HS2118/2618 Academic session 2003-04

SCHOOL OF HISTORICAL STUDIES

Imperialism 1 - The Rise of Imperialism

Module Outline In this lecture/tutorial course, students will be introduced to the historical processes through which British colonial influence spread across the globe. The course concentrates on three main regions: Africa south of the Sahara, Australasia and South Asia. Consideration is also given to the Caribbean and Indian Ocean islands. The socio-economic impact of colonial expansion will be considered in some depth together with early contestations of imperialism.

Short Reading List Given its scope, there is no single text book for this course. The books listed here are all recommended and are available in the University Library and/or from the University Bookshop.

C.A. Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the S. Bose & A. Jalal, Modern South Asia Judith Brown, Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy P.J. Cain & A.G. Hopkins, British Imperialism, volume I. A. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa Stephen Howe, Empire Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore J. Iliffe, Africans; the history of a continent F.W. Knight (ed.), General History of the Caribbean: vol. 3, the slave societies of the Caribbean P. Robinson & J. Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians E. Said, Orientalism

Important works of reference P. J. Marshall (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol.II P. J. Marshall (ed.), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire A. Porter (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol.III A. N. Porter (ed.), Atlas of British Overseas Expansion

Lecture List

1. Introduction: origins and growth of modern empires

C.A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian, chs 1 & 2. F. Braudel, Civilization & Capitalism, vol. 3, ch. 1. P.J. Cain & A.G. Hopkins, British Imperialism Stephen Howe, Empire

2. Explaining Colonial Expansion: theories of imperialism

A. Brewer, Marxist Theories of Imperialism, chs 1, 2 & 6. N. Etherington, Theories of Imperialism D.K. Fieldhouse, Economics & Empire R. Owen & B. Sutcliffe, Studies in the Theory of Imperialism, esp. section on Gallagher & Robinson. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Capitalist World Economy, ch. 1.

3. Orientalism

Philip Curtin, The Image of Africa; British Ideas and Action 1780-1850 S. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man

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Ronald Inden, Imagining India E.W. Said, Orientalism, intro.

4. The

A. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa P. Lovejoy, Transformations in P. Lovejoy, ‘The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: a review article’, JAH, 30 (1989) X19076

5. : imperialist myth?

J. Cobbing, ‘The Mfecane as Alibi’, JAH, 29 (1988). J. Omer-Cooper, ‘Has the Mfecane a Future?’, JSAS, 19, 2 (1993). J.B. Peires, ‘Paradigm Depleted: the materialist explanation of the Mfecane’, JSAS, 19, 2 (1993).

6. Slave societies in the West Indies and Indian Ocean

Anthony J. Barker, Slavery and Antislavery in Mauritius, 1810-1833 F.W. Knight, General History of the Caribbean: vol. 3, the slave societies of the Caribbean Deryck Scarr, Slaving and Slavery in the Indian Ocean

7. Sugar and the World Economy

B. Albert & A. Graves, Crisis and Change in the International Sugar Economy, intro. & ch. 19. X19210. Richard B. Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery, 1623-1775

8. Global Perspectives on Indentured Labour

M. Carter, Servants, Sirdars and Settlers. P.C. Emmer (ed.), Colonialism and Migration: indentured labour before and after slavery A. Graves, ‘Truck and Gifts; Melanesian immigrants and the trade box system in colonial Queensland, P&P, 101 (1983) Robert Miles, Capitalism and Unfree Labour: anomaly or necessity? Kay Saunders (ed.), Indentured Labour in the British Empire, 1834-1920, chs 7 & 8.

9. The Founding of Botany Bay

A. Atkinson, The Europeans in Australia, vol. 1, chs 1-3. Manning Clark, A History of Australia, (Pimlico ed.), pp. 1-148. Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore

10. Australia’s Penal Colonies: convict men and women

Ian Duffield & James Bradley, Representing Convicts Manning Clark, History of Australia (Pimlico ed.), chs 3 & 4. S. Nicholas (ed.), Convict Workers: reinterpretting Australia’s past D. Oxley, Convict Maids. A.G.L. Shaw, Convicts and the Colonies, chs 12-15.

11. The impact of European settlers on the Aborigines (video)

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A. Atkinson, The Europeans in Australia, vol. 1. Manning Clark, A History of Australia, (Pimlico ed.). Special edition of JAusS (1992): Power, Knowledge & Aborigines Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore H. Reynolds, The Other Side of the Frontier, chs 1, 2 & 5.

12. ‘Social’ banditry in Australia

Paula J. Byrne, Criminal Law and Colonial Subject, ch. 5. P. O’Malley, ‘Class Conflict, Land and Social Banditry: Bushranging in Nineteenth-Century Australia’, SP, 26, 3 (1979). H. Maxwell-Stewart, ‘“I could not blame the rangers”; Tasmanian Bushranging, Convicts and Convict Management’, THRA, 42, 3 (Sept. 1995). E. Hobsbawm, Bandits

13. Decline of the Mughal Empire in 18th-century India

C.A. Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, chs 1 & 2. C.A. Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars, intro & ch. 1. S. Bose & A. Jalal, Modern South Asia, ch.8 K. Leonard, ‘The Great Firm Theory of Mughal Decline’, CSSH, 21 (1979). X19091 B. D. Metcalf & T. R. Metcalf, A Concise History of India, ch.3 Burton Stein, A History of India, chs 4 & 5. S. Wolpert, A New History of India, chs 11-13.

