DOCSLIB.ORG

Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Ligation in Sheep. Could These Animals Be Used As Human Models for Vascular and Cerebral Research?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Ligation in Sheep. Could These Animals Be Used As Human Models for Vascular and Cerebral Research? Acta Veterinaria-Beograd 2017, 67 (4), 459-476 UDK: 636.32/.38.028:616.133-089-092.8 DOI:10.1515/acve-2017-0038 Research article BILATERAL COMMON CAROTID ARTERY LIGATION IN SHEEP. COULD THESE ANIMALS BE USED AS HUMAN MODELS FOR VASCULAR AND CEREBRAL RESEARCH? PODLAHA Jiří1*, SCHWANHAEUSER Kräuff2, KADEŘÁBKOVÁ Tereza3 1Department of Surgery, University Hospital Brno Bohunice, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; 2Department of Preventive Medicine / Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; 3Department of Anaesthesiology Resuscitation and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Brno Bohunice, Brno, Czech Republic. (Received 19 February, Accepted 07 June 2017) Experimental animals are still used in today’s medicine to understand better physiological or pathological processes, or to develop, for example better vascular prostheses. For that reason, these animals must show some similarities with humans, from the anatomical to the physiological point of view. When developing vascular prostheses, we have to evaluate if the graft will react in the expected way and if during experimental research there will be some factors that might infl uence the proper functioning of vascular prostheses in the human body. We observed the consequences of bilateral common carotid artery ligation (BCCAL) or Sham operation in seventeen healthy Merinolandschaf / Württemberg sheep, aged between 2 and 4 years, after testing new types of carbon-coated ARTECOR® and ADIPOGRAFT Ra 1vk 7/350 vascular prostheses. After the follow-up period the prostheses were extirpated, so the blood supply was provided from the vertebral arteries. Sheep in both groups were not sacrifi ced, but were observed for 18 months. After the observation period all sheep showed no physical or neurological changes and all are still alive. Animal responses to BCCAL are different, depending on the animal species, age, and condition. In sheep, bilateral blocking of the blood fl ow in the carotid bed seems to be conceivable since the brain was suffi ciently supplied with blood from the vertebral arteries. Key words: bilateral common carotid artery ligation (BCCAL), circle of Willis, common carotid artery, sheep survival, Shechita, Dhabihah, Kosher or Halal quality meat INTRODUCTION Is sheep able to survive bilateral ligation of the common carotid artery (BCCAL)? This question arose as a secondary issue during the experimental assessment of the new type of vascular prostheses (carbon-coated ARTECOR® and ADIPOGRAFT Ra *Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] 459 Acta Veterinaria-Beograd 2017, 67 (4), 459-476 1vk 7/350 with Adiponectin) developed at the Knitting Research Institute, a. s. Brno, Czech Republic. The aim of this study was to compare the consequences of bilateral common carotid artery ligation in sheep with those observed in humans, in order to determine if sheep are the ideal animal model for cerebrovascular experimental surgery, as other animals are used for other types of experimental surgeries due to their similarities with humans [1]. Experimental and model animals have been used, by the Greek physician and surgeon Claudius Galenus (129-200 AD), and later by William Harvey (1578-1658 AD) [1]. Nowadays rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, sheep, pigs, monkeys, are used for surgical / vascular training [2-4], as well as experimental animals [1,5-13]. They are chosen due to their availability, handling, anatomical / physiological similarity with human beings, adaptability to physiological changes, and from the vascular point of view, due to the vessel caliber and the ability to model human responses [1,5-8,12]. Despite similarities to the human anatomy, animal models are unable to reproduce exactly the complex physiological human features [1,5-8,13-18]. Sheep are commonly used as animal models in vascular prosthetic research, mainly for carotid artery, and for many years they have served as the gold standard for cardiovascular bioprosthetic evaluation studies [1,5-8,13,15,18]. Their acquisition cost is low, they are easy to maintain, and their anatomical properties (long necks for easy and simple surgical access for vascular prostheses implantation / explantation and their carotid arteries have a similar diameter to those