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The Regional Security Puzzle Around Afghanistan The Regional Security Puzzle around Afghanistan Helena Rytövuori-Apunen (ed.) The Regional Security Puzzle around Afghanistan Bordering Practices in Central Asia and Beyond Barbara Budrich Publishers Opladen • Berlin • Toronto 2016 © This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. © Dieses Werk ist bei Verlag Barbara Budrich erschienen und steht unter folgender Creative Commons Lizenz: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de/ Verbreitung, Speicherung und Vervielfältigung erlaubt, kommerzielle Nutzung und Veränderung nur mit Genehmigung des Verlags Barbara Budrich. This book is available as a free download from www.shop.budrich-academic.de (http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/84740789). A paperback version is available at a charge. The page numbers of the open access edition correspond with the paperback edition. ISBN 978-3-8474-0789-8 eISBN 978-3-8474-0912-0 DOI 10.3224/84740789 Barbara Budrich Publishers Stauffenbergstr. 7. D-51379 Leverkusen Opladen, Germany 86 Delma Drive. Toronto, ON M8W 4P6 Canada www.barbara-budrich.net A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from Die Deutsche Bibliothek (The German Library) (http://dnb.d-nb.de) Jacket illustration by Bettina Lehfeldt, Kleinmachnow – www.lehfeldtgraphic.de Editing: Alison Romer, Lancaster, England Typographical editing: Anja Borkam, Jena Contents Acknowledgments vii List of Abbreviations ix Note on the Transliteration xi Introduction: Bordering Practices Challenging State Borders 1 Helena Rytövuori-Apunen PART I State Borders: Creation, Consolidation and Challenges 1 Old Habits, New Realities: Central Asia and Russia from the Break-up of the USSR to 9/11 29 Jeremy Smith 2 “The Problem With Our Borders in Batken”: Local Understandings of Border Control and Sovereignty in Kyrgyzstan 51 Steven Parham 3 Dynamic Militant Insurgency in Conflicted Border Spaces: Ferghana, the Afghanistan-Pakistan Border, and Kashmir 79 Simbal Khan PART II Bordering Afghanistan: Threats and Opportunities 4 Turkmenistan’s Afghan Border Conundrum 107 Jan Šír and Slavomír Horák 5 Tajikistan’s Unsettled Security: Borderland Dynamics of the Outpost on Russia’s Afghan Frontier 131 Helena Rytövuori-Apunen and Furugzod Usmonov 6 Uzbekistan’s Balancing Act: A Game of Chance for Independent External Policies 161 Vadim Romashov v 7 Pakistan-Russia Relations and the Unfolding “New Great Game” in South Asia 191 Tahir Amin PART III Development and Projects of Regional Leadership 8 U.S. and Chinese Silk Road Initiatives: Towards a Geopolitics of Flows in Central Asia and Beyond 207 Mika Aaltola and Juha Käpylä 9 Russia and Kazakhstan: Mutually Different Interests for Regional Leadership 243 Dmitry Malyshev and Elnara Bainazarova 10 Limits of Force-based Strategies and Institution-Building: a Focus on Border Spaces in the Security Puzzle 271 Simbal Khan and Helena Rytövuori-Apunen Epilogue: Charting Border Studies Beyond North American Grounds 285 Helena Rytövuori-Apunen and Renée Marlin-Bennett Bibliography 297 Index 315 Contributors 327 vi Acknowledgments This book is the product of the joint work of a group of researchers who share an interest in the study of borders in the post-Soviet space. Their academic backgrounds are in International Relations, Political Science, History, Social Anthropology, and Regional and Area Studies at Finnish, Swiss, UK, Czech, Russian, Tajik, Kazakh, U.S. and Pakistani universities. The research project Proactive Conflict Management at post-Soviet Deep Borders, funded by the Academy of Finland at the University of Tampere (2012-2016), Finland, made it possible to bring them together for a study of borders, security and development in Afghanistan’s proximity in Central and South-Central Asia. We are grateful for the funding provided by the Academy of Finland (funding decision no. 260686) and supported by also the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. We appreciate the institutional support of the School of Social Sciences and Humanities at the University of Tampere and thank the School’s service staff and our colleagues at the School and the Tampere Peace Research Institute (TAPRI) for providing an excellent environment for our work. Whilst thirteen researchers participated in writing the various chapters, two of them also substantially contributed to the process of combining it all together into one book. Dr. Steven Parham did the language-editing for the chapters, which in their manuscripts varied considerably in their linguistic style due to the large number of non-native speakers. M.Soc.Sc. Vadim Romashov prepared the index, the bibliography, and edited the voluminous citation system, including transliterations from the Cyrillic to the Latin script. Parham