14. The 1857 ‘Mutiny’

C. Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, ch. 6. S. Bose & A. Jalal, Modern South Asia, ch.9 Dennis Judd, Empire, ch. 7. B. D. Metcalf & T. R. Metcalf, A Concise History of India, ch.4 R. Mukherjee, ‘“Satan Let Loose upon Earth”: the Kanpur Massacres in the revolt of 1857’, P&P, 128 (1990). E. Stokes, The Peasant and the Raj. S. Wolpert, A New History of India, ch. 15.

15. ‘The Cawnpur Massacre’ (video)

16. The Indian Economy: 1857 to World War I: reindustrialisation?

S. Bose & A. Jalal, Modern South Asia, ch.10 N. Charlesworth, British Rule and the Indian Economy, 1800-1914 W.J. Macpherson, ‘Economic Development in India under the British Crown’, in A.J. Youngson (ed.), Economic Development in the Long Run M.D. Morris (ed.), Indian Economy in the Nineteenth Century; a symposium Dietmar Rothermund, An Economic History of India, chs 4-5. B.R. Tomlinson, New Cambridge History of India: The Economy of Modern India

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Tutorials

Students should sign up for one tutorial group, which will meet four times during the semester. Topics to be covered by each group will be posted on the tutorial lists.

Minor Assignment

With reference to relevant secondary literature, critically analyse ONE of the following sources (1,000-1,500 words):

1 Everywhere the issue of quantitative versus qualitative growth comes up. This is the entire issue of empire. A people limited in number and energy and in the land they occupy have the choice of improving to the utmost the political and economic management of their own land, confining themselves to such accessions of territory as are justified by the most economical disposition of a growing population; or they may proceed, like the slovenly farmer, to spread their power and energy over the whole earth, tempted by the speculative value or the quick profits of some new market, or else by mere greed of territorial acquisition, and ignoring the political and economic wastes and risks involved by this imperial career. It must be clearly understood that this is essentially a choice of alternatives; a full simultaneous application of intensive and extensive cultivation is impossible. A nation may either, following the example of Denmark or Switzerland, put brains into agriculture, develop a finely varied system of public education, general and technical, apply the ripest science to its special manufacturing industries, and so support in progressive comfort and character a considerable population upon a strictly limited area; or it may, like Great Britain, neglect its agriculture, allowing its lands to go out of cultivation and its population to grow up in towns, fall behind other nations in its methods of education and in the capacity of adapting to its uses the latest scientific knowledge, in order that it may squander its pecuniary and military resources in forcing bad markets and finding speculative fields of investment in distant corners of the earth, adding millions of square miles and of unassimilable population to the area of the Empire. The driving forces of class interest which stimulate and support this false economy we have explained. No remedy will serve which permits the future operation of these forces. It is idle to attack Imperialism or Militarism as political expedients or policies unless the axe is laid at the economic root of the tree, and the classes for whose interest Imperialism works are shorn of the surplus revenues which seek this outlet. John A. Hobson, Imperialism A Study (1902).

2 Unlike the Americans, the French and British--less so the Germans, Russians, Spanish, Portuguese, Italians, and Swiss--have had a long tradition of what I shall be calling Orientalism, a way of coming to terms with the Orient that is based on the Orient's special place in European Western Experience. The Orient is not only adjacent to Europe; it is also the place of Europe's greatest and richest and oldest colonies, the source of its civilizations and languages, its cultural contestant, and one of its deepest and most recurring images of the Other. In addition, the Orient has helped to define Europe (or the West) as its contrasting image, idea, personality, experience. Edward Said, Orientalism, New : Vintage, 1979, pp. 1-3.

3 When the ships arrive in the West Indies (the chief mart for this inhuman merchandize), the slaves are disposed as I have before observed by different methods. Sometimes the mode of disposal is that of selling them by what is termed a scramble, and a day is soon fixed for that purpose. Previously the sick or refuse slaves, of which there are frequently many, are usually conveyed on shore and sold at a tavern, by vendue or public auction. These in general are purchased...upon speculation, at so low a price as five or six dollars a head. I was informed by a mulatto woman that she purchased a sick slave at Grenada, upon speculation, for the small sum of one dollar, as the poor wretch was apparently dying of the flux. It seldom happens that any who are carried ashore in the emaciated state to which they are generally reduced by that disorder long survive after their landing. I once saw sixteen conveyed on shore and sold in the foregoing manner, the whole of whom died before I left the island. Sometimes the captains march their slaves through the town at which they intend to dispose of them, and then place them in rows where they are examined and purchased. The mode of selling them by scramble having fallen under my observation the oftenest, I shall be more particular in describing it. Being some years ago, at one of the islands in the West Indies, I was witness to a sale by scramble, where about 250 Negroes were sold. Upon this occasion all the Negroes scrambled for bear an