observed in humans) are suitable for vascular prostheses implantation and monitoring [1,5,6,8,11,12]. Sheep c oagulation is very similar to humans in comparison to dogs or pigs [1,5], despite the fact that sheep have a higher number of thrombocytes than most species used as experimental animals, having a tendency to hypercoagulation [1]. It was proved that PT, APTT, activated coagulation time, thrombocyte counts and their aggregation are not infl uenced neither by anesthesia nor by surgery, except for heparin administration [1,19-20]. From the vascular anatomical, hemodynamic and hematological point of view, humans and sheep differ as presented in Table 1 [1] and Table 2 [1]: Table 1. Common carotid artery anatomical and physiological differences between human and sheep Diameter Mean fl ow Mean velocity Mean WSS (mm) (mL/min) (cm/s) (dynes/cm2) Human 1, 34 6.5 - 7.0 455 - 483 22.3 - 24.4 7.8 Sheep 1 5.6 - 7.2 325 16.8 8.4 All values are expressed as mean or range 460 Podlaha et al.: Bilateral common carotid artery ligation in sheep. could these animals be used as human models for vascular and cerebral research? Table 2. Haemodynamic and haematological differences between human and sheep RCB Plt WBC SBP DBP HR TBV (x109 /mL) (x109 /mL) (x109 /mL) Human 1, 34 126 ± 14 79 ±10 70 ± 14 80 4.8 - 5.4 265 ± 135 7.4 ± 3.4 Sheep 1 140 90 95 ±24 58 10.0-13.0 550 ± 250 8 ± 4 SBP – systolic blood pressure (mm Hg); DBP – diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg); HR – heart rate (beats / min); TBV – total blood volume (mL/Kg); RCB – red blood cell count; Plt, – platelet count; WBC – white blood cell count. All values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or range. Anatomical overview. Human brain vascular supply: The human brain is supplied in 80- 85% by the two internal carotid arteries and in 15-20% by the two vertebral arteries [21,22]. Both vertebral arteries merge to become the basilar artery before entering the so-called circle of Willis together with both internal carotid arteries. The circle of Willis provides collateral blood fl ow to the brain. The right and left vertebral arteries branch off the right and left subclavian arteries while the right and left carotid arteries arise from the right and left common carotid arteries [21,22]. Blood is then taken into the brain by the basilar artery which gives off the right and left posterior cerebral arteries. Communicating arteries complement the circle of Willis and then branch off the anterior, medial and posterior arteries. The posterior communicating artery is given off as a branch of the internal carotid artery just before it divides into its terminal branches: the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Furthermore, the anterior cerebral artery forms the anterolateral portion of the circle of Willis, while the middle cerebral artery does not contribute to the circle of Willis [21]. The importance of the circle of Willis relies on collateral circulation to supply the brain in the case that the main arteries stenose or occlude, so the blood fl ow from other arteries can maintain brain perfusion [23]. It is important to state that the entire brain blood supply comes from these arteries. Sheep brain vascular supply: the circle of Willis is observed in mammals but its supply and fl ow volumes might vary among different species [15,24-27]. This is an important fact at the time of experimentation, because a stenosed or ligated artery might have different consequences. [15,24-27]. In sheep, the brain is supplied as in humans by two carotid and two vertebral arteries [15,24-27]. The internal carotid arteries arise from the common carotid arteries. Both penetrate the skull at the Fissura sphenopetrosa and end up at the rete mirabile epidurale rostrale. At its caudal part, the branches of the vertebral arteries, condillary artery, and the medial meningeal artery from the occipital artery enter bilaterally. The rete epidurale has important connections with the maxillary artery [25,27].The circle of Willis is formed by the cerebral carotid arteries, which caudally end as the Arteria spinalis vertebralis [24,26,27]. The v ertebral arteries arise from the Truncus costocervicalis and run cranially through the Canalis transversarium up to the third and second vertebrae. On its way to the neck it gives off the Ramus spinalis which passes through the foramen intervertebrale into the canalis spinalis. Its branch, 461 Acta Veterinaria-Beograd 2017, 67 (4), 459-476 ramus medullaris, goes into the subarachnoideal space and here it joins the A. spinalis ventralis [24,25,27]. Between the