley - Aldous Huxley’s brother (Brave New World), biologist and director of UNESCO - after the Nazis had revealed the true nature of eugenics. The creation in a laboratory of an Übermensch, a “master race” of “enhanced” supermen. Machination of the human (artificial production, genetic modifications), this is the means employed by eugenic transhumanism. That is, by this racism coming from laboratories, which its promoters disguise today as pseudo-egalitarianism3.
    [Show full text]
  • Oregon Health & Science University School Of
    OREGON HEALTH & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL TOOLS TO THE STUDY OF BIOREMEDIATION IN CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS By Christina N. Brow A DISSERTATION Presented to the Division of Environmental & Biomolecular Systems and the Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2011 I DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND RIOMOLECI JLAR SYSTEMS INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL I-II'AI,TH OREGON HEALTI-I & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY CEIITTFICA'T'E OF AI'PTIOVAL --- --.----.-.----...-. - -- ..... .. This is to ccitifL Illat thc Pl3.D. dissc~tatioi~of . Christina N. RI-c~w has bccli appr-ovccl - -- - - -36 -- -------- Dl-. HOIGM. Sjnio~i,Assistant i'mfcssc~r Reseal-cli Co-Ad visor --. ..- --,-.- -.*-- -t-.- s. Richar i . .1 I~nson,P~.oli.ssos ---r~TdResearch Co-Advisor - --- v----- Dr. Paul G. Tralriyck, Professor ----.. w..3- -- .- -.--- , , Dl-. ewis Sc~~~psi~ii.cgor atc linivcr-sity -3 ExternalE-xamine~- - Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................................................I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................................III ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................IV 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]