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equal price; which is agreed upon between the captains and the purchasers before the sale begins. On a day appointed, the Negroes were landed and placed together in a large yard belonging to the merchants to whom the ship was consigned. As soon as the hour agreed on arrived, the doors of the yard were suddenly thrown open and in rushed a considerable number of purchasers, with all the ferocity of brutes. Some instantly seized such of the Negroes as they could conveniently lay hold of with their hands. Others being prepared with several handkerchiefs tied together, encircled as many as they were able. While others, by means of a rope, effected the same purpose. It is scarcely possible to describe the confusion of which this mode of selling is productive. It likewise causes much animosity among the purchasers who not infrequently fall out and quarrel with each other. The poor astonished Negroes were so terrified by these proceedings, that several of them, through fear climbed over the walls of the courtyard and ran wild about the town, but were soon hunted down and retaken....

Source: Alexander Falconbridge, An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa (London, 1788).

4 - Broken-down Squatter • Chorus: And the banks are all broken they say And the merchants are all up a tree When the bigwigs are brought to the bankruptcy court What chance for a squatter like me

Come, Stumpy, old man, we must shift whilst we can All your mates in the paddock are dead We must bid a farewell to Glen Even's fair dell The place where your master was bred Together we'll roam from our drought-stricken home It seems hard that such things have to be And it's hard on a horse when he's nought for a boss But a broken-down squatter like me

No more we shall muster the river for fats Nor spiel on the Fifteen Mile Plain Nor rip through the scrub by the light of the moon Nor see the old homestead again Leave the slip-panels down, they don't matter much now For there's none but the crows left to see Sitting gaunt on a pine as though longing to dine On a broken-down squatter like me

When the country was cursed with the drought at its worst And the cattle were dying in scores Though down on my luck, I kept up my pluck Thinking justice might temper the laws But the farce has been played, and the Government aid Ain't extended to squatters, old son When my money was spent, they doubled the rent And resumed the best half of the run

'Twas done without reason, for leaving the season No squatter could stand such a rub For it's useless to squat when the rents are so hot You can't save the price of your grub For there's not much to choose 'twixt the banks and the screws Once a fella gets put up a tree No odds what I feel, there's no Court of Appeal For a broken-down squatter like me [Charles Augustus Flower (1894)]

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5 Our conquest there, after twenty years, is as crude as it was the first day. The natives scarcely know what it is to see the grey head of an Englishman. Young men (boys almost) govern there, without society, and without sympathy with the natives. They have no more social habits with the people, than if they still resided in England; nor, indeed, any species of intercourse but that which is necessary to making a sudden fortune, with a view to a remote settlement. Animated with all the avarice of age, and all the impetuosity of youth, they roll in one after another; wave after wave; and there is nothing before the eyes of the natives but an endless, hopeless prospect of new flights of birds of prey and passage, with appetites continually renewing for a food that is continually wasting. Every rupee of profit made by an Englishman is lost forever to India. With us are no retributory superstitions, by which a foundation of charity compensates, through ages, to the poor, for the rapine and injustice of a day. With us no pride erects stately monuments which repair the mischiefs which pride had produced, and which adorn a country out of its own spoils. England has erected no churches, no hospitals, no palaces, no schools; England has built no bridges, made no high roads, cut no navigations, dug out no reservoirs. Every other conqueror of every other description has left some monument, either of state or beneficence, behind him. Were we to be driven out of India this day, nothing would remain, to tell that it had been possessed, during the inglorious period of our dominion, by any thing better than the ourang-ourang or the tiger. Edmund Burke, Speech in Commons on India (1783).

Source: D. B. Horn and Mary Ransome (eds.), English Historical Documents, 1714-1783 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1957), pp. 821-822.

6 In the distribution of female convicts great abuses have formerly prevailed; they were indiscriminately given to such of the inhabitants as demanded them, and were in general received rather as prostitutes than as servants; and so far from being induced to reform themselves, the disgraceful manner in which they were disposed of, operated as an encouragement to general depravity of manners. Upon the arrival of Governor Bligh, two-thirds of the children annually born within the Colony were illegitimate. Marriages have latterly become more frequent, consequently prostitution is stated to have been less prevalent; and Governor Macquarie is directing his endeavours, under order from the Government here, "to keep the female convicts separate till they can properly be distributed among the inhabitants, in such a manner as they may best derive the advantages of industry and good character." He further states in his dispatch, dated April 30, 1810, that the situation in the Colony requires that as many male convicts as possible should be sent thither, the prosperity of the country depending on their numbers; whilst, on the contrary, female convicts are as a great a drawback as the others are beneficial. To this observation Your Committee feel they cannot accede: they are aware that the women sent out are of the most abandoned description, and that in many instances they are likely to whet and encourage the vices of the men, whilst but a small proportion of them will make any step towards reformation; but yet, with all their vices, such women as these were the mothers of a great part of the inhabitants now existing in the Colony, and from this stock only can a reasonable hope be held out of a rapid increase to the population; upon which increase, here as in all infant colonies, its growing prosperity in great measure depends. Let it be remembered too, how much misery and vice are likely to prevail in a society in which women bear no proportion to the men; in the Colony at present, the number of men compared to that of women is as 2 to 1; to this, in great measure, the prevalence of prostitution is reasonably to be attributed; but increase that proportion, and the temptation to abandoned vices will also be increased, and the hopes of establishing feelings of decency and morality amongst the lower classes will be still farther removed. Source: Report of Select Committee on Transportation, p.12 P.P. 1812, II, 341.