second and the third vertebrae, the A. vertebralis splits into a thick lateral stem, which initially runs through the foramen transversarium axialis, then continuing through the foramen vertebrale laterale it pierces the canalis spinalis where it joins the strong intravertebral stem [24,25,27]. This artery together with the rami spinales and in the skull with the branches of the Arteria maxillaris (in foetuses also with the A. carotis interna) forms the epidural network. The medial branch of the A. vertebralis anastomoses to its contralateral part and once it passes the atlas, it splits into a medial fi nal branch, which it joins to its contralateral branch, or forms with it a network which opens into the rete mirabile caudale on the skull base. In most cases these are connected to the A. condylaris [25]. Baldwin and May studied the brain arterial supply in sheep too [28-31]. They pr oved on latex colored vessels, connections between A.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • One Late Afternoon Last June, A
    FAST FOOD BY scott korb PHOTOGRAPHS BY liz barclay ne late afternoon last June, a few hands, mouth, nose, face, arms, hair, ears, and weeks before the start of Rama- feet. The clothes you wear are supposed to be dan, with an hour remaining before clean, too. The stain on his shirt was a problem. Asr, Islam’s afternoon prayer, Imam The imam had begun the day with a prayer O Khalid Latif became suddenly aware at sunrise. Soon after, accompanied by a of blood on his shirt. Even though he was friend, he’d left New York City in a van headed on the road, he knew he would have to pray for a halal meat-processing facility in western soon but was not sure that he could. Maryland known as Simply Natural, about 250 Five daily prayers constitute a pillar of miles away. By one o’clock that afternoon, the Islam, and these prayers are to be done in a men had packed the vehicle with three hand- state of ritual purity. To this end, Muslims slaughtered steers and were headed back. wash before they pray, a preparation known as “Let’s not stop,” the imam had said some- wudhu that includes careful attention to the where along the way. Latif had no change of clothes. Anticipating the logjam on the New Jersey side of the Holland Tunnel, he started calling sheikhs for advice. After two or three calls, he reached Dawood Yasin, an imam from Berke- ley, California, and an avid bow hunter familiar with the mess involved in breaking down animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Broiler Chickens
    The Life of: Broiler Chickens Chickens reared for meat are called broilers or broiler chickens. They originate from the jungle fowl of the Indian Subcontinent. The broiler industry has grown due to consumer demand for affordable poultry meat. Breeding for production traits and improved nutrition have been used to increase the weight of the breast muscle. Commercial broiler chickens are bred to be very fast growing in order to gain weight quickly. In their natural environment, chickens spend much of their time foraging for food. This means that they are highly motivated to perform species specific behaviours that are typical for chickens (natural behaviours), such as foraging, pecking, scratching and feather maintenance behaviours like preening and dust-bathing. Trees are used for perching at night to avoid predators. The life of chickens destined for meat production consists of two distinct phases. They are born in a hatchery and moved to a grow-out farm at 1 day-old. They remain here until they are heavy enough to be slaughtered. This document gives an overview of a typical broiler chicken’s life. The Hatchery The parent birds (breeder birds - see section at the end) used to produce meat chickens have their eggs removed and placed in an incubator. In the incubator, the eggs are kept under optimum atmosphere conditions and highly regulated temperatures. At 21 days, the chicks are ready to hatch, using their egg tooth to break out of their shell (in a natural situation, the mother would help with this). Chicks are precocial, meaning that immediately after hatching they are relatively mature and can walk around.
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesian Muslim