and Romashov also commented on the manuscripts. Their contributions were irreplaceable and not only decisively eased the editor’s burdens: they also created a team atmosphere through mutual support that has had value beyond measure. Unlike the other contributors, who all were researchers in the project, Professor Renée Marlin-Bennett participated as our “external” commentator. She did so in a workshop for launching the book project and also acted as the discussant for a panel that the project organized for the First ABS (Association of Borderlands Studies) World Conference in Joensuu and St. Petersburg in 2014. We owe her our gratitude for her insightful comments vii and suggestions. Additionally, her role has been to co-author the Epilogue, which reflects on the research in the book from beyond the geographic region of its focus and with a view to showing how the book’s contribution connects with the already established study of borders. Our search for this connection is inspired by pragmatism: a research orientation which sensitizes us to the limitations of perspective in the privileged discourses in policies as well as in the practices of research. The main part of our group of researchers was initially convened during an earlier research project led by the editor and funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. The spin-off effects of this earlier research are continuous and evident also in the present book. Several colleagues deserve our heartfelt thanks: Helle Palu and Andrei Roumiantsev at the University of Tampere for their assistance over many years and Joshua Rose at the same university for his work to help finalize the present book; Anna Wikholm, Veli-Matti Palomäki, Maija Salonen and Johanna Räty for their assistance in the research carried out at the Finnish Institute of International Affairs for this book, and Kauko Kyöstiö for the digital illustrations. Without field trips, some in the company of colleagues from the University of Eastern Finland, this project would not have been possible. Special thanks go to the border researchers in Joensuu, among them doctors Paul Fryer, Joni Virkkunen and Jussi Laine. Special thanks also are due to the personnel of the OSCE Border Management Staff College in Dushanbe, where we had the privilege of organizing a joint course on border-related conflicts in 2012. At the University of Tampere, the students who participated in the courses taught by myself and Dr. Steven Parham tested the immediate resonance of our work. Barbara Budrich Publishers provided our work with the kind of rapidly globalizing and yet traditional Continental European forum that perfectly matches our approach. We are thankful to the editors and a reviewer at Budrich Academic. We also owe our gratitude to an anonymous external reviewer for comments and advice in processing the manuscript. During this project the support of our loved ones and close friends has been all-important. Whilst I was lucky to have a fine project staff with which to share the burdens, the responsibility for any remaining mistakes is mine alone. This book is for all those who see the beauty and the hope and yet the deep tragedy of lives in and around Afghanistan in the highly uncertain present conditions of the region. Helena Rytövuori-Apunen viii List of Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank ANSF Afghan National Security Forces AIIB Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation bbl/d barrels per day bcm billion cubic meters BOMCA Border Management Programme in Central Asia (EU, UNDP) CABSI Central Asia Border Security Initiative CASA-1000 Central Asia–South Asia transmission line project CAPS Central Asian Power System CAREC Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation CENTO Central Treaty Organization CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CSF Coalition Support Funds (U.S.) CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization EEU Eurasian Economic Union (also abbr. EAEU) ETIM East Turkestan Islamic Movement EU European Union EurAsEC Eurasian Economic Community FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Pakistan) FTAAP Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific FCR Frontier Crimes Regulations (Pakistan) GBAO Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast’ (Tajikistan) GDI gross domestic income GDP gross domestic product HPP hydropower plant HuJI Harkat-ul-Jihad Islami IJU Islamic Jihad Union IMU Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan IPI Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline IR International Relations (field of study) IRPT Party of Islamic Renaissance of Tajikistan; a.k.a. Islamic Rebirth Party of Tajikistan, Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan ISAF International
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