7. Assess and comment on trends as shown in Tables A9 and A10 with reference to the secondary literature.

8. Assess and comment on trends as shown in Figs 4.1, 4.3 and 4.4 with reference to the secondary literature.

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Tables A9 & A10

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Figs 4.1, 4.3 and 4.4

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Essay Questions

Students should write 2,500-3,000 words on one of the following questions. You are not expected to read everything on the lists, but to read as widely as possible. The course lecturer will be pleased to see those in doubt or in need of further advice.

Items marked ‘X’ are stored as offprints in the short loan section of the university library.

1. Are Marxist theories of imperialism useful in understanding British colonial expansion in the 19th century?

A. Brewer, Marxist Theories of Imperialism, chs 1, 2 & 6. N. Etherington, Theories of Imperialism. D.K. Fieldhouse, Economics & Empire. D.K. Fieldhouse, ‘Imperialism: an historiographical revision’, EcHR, 14 (1961-2). D. Kennedy, ‘Imperial History and Postcolonialism’, JICH, 24 (1996). X19077. V.I. Lenin, Imperialism: the highest stage of capitalism. R. Owen & B. Sutcliffe, Studies in the Theory of Imperialism. E. Stokes, ‘Late 19th-century colonial expansion and the attack on economic imperialism: a case of mistaken identity?’, HJ, 12, 2 (1969). Immanuel Wallerstein, The Capitalist World Economy, ch. 1. Patrick Wolfe , ‘History and Imperialism; a century of theory from Marx to postcolonialism’, AmHR, 102, 2 (April 1997).

2. Is Edward Said’s theory of Orientalism convincing?

Michael Adas, Machines As the Measure of Men Lucy Carroll, ‘Colonial Perceptions of Indian Society’, JAS, 37 (1978). X18988. S. Chakravarty, The Raj Syndrome: a study in imperial perceptions Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge Philip Curtin, The Image of Africa; British Ideas and Action 1780-1850 M. Daunton (ed.), Empire and Others: British Encounters With Indigenous Peoples, 1600-1850 S. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man E. Hobsbawm & T. Ranger, The Invention of Tradition, intro & chs 5-6. Ronald Inden, Imagining India Ronald Inden, ‘Orientalist constructions of India’, MAS, 20 (1986). X18911. R. Kabbani, Europe’s Myths of Orient D. Kennedy, ‘Imperial History and Postcolonialism’, JICH, 24 (1996). X19077. J.M. MacKenzie, Orientalism: History, Theory & the Arts, ch. 1. Benita Parry, Delusions and Discoveries: studies on India in the British imagination R. Lewis, Gendering Orientalism; race, femininity and representation Thomas Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj E.W. Said, Orientalism E.W. Said, Culture & Imperialism

3. Critically evaluate the claim that the Atlantic slave trade was responsible for the ‘under- development’ of Africa.

P.D. Curtin, Economic Change in Pre-colonial Africa P.D. Curtin, Africa Remembered: narratives by West Africans from the era of the slave trade P. Curtin, African History P. Curtin, Atlantic Slave Trade: a census. Paul Edwards & David Dabydeen, Black Writers in Britain 1760-1890, pp. 54-69. D. Eltis & L. Jennings, ‘Trade between Western Africa and the Atlantic World in the Pre-colonial Era’, AHR, 93 (1988). J.J. Ewald, ‘ and the Slave Trades from Africa’ (review article), AmHR, 2 (April 1992). J. Fage, ‘Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History’, JAH, 10, 3 (1969).

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J. Fage, A History of West Africa J. Gemery & J. Hogendorn, ‘Technological Change, Slavery and the Slave Trade’, in C. Dewey & A.G. Hopkins (eds), The Imperial Impact A. Hopkins, Economic History of West Africa J. Iliffe, Africans; the history of a continent, ch. 7. J.E. Inikori (ed.), Forced Migration J. Inikori & S. Engerman, ‘Introduction: Gainers & Losers in the Atlantic Slave Trade’, in J. Inikori & S. Engerman (eds), The Atlantic Slave Trade; effects on economies, societies and peoples in Africa, the Americas and Europe M. Klein, ‘The impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on the societies of the Western Sudan’, in J. Inikori & S. Engerman (eds), The Atlantic Slave Trade; effects on economies, societies and peoples in Africa, the Americas and Europe P. Lovejoy, ‘The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa; a review article’, JAH, 30 (1989) X19076 P. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery P. Manning, Slavery and African Life P. Manning (ed.), Slave Trades 1500-1800 D. Northrup, Trade Without Rulers D. Richardson, ‘Slave Exports from west and west-central Africa, 1700-1810’, in JAH, (1989). D. Richardson, ‘The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660-1807’, in P.J. Marshall (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire: the eighteenth century (volume 2) W. Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, ch. 4. J. Thornton, ‘Sexual Demography; the impact of the slave trade on family structure’, in C. Robertson & M. Klein (eds), Women & Slavery in Africa C.C. Wrigley, ‘Historicism in Africa: slavery and state formation’, AA, 70, 279 (1971). X19081