    MAJELIS ULAMA INDONESIA LEMBAGA PEMULIAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM WADAH MUSYAWARAH PARA ULAMA ZU’AMA DAN CENDEKIAWAN MUSLIM Jalan Dempo 19, Pegangsaan, Jakarta Pusat 10320. Telp./Fax. 021-31908367 Website : www.mui-lplhsda.org Email: [email protected] MUSLIM STATEMENT ON WILDLIFE AND ANIMAL WELFARE Hayu Prabowo Chairman of Environmental and Natural Resources Board The Indonesian Council of Ulema Allah has made known through the Qur’an and via the Prophet Mohammed (pbuh) in the Hadith that He is the creator of all life on Earth and indeed in the Universe (Qur’an 6:12; 21:19). We also know from the Qur’an that Allah has placed humanity in the role of Khalifa - Vice Regent on Earth (Qur’an 2:30; 38:26). We know that on the Day of Judgement we will have to answer before Allah as to how well we conducted ourselves as Khalifas for life on Earth (Qur’an 6:165). We know also from the Qur’an that all creatures live in community (Qur’an 6:38) and we know from the Hadith, where the Prophet Mohammed (pbuh) stopped people tormenting a mother bird by taking her young that Allah forbids the infliction of unnecessary pain and suffering on other living creatures. As Khalifas we have the right to use nature but not to abuse it. Unfortunately many animal and wildlife species are threatened with extinction. Other animals stray abandoned and hungry in the streets. On the whole, it cannot be said that we treat animals as well as we should, or carry out our responsibilities towards them.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed of an Idea Wayne Gale Looks Beyond Ag for Template to Transition Business 8
    They’re living together. Should they marry? 18 | Handing sales to India 51 western eDItIOn / COUntrY-GUIDe.CA / febrUArY 1, 2017 Seed of An IdeA Wayne Gale looks beyond ag for template to transition business 8 Halal on the plate More farms target halal meats, but demand far outstrips supply 28 CROPS GUIDE Are you sure you’re getting great crop advice? 40 2017 could be the year for feed barley 42 Publications Mail Agreement number 40069240 B:8.625” T:8.125” S:7” HATES WEEDS AS MUCH AS YOU DO. There’s nothing quite like knowing the toughest B:11.25” T:10.75” weeds in your wheat fields have met with a S:10” fitting end. Following an application of Luxxur™ herbicide, you can have peace of mind that your wild oats and toughest broadleaf perennials have gotten exactly what they deserve and will no longer be robbing your crop of its yield potential. SPRAY WITH CONFIDENCE. cropscience.bayer.ca/Luxxur 1 888-283-6847 @Bayer4CropsCA Always read and follow label directions. Luxxur™ is a trademark of the Bayer Group. R-66-01/17-10686443-E Bayer CropScience Inc. is a member of CropLife Canada. BCS10686443_Luxxur_102.indd 10686443 Insert Feb 1, 2017 Lynn.Skinner 8.125” x 10.75” Alex.Van Der Breggen 1 8.125” x 10.75” Noel.Blix -- 7” x 10” -- 100% 8.625” x 11.25” 2 Monica Van Engelen Production:Studio:Bayer:10...ls:BCS10686443_Luxxur_102.indd Bayer None Helvetica Neue LT Std, Gotham Country Guide 12-23-2016 1:18 PM None 12-23-2016 1:18 PM -- Henderson, Shane (CAL-MWG) -- Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black -- -- 6 MACHINERY Fastrac evolution Redesign keeps these tractors roadable at 70 km/h, while boosting their competitive in-field performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Manual for the Operation of Halal Slaughterhouse
    1 2011 Muslim Mindanao Halal Certification Board,Inc. (MMHCBI) Dr. Norodin A. Kuit Halal Lead Auditor [email protected] 09263431362-tm 09296802052-sm BASIC MANUAL FOR THE OPERATION OF HALAL SLAUGHTERHOUSE 2 HALAL slaughterhouse 3 ِ ِ ِ ِ َوَََِم َن اْﻵنْ َعام ُح ُمْولَةً َوفُ ُر ًشاُكلُْوا مَّماَرَزقْ نَ ُك ُم اهللُ َوﻻَ تَ تَّبعُْوا ُخطَُوات ِ ِ 241 ال َّشْيطَان إنَّهُ لَ ُك ْم َع ُدٌّو ُمبْي ن . ) اﻵنعام- ( The Holy Qur’an Surah Al-An nam:142 says; “ And of the Cattle , are produced some are for burden(workmate, draft) and some are for food(beef, chevon, and mutton), Eat of what Allah has provided for you, and follow not the footsteps of Shaitan (Satan). Surely, he is to you an open enemy “ The Holy Bible Deuteronomy 14:3 says; “ Do not eat anything that the LORD declared unclean, you may eat these animals cattle,sheep,goat, deer, wild sheep, wild goat and antelopes- any animals have devided hooves and also chew the cud (ruminate)” 4 DEDICATION This manual is dedicated to my family ,all halal advocates who continuously strive on research, seek knowledge on halal to serve mankind and the creator Allah Subhana o wa ta ala. “And if all the trees on earth were pens and the sea(were ink where with to write ) with seven seas add to its supply, yet the Words of Allah(knowledge) would not be exhausted….” (Surah Luqman 31 : Verse 27) The Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) said: “The one who would have the worst position in Allah's sight on the Day of Resurrection would be a learned man whom people did not profit from his learning”.(Darimi).