4. Analyse the nature of slave resistance in the Caribbean, and evaluate its significance.

Richard B. Allen, ‘Marronage and the Maintenance of Public Order in Mauritius, 1721-1835’, S&A, 4, 3 (April 1993), pp. 214-31. X19083 Anthony J. Barker, Slavery and Antislavery in Mauritius, 1810-1833, esp. chs 7-8. Peter Burroughs, ‘The Mauritius Rebellion of 1832 and the Abolition of British Colonial Slavery’, JICH 4, 3 (1976) Paul Edwards & David Dabydeen, Black Writers in Britain 1760-1890, ch. 13. B.W. Higman, Slave Populations of the British Caribbean B.W. Higman, Slave Population and Economy in Jamaica, 1807-1834 Howard Johnson, The Bahamas from Slavery to Freedom F.W. Knight, General History of the Caribbean: vol. 3, the slave societies of the Caribbean Barbara Kopytoff, ‘The Early Political Development of Jamaican Maroon Societies’, WMQ, 3, 35 (1978). Gad Heuman (ed.), Out of the House of Bondage; Runaways, Resistance and Marronage in Africa and the New World. Hilary McD. Beckles, ‘Taking liberties: enslaved women and anti-slavery in the Caribbean’, in Clare Midgley (ed.), Gender and Imperialism. J.E. Mason, ‘The Slaves and their protectors: reforming resistance in a slave society, the , 1826- 1834’, JSAS, 17, 1 (March 1991). Richard Price, Maroon Societies, especially section V (Jamaica).

5. What is the most plausible explanation for the ‘Mfecane’?

J. Cobbing, ‘The Mfecane as Alibi’, JAH, 29 (1988) E.A. Eldredge, ‘Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, 1800-1830’, JAH, 33, 1 (1992) E.A. Eldredge & F. Morton (eds), Slavery in ; Captive Labour on the Dutch Frontier C.A. Hamilton, ‘“An appetite for the past”: the recreation of Shaka’, SAHJ, 22 (1990) C.A. Hamilton, ‘“The Character and Objects of Shaka”‘, JAH, 33, 1 (1992) P. Harries, ‘Slavery, Social Incorporation and Surplus Extraction’, JAH, 22 (1981) J.B. Peires, ‘Paradigm Depleted: the materialist interpretation of the Mfecane’, JSAS, 19, 2 (1993) J. Omer-Cooper, ‘Has the Mfecane a Future?’, JSAS, 19, 2 (1993) J. Wright, ‘Political Mythology and the Making of the Mfecane’, Canadian Journal of African Studies, 23, 2 (1989)

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6. Describe and analyse the development of the indentured labour system in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Richard B. Allen, ‘The Slender, Sweet Thread: sugar, capital and dependency in Mauritius, 1860-1936’, JICH, XVI, 2 (January 1988) Anthony J. Barker, Slavery and Antislavery in Mauritius, 1810-33; The Conflict Between Economic Expansion and Humanitarian Reform Under British Rule Anthony J. Barker, ‘Distorting the Record of Slavery & Abolition: The British Anti-Slavery Society Movement & Mauritius, 1826-37’, S&A, 14, 3 (December 1993). X19082. Crispin Bates & Marina Carter, ‘Tribal and Indentured Migrants in Colonial India: Modes of Recruitment and Forms of Incorporation’, in Peter Robb (ed.), Dalit Movements and the Meanings of Labour in India B. Benedict, ‘Slavery and Indenture in Mauritius and Seychelles’, in J.L. Watson (ed.), Asian and African Systems of Slavery. X19150 O. Nigel Bolland, ‘Systems of Domination After Slavery: the control of land and labour in the British West Indies after 1838’, CSSH, 23 (1981) M. Carter & H. Gerbeau, ‘Covert Slaves and Coveted in the Early 19th Century Mascareignes’, W. G. Clarence-Smith (ed.), The Economics of the in the Nineteenth Century Marina Carter, ‘The Transition from Slave to Indentured Labour in Mauritius’, S&A, 14, 1 (April 1993), 114- 30. X19058. Marina Carter, Servants, Sirdars and Settlers Marina Carter, Voices from Indenture Marina Carter (ed.), Colouring the Rainbow Marina Carter (ed.), Forging the Rainbow D. Kumar, ‘Colonialism, Bondage and Caste in British India’, in Martin A. Klein, Breaking the Chains: Slavery, Bondage and Emancipation in Modern Africa and Asia Brij V. Lal, ‘Labouring Men and Nothing More: Some Problems of Indian Indenture in Fiji’, in Kay Saunders (ed.), Indentured Labour in the British Empire, 1834-1920) Robert Miles, Capitalism and Unfree Labour: anomaly or necessity? M.D. North-Coombes, ‘From slavery to indenture: in the political economy of Mauritius 1834- 1867’, in Kay Saunders (ed.), Indentured Labour in the British Empire, 1834-1920) D Northrup (ed.), Indentured Labor in the Age of Imperialism, 1834-1915 G. Prakash, Bonded Histories: genealogies of labor servitude in colonial India, intro. & conc. G. Prakash, ‘Terms of Servitude: The Colonial Discourse on Slavery and Bondage in India’, in Martin A. Klein, Breaking the Chains: Slavery, Bondage and Emancipation in Modern Africa and Asia Anthony Reid, ‘The Decline of Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Indonesia’, in Martin A. Klein, Breaking the Chains: Slavery, Bondage and Emancipation in Modern Africa and Asia Kay Saunders (ed.), Indentured Labour in the British Empire, 1834-1920 Hugh Tinker, A New System of Slavery

7. Analyse the factors that caused sugar producers in Queensland to turn to the Pacific for their labour supply during the late 19th century.

B. Albert & A. Graves, Crisis and Change in the International Sugar Economy, intro & ch. 19. R. Bedford, ‘A Transition in Circular Mobility’, in H. Brookfield (ed.), The Pacific in Transition T. Brass, ‘Contextualising Sugar Production in Nineteenth-Century Queensland’, S&A, 15, 1 (April 1994). X19059. A. Graves, Cane & Labour A. Graves, ‘Truck and Gifts; Melanesian immigrants and the trade box system in colonial Queensland, P&P, 101 (1983) A. Graves, ‘Colonialism and Indentured Labour Migration in the Western Pacific, 1840-1915’, in P.C. Emmer (ed.), Colonialism and Migration: indentured labour before and after slavery. D. Munro, ‘The Pacific Islands Labour Trade’, S&A, 14, 2 (1993). X19092 Kay Saunders (ed.), Indentured Labour in the British Empire, 1834-1920, chs 7 & 8. R. Schlomovitz, ‘Markets for Indentures and Time Expired Melanesian Labour in Queensland, 1863- 1906’, Journal of Pacific History, 16 (1982). X19071.

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8. How is the establishment of a white settlement at Botany Bay best explained? Discuss with reference to the historiography.

A. Atkinson, ‘The First Plan for Governing New South Wales, 1786-1787’, AHS, 24, 94 (1990) A. Atkinson, ‘Breaking the bounds with Lord Sydney, Evan Nepean and others’, AHS, 25, 99 (1992) A. Atkinson, The Europeans in Australia, vol. 1, chs 1-3. N. Butlin, ‘Contours of the Australian Economy 1788-1860’, AJPH, 32, 2 (1986) G.C. Bolton, ‘The Hollow Conqueror: flax and the foundation of Australia’, Australian Economic History Review, 8 1 (1968). X19097 Paul Carter, The Road to Botany Bay; an essay in spatial history, intro & ch. 1. Manning Clark, A History of Australia A. Frost, Convicts and Empire; a naval question M.Gillen, ‘The Botany Bay Decision, 1786: Convicts not Empire’, EHR, XCVII (1982) Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore D. Mackay, ‘Far-Flung Empire; a neglected imperial outpost at Botany Bay, 1788-1801’, JICH, 9 (1981) D. Mackay, ‘“Banished to Botany Bay”: the fate of the relentless historian’, AHS, 25, 99 (1992) David Meredith, ‘Full Circle’, in Stephen Nicholas (ed.), Convict Workers S. Nicholas & Peter R. Shergold, ‘Transportation as Global Migration’, in Stephen Nicholas (ed.), Convict Workers Eris O’Brien, The Foundation of Australia, ch. 1. A.G.L Shaw, Convicts and the Colonies, ch. 2.

9. Were the convicts shipped from Great Britain to Australia a ‘criminal class’? Discuss with reference to the historiography.