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Problematisations in the Live Export Policy Debates
    ANIMAL CRUELTY, DISCOURSE, AND POWER: A STUDY OF PROBLEMATISATIONS IN THE LIVE EXPORT POLICY DEBATES Brodie Lee Evans Bachelor of Arts (Politics, Economy, and Society; Literary Studies) Bachelor of Justice (First Class Honours) Graduate Certificate in Business (Accounting) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Queensland University of Technology 2018 School of Justice | Faculty of Law This page intentionally left blank Statement of Originality Under the Copyright Act 1968, this thesis must be used only under the normal conditions of scholarly fair dealing. In particular, no results or conclusions should be extracted from it, nor should it be copied or closely paraphrased in whole or in part without the written consent of the author. Proper written acknowledgement should be made for any assistance obtained from this thesis. The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted to meet requirements for an award at this or any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made. Brodie Evans QUT Verified Signature ……………………………………………………………………….. Signature October 2018 ……………………………………………………………………….. Date i Dedication For Scottie. ii Abstract Since the release of video footage exposing the treatment of animals in the live export industry in 2011, ‘animal cruelty’ has increasingly been a major concern in mainstream Australian discourse. Critiques over the inadequacy of current legal protections afforded to animals have had a significant impact on how we debate animal welfare issues and the solutions to them.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Advocacy in a Pluralist Society Submitted September 2015
    Ian Starbuck School of Politics and Law PhD Thesis Title: Animal Advocacy in a Pluralist Society Submitted September 2015 Contents Introduction………………………………...………..…...…..…..1 Chapter One: Utilitarianism and Animal Advocacy…..………..13 Chapter Two: Moral Rights and Animal Advocacy….….……..36 Chapter Three: Contractarianism and Animal Advocacy…........73 Chapter Four: Animals and the Ethic of Care……...….…..……93 Chapter Five: Capabilities and Animals…………….….…...…112 Chapter Six: Animal Citizenship………………………...…….137 Chapter Seven: Multiculturalism and Animals………....……..168 Chapter Eight: Animal Advocacy and Liberalism……….……192 Conclusion……………………………………….…...…..……219 Bibliography and References………………………....………..231 Introduction Human concern with the moral status of non-human animals can be seen to stretch quite some way back into human history. In ancient Greece such concerns were considered to be very much a part of the ethical agenda, with thinkers on the issue being divided into four main schools of thought: animism; vitalism; mechanism; and anthropocentrism (Ryder 1989, chapter two). The leading light of the animist school was the renowned mathematician Pythagoras (circa 530 BC), who asserted the view that animals, like humans, were in possession of immaterial souls which, upon death, would be reincarnated in another human or animal body. In accordance with his beliefs, Pythagoras practiced kindness to animals and adhered to a vegetarian diet. Vitalism, of which perhaps the most famous exponent was Aristotle (384-322 BC), held to a belief in the interdependence of soul and body. Aristotle accepted the idea that human beings were animals, but he considered them to be at the apex of a chain of being in which the less rational existed only to serve the needs of the more rational.
    [Show full text]
  • THIRD PARTY CERTIFICATION of FOOD CONTENTS 1 Introduction P1 2 Item A
    24 June 2015, on behalf of Richard Sibthorpe, submission to the Senate Economics References Committee for THIRD PARTY CERTIFICATION OF FOOD CONTENTS 1 Introduction p1 2 Item a. submission p2 3 Item b. submission P3 4 Item c. submission P4 5 Item d. submission P4 6 Item e. Submission P5 7 Item f. Submission p6 8 Item g. Submission p7 9 Islam’s Jizya p8 10 My Recommendation p10 11 Conclusion p11 12 Footnotes p12 1 Introduction While this submission is formulated in accordance with the seven line items of enquiry a. to g. which is laid out by the Senate Committee, it specifically relates to the HALAL component referred to in item a. as it is associated with the Islamic religion. In Islam, halal means permitted, licit. My area of major concern is that while this halal matter is an Islamic religious and Sharia Law parameter, nevertheless it has drawn in and thereby directly effects the wider non Islamic community about Australia – yet this vast majority of Australian citizens have not been asked to participate in this Islamic religious exercise, nor do they have any say in this. In its enquiry into this subject area, it is essential that the Senate Committee does recognise and understand the direct connection between the Islamic religion with its divinely specified halal food requirement, and how this requirement directly feeds through to increased food prices for each and every non Muslim citizen in modern Australia. This is the case even though this latter majority has, as I believe, no desirability to understand or adhere to these particular requirements of the Islamic religion.
    [Show full text]
  • On Shechita By: Rabbi Jeremy Rosen
    More on Shechita by: Rabbi Jeremy Rosen It comes as no surprise to me that more European countries are trying to make life difficult for Jews in various ways. But how should we react? Is it worth fighting prejudice? Should this be an issue of freedom of religious practice? But then what are the boundaries? The increasing attempts to restrict Shechita (Jewish ritual slaughter) and ban circumcision are creating such a negative climate for Jews that they reinforce the strong arguments for having a homeland where we can practice our religion unimpeded. However, as with many issues of religious practice, it is not that simple, because sometimes they appear to conflict with other moral and ethical imperatives. There are those who think this is a matter for no compromise. Belgium is a strange little country where rival parties scrap over meagre rewards. It has three separate regions, five provinces, and three official languages. The parliament of French-speaking Wallonia has voted to ban ritual slaughter. Of all the major issues it has to deal with—economic, social and safety—this seems to be its priority. Now we know it is not really about cruelty to animals. Because if it were, then they would ban animal slaughter altogether (which, as my readers know, I am all in favor of, though it’s not going to happen in my lifetime). Look at the countries who have banned Shechita: Switzerland in 1893, Norway in 1930, Nazi Germany in 1933, and Sweden in 1937. None known for their love of Jews. The EU is now preparing to ban Shechita across the board unless animals are stunned, and it will require that kosher slaughtered meat be labelled as such when passed on to the wider market.