G.J. Abbot, ‘Was Labour Scarce in the 1830s? A Comment’, AEHR, 12, 2 (Sept. 1972) A. Atkinson, The Europeans in Australia, vol. 1, chs 1-3. Manning Clark, A History of Australia Joy Damousi, Depraved and Disorderly I. Donnachie, ‘The Convicts of 1830: Scottish criminals transported to New South Wales’, SHR, LXV, 1 (April 1986) I. Donnachie, ‘Utterly Irreclaimable: Scottish convict women and Australia, 1787-1852’, Journal of Regional and Local Studies, 8, 2 (1988). X19040. Ian Duffield, ‘From Slave Colonies to Penal Colonies: the West Indian transportees to Australia’, S&A, 7, 1 (1986). X19056. Ian Duffield & James Bradley (eds), Representing Convicts (chapters by Damousi, Reid, Oxley & Maxwell- Stewart) L.C. Duly, ‘“Hottentots to Hobart and Sydney”; the Cape Supreme Court’s use of transportation 1828-1838’, AJPH, 25, 1 (1979). Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore V.C. Malherbe, ‘Khoikhoi and the Question of Transportation from the Cape Colony’, SAHJ, 17 (1985). X19043 S. Nicholas (ed.), Convict Workers: reinterpretting Australia’s past D. Oxley, Convict Maids: the forced migration of women to Australia G. Rudé, Protest and Punishment; the story of the Social and Political Protesters Transported to Australia, 1788- 1868 A.G.L. Shaw, Convicts and the Colonies, chs 12-15. P. Tardif, Notorious Strumpets and Dangerous Girls; Convict Women in Van Diemen’s Land 1803-1829, intro.

10. ‘The Aboriginal response to invasion was positive, creative and complex.’ Discuss.

J. Allen et. al., Sunda and Sahul; prehistoric studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia A. Atkinson, The Europeans in Australia, vol. 1. A. Atkinson, ‘The Ethics of Conquest, 1786’, AbH, 6 (1982) B. Attwood, ‘Aboriginal History’, AJPH, 41 (1995) B. Attwood, ‘Aborigines and Academic Historians: some recent encounters’, AHS, 24, 94 (Apr 1990) Judith Bassett, ‘The Faithful Massacre at the Broken River, 1838’, JAusS, 24 (1989). X19089 R.M. Berndt, The World of the First Australians

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G. Blainey, The Triumph of the Nomads Gordon Briscoe, ‘Aboriginal Australian Identity: the historiography of relations between indigenous ethnic groups and other Australians, 1788-1988’, HWJ, 36 (1993) Noel Butlin, ‘Macassans and Aboriginal Smallpox: the 1789 and 1829 epidemics’, HS, 21, 84 (1985) J. Campbell, ‘Smallpox in Aboriginal Australia, 1829-1831’, HS, 20,81 (1983) J. Campbell, ‘Smallpox in Aboriginal Australia; the early 1830s’, HS, 21, 84 (1985) P. Carter, The Road to Botany Bay; an essay in spatial history, ch. 11. Manning Clark, A History of Australia Ian B. Clark, The Port Philip Journals of G.A. Robinson A. Davidson, The Invisible State, ch. 3. A. Frost, ‘New South Wales as Terra Nullius: the British Denial of Aboriginal Land Rights’, HS, 19, 71 (1981) Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore A. McGrath, ‘The White Man’s Looking Glass; aboriginal-colonial gender relations at Port Jackson’, AHS, 24, 95 (1990) David R. Moore, Islanders and Aborigines at Cape York M. Pearson, ‘Bathurst Plains and Beyond: European colonisation and Aboriginal resistance’, AbH, 8 (1984) B. Reece, ‘Inventing Aborigines’, AbH, 11, 1 (1987). H. Reynolds, The Other Side of the Frontier M. Sahlins, Stone Age Economics C. Schrire (ed.), Past and Present in Hunter-Gatherer Societies A.G.L. Shaw, ‘British Policy Towards the Australian Aborigines’, AHS, 99 (Oct 1992) Sharman N. Stone, Aborigines in White Australia, chs 1-4. Robert Travers, The Tasmanians E. Williams, Complex Hunter Gatherers J. Woolmington, ‘The Civilisation/Christianisation Debate and the Australian Aborigines’, AbH, 10 (1986)

11. How well does Eric Hobsbawm’s category of the ‘social bandit’ describe the nature of bushranging in nineteenth-century Australia?

Alan Atkinson, The Europeans in Australia A. Blok, ‘The Peasantry and the Brigand: social banditry reconsidered’, CSSH, 14 (1972) Paula J. Byrne, Criminal Law and Colonial Subject, ch. 5. R.W. Connell & T.H. Irving, Class Structure in Australian History B. Gammage, ‘Who Gained and Who Was Meant to Gain From Land Selection in NSW?’, AHS, 24, 94 (April 1990) E. Hobsbawm, Bandits E. Hobsbawm, ‘Peasants and Politics’, JPS, 1, 1 (1973). E. Hobsbawm, ‘Social Banditry’ in H.Landsberger, Rural Protest, Peasant Movements and Social Change. Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore, ch. 7. P. O’Malley, ‘Class Conflict, Land and Social Banditry: Bushranging in Nineteenth-Century Australia’, SP, 26, 3 (1979) P. O’Malley, ‘Social Bandits, Modern Capitalism and the Traditional Peasantry; a critique of Eric Hobsbawm’, JPS, 6, 4 (1979) Manning Clark, A History of Australia H. Maxwell-Stewart, ‘“I could not blame the rangers”; Tasmanian Bushranging, Convicts and Convict Management’, THRA, 42, 3 (Sept. 1995). X19119 G. Seal, The Outlaw Legend: a cultural tradition in Britain, America and Australia R.B. Walker, ‘Bushranging: fact and legend’, Historical Studies, 41-44, 11 (1963-5). Russell Ward, The Australian Legend