    [Show full text]
  • HAWTHORNE-THESIS-2014.Pdf (14.05Mb)
    Copyright by Emily Claire Hawthorne 2014 The Thesis Committee for Emily Claire Hawthorne Certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: Chains of Trust: Halal Certification in the United States APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: Faegheh Shirazi Hina Azam Chains of Trust: Halal Certification in the United States by Emily Claire Hawthorne, BA Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin August 2014 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my dad, Steve Hawthorne, and my mother, Barbara Hawthorne, who have taught me by example that a scholar without a support network is a very weak scholar indeed. I am never sure how to fully thank you for your selfless love and resolute support. Acknowledgements As with any sizeable research project, a large number of people have supported the production of this thesis. All of the professors in the Department of Middle Eastern Studies with whom I have worked and studied deserve deep thanks. This includes my cheerful and insightful advisor, Dr. Faegheh Shirazi, my brilliant second reader and friend, Dr. Hina Azam, and my most inspiring professors throughout graduate school, including Dr. Samer Ali, Dr. Mohammad Mohammad, Dr. Mahmoud Al-Batal, Dr. Kristen Brustad, Dr. Kamran Aghaie, Dr. Yoav Di-Capua, and Dr. Jason Brownlee. My interview respondents, particularly Shahed Amanullah, were extremely helpful in the process of drafting and crafting this thesis. Without their insightful views into the American halal industry, I would have had little useful data with which to work.
    [Show full text]
  • Halal Certification in Australia and the Western World
    HALAL CERTIFICATION IN AUSTRALIA AND THE WESTERN WORLD Whilst it appears that halal certication has been around for a number of years its existance was not known the majority of Australians, and possibly still is not, until towards the end of 2014 when some publicity appeared regarding it. As at the least it can have some financial impact on all Australians and as much misinformation appears on the internet about it this document has been prepared in the hope that it will help clarify the matter as seen from the perspective of one Australian. In this perspective no advantage in having halal certification can be found for the general Australian population but various disadvantages can be found, five of these disadvantages are set out below, these adverse effects are most likely to exist in the western world as well as Australia. 1. The methods used in the halal slaughter of require the cutting of the throats of animals whilst they are still living, this killing to be performed by a member of the Islam religion. In Australia it is a legal requirement that the animals be temporally stunned before their throat is cut, they can however recover from the temporary stunning before dying; such stunning does not take place in many countries. This method is distinct from that previously used in Australia where the animal was killed before being cut, and is now understood to be becoming prevelent. 2. Halal certification is different from the religious requirement which is that animals be killed in a certain fashion and that blood and certain varieties of animals not be eaten.
    [Show full text]
  • (2016). Halal Stunning and Slaughter: Criteria for the Assessment of Dead Animals
    Fuseini, A. , Knowles, T. G., Hadley, P. J., & Wotton, S. (2016). Halal stunning and slaughter: Criteria for the assessment of dead animals. Meat Science, 119, 132-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.04.033 Peer reviewed version License (if available): CC BY-NC-ND Link to published version (if available): 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.04.033 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the author accepted manuscript (AAM). The final published version (version of record) is available online via Elsevier at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0309174016301267. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ Halal stunning and slaughter: Criteria for the assessment of dead animals. Awal Fuseinia, Toby G Knowlesa, Phil J Hadleyb, Steve B Wottona aUniversity of Bristol, School of Veterinary Science, Langford, Bristol. BS40 5DU. UK bAHDB, Creech Castle, Taunton , Somerset. TA1 2DX. UK Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract The debate surrounding the acceptability of stunning for Halal slaughter is one that is likely to linger. Compared to a couple of decades or so ago, one may argue that pre- slaughter stunning is becoming a popular practice during Halal slaughter due to the increasing number of Muslim-majority countries who continue to issue religious rulings (Fatwa) to approve the practice.
    [Show full text]