12. How can British expansion in the Indian subcontinent be most satisfactorily explained?

C.A. Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, chs 1-2. C.A. Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars, intro & ch. 1. P. Calkins, ‘The formation of a regionally-oriented ruling group in Bengal, 1700-1740’, JAS (1970) S.N. Gordon, The Marathas J.C. Heesterman, The Inner Conflict of Tradition, ch. 11. D.H.A. Kolff, Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy

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H. Kulke & D. Rothermund, A History of India, ch. 5. K. Leonard, ‘The Great Firm Theory of Mughal Decline’, CSSH, 21 (1979). X19091. P.J. Marshall, Bengal: The British Bridgehead, ch. 1. P.J. Marshall, East India Fortunes Pamela Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, 1784-1806 Pearson, Richards & Hardy, Debate on the decline of the Mughal Empire, JAS, 35 (1975-6), p. 221ff. T. Raychaudhuri, ‘The mid-eighteenth century background’, in D. Kumar (ed.), Cambridge Economic History of India, vol. II. J.F. Richards, The Mughal Empire, chs 10-12. Burton Stein, A History of India, chs 4-5. D. Washbrook, ‘Progress and Problems: South Asian economic and social history, c.1720-1860’, MAS (1988) S. Wolpert, A New History of India, chs 12-13.

13. ‘The 1857 uprising involved many groups with diverse grievances.’ Discuss.

C.A. Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, ch. 6. G. Bhadra, ‘Four rebels of 1857’, SS vol. IV. E.I. Brodkin, ‘The struggle for succession’, MAS (1972). X19036. A.T. Embree (ed.), India in 1857: the revolt against foreign rule R. Guha, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency and review by Siddiqi in CIS, 18, 1 (1984) R. Guha, ‘The prose of counter-insurgency’, SS vol. II. R. Mukherjee, ‘“Satan Let Loose upon Earth”: the Kanpur Massacres in the revolt of 1857’, P&P, 128 (1990). Jane Robinson, Angels of Albion B. Stein, A History of India E.T. Stokes, The Peasant and the Raj S. Wolpert, A New History of India, ch. 15.

14. Discuss the most significant features of the Indian economy under British colonial rule in the period 1857-1914.

Neil Charlesworth, British Rule and the Indian Economy I.D. Derbyshire, ‘Economic Change and the Railways in North India, 1860-1914’, MAS, 21, 3 (1987) Clive Dewey (ed.), Arrested Development in India Clive Dewey, ‘The end of the imperialism of free trade’, in Hopkins & Dewey (eds), The Imperial Impact R.C. Dutt, Economic History of India in the Victorian Age, sections on railways, trade, irrigation & manufacture Irfan Habib, ‘Studying a Colonial Economy - without perceiving colonialism’, in ‘The Cambridge Economic History of India and Beyond’, MAS (1985) John Hurd, ‘Railways’, in D. Kumar (ed.), The Cambridge Economic History of India G. Johnson (ed.), ‘The Cambridge Economic History of India and Beyond’, MAS (1985) D. Kumar, ‘The Dangers of Manichaeism’, in ‘The Cambridge Economic History of India and Beyond’, MAS (1985) M.D. Morris, ‘The Growth of Large-Scale Industry to 1947’, in D. Kumar (ed.), The Cambridge Economic History of India M.D. Morris et. al., Indian Economy in the 19th century: a symposium D. Rothermund, An Economic History of India B.R. Tomlinson, The Economy of Modern India, c.1860-1970, intro. Elizabeth Whitcombe, ‘Irrigation’, in D. Kumar (ed.), The Cambridge Economic History of India

Reading List: Journal Abbreviations The following journals are used on this course. If the library does not have holdings of the journals (or hold the year of the journal your require) check for offprints in the short loan section. To find journal articles on the reading lists, students should check the catalogue under the journal title, NOT the name of the author of the article. Offprints stored in the short loan section are, however, additionally recorded in the catalogue under the author’s name.

AbH Aboriginal History

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AA African Affairs AEHR Australian Economic History Review AmHR American Historical Review AHS Australian Historical Studies AJPH Australian Journal of Politics and History AusS Australian Studies AS African Studies CSSH Contemporary Studies in Society and History EHR European History Review EcHR Economic History Review FR Feminist Review HJ Historical Journal HS Historical Studies (Australia & New Zealand) HW History Workshop IESHR Indian Economic and Social History Review JAH Journal of African History JAS Journal of Asian Studies JAusS Journal of Australian Studies JBS Journal of British Studies JICH Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History JPS Journal of Peasant Studies JSAS Journal of South African Studies MAS Modern Asian Studies P&P Past and Present R&C Race and Class S&A Slavery and Abolition SP Social Problems SS Subaltern Studies (NOT a journal: an ongoing series of books) THRA Tasmanian Historical Research Association

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