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University of Cape Town, 1997, Supervisor Associate-Professor Nigel Anthony Worden

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University of Cape Town, 1997, Supervisor Associate-Professor Nigel Anthony Worden The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University THE ADMISSION OF SLAVES AND 'PRIZE SLAVES' INTO THE CAPE COLONY, 1797-1818 The financial assistance of the Centre for Science Development (HSRC, South Africa) towards Townhis research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the Centre for Science Development. Cape of Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in the Department of History, University of Cape Town, 1997, Supervisor Associate-Professor Nigel Anthony Worden. University Michael Charles Reidy BA(Hons. History) £,<-, . j~ ~ ; t,,~,,", ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many helpers have contributed to the piecing together of this thesis. The HSRC provided me with two years of financial assistance (1995 and 1996) on the recommendation of my supervisor, Nigel Worden.~igel's recommendation was the least of his services. Nigel is a first class supervisor and I, c. second class student. My parents, Judy and Jeremy Reidy, and my uncle, Vernon Lindsay, provided me with emotional and financial support. I would like to thank my teachers: Edna Bradlow, Mr Bernade, Trudy Eliot, Cedric Finlayson, Yvonne Gore, Grant Heale, :'ligel Penn, Howard Phillips, Pat van der Spuy, Alan Webster and Town Nigel Worden. Nigel Pem and Nigel Worden were particularly generous with their knowledge, time and constJUctive criticism. I would like to thank the staff of the History Department at the Universily of Cape Town for theirCape invaluable assistance to me during the writing of this project, and Clver the years, particularly:of Janet De Waal, Maureen Gallon and Sheila Neumann. I would also like to thank Mandy Findeis (Postgraduate Students) and Paula Foley (Postgraduate Scholarships) for their personable assistance albeit in an administrative capacity. I would like to thank the personnel of of the State Archives (Cape Town), the South African Library (CapeUniversity Town), the Gubbins Library (Johannesburg), the Brenthurst Library (Johannesburg) and the African Studies Centre at the University of Cape Town. The services of the following people were indispensible: Andrew Bailey, Margie Brand, Donald Conroy, Adrian Geekie, Gordon Glynn-Jones, Teena-Lee Kroon, Robyn Kroon, Kim Leibhammer, Graham Meyer, the Osborne Family, Claire Reidy, Paula Reidy, Michaela Ritchies, Mother Simla, Mc,nique Thelander and Vanessa van den Bergh. This thesis is dedicated to the one who walks and does not walk. Town Cape of University CONTENTS Abstract Map 1. Map of the south-(~t African coast Introduction: The admission of slaves and 'prize slaves' into the Cape colony, 1797-1818 p.l-l0 Chapter I: Background to slave importation to the Cape at the tum of the 19th century p.11-32 Chapter II: Slave importation to the Cape during the first British occupation, 1797-1 S03 Townp.33-62 Chapter III: The admission of slaves and 'Negro apprf''ltices' at the Cape, 1803-1818 Cape p.63-84 Chapter IV: Cape Town's slave market, 1797-1808of p.85-109 Conclusion p.ll0-113 Appendix I: Table of slave boats and slave cargoes at the Cape, 1797-1808 University Appendix II: Table of slave boats and 'prize' boats at the Cape, 1808-1818 Bibliography ABSTRACT This study supports the thesis that slaves were admitted into the Cape colony by the Cape colonial government, even though the government was opposed to slave importation in principle and law (Slave Trade Act, 1807) from 1797-1818. The colonial demand for slaves was at its height after the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie's (VOC) capitulation to the British in 1795. This demand forced the first British occupation government to forgo their anti -slave trade principles and accede to a limited importation of slaves into the colony. Portuguese colonial and British colonial merchants, therefore, arranged for the importation of a regular supply of slaves from the northern coast of Mozambique to the colony c.1799. The British colonial government's strict regulation and supervisionTown of slave importation to the Cape, however, led to covert slave importation on the part of Portuguese and British colonial slave merchants (1797-1808). This slave traffic wasCape terminated by the Slave Trade Act (1807). Thereafter, 'Negro apprenticeship' was implemented,of 1808-1818. Given the covert nature of slave importation to the Cape and the controversies arising out of 'N egro apprenticeship', research on slave importation to the Cape at the tum of the 19th century is a tricky task.University The history of slave importation to the Cape at the tum of the 19th century is presented from the perspective of official documentation. There is little information on slave merchants. The official documentation, therefore, used in this project comprised: descriptions of the Cape colony relative to the demand for imported slave labour at the Cape; shipping registers; petitions for the importation of slaves; responses from Cape governors to the petitions of Cape slave merchants; Commissions of Inquiry into matters relating to slave importation; and, advertisements for the sale of imported slaves. L _ The study of slave importation to the Cape from 1797-1818 has not been given the treatment it deserves by historians. This state of affairs is attributable to the lack of a uniform source on slave importation at the tum of the 19th century. This study, therefore, is a revision of the history of slave importation to the Cape from 1797-1818. It is also an original contribution to the existing literature on slavery and slave importation. This study doubles the numbers of previous studies on the admission of slaves and 'prize slaves' into the colony from 1797-1818. These numbers are significant not only from a revisionist point of view: they are proof of the inability of the British colonial government to stem slave importation to the Cape from 1797 to 1818. This study provides two detailed appendices which contain information on slave boats which passed the Cape from 1797-1818. These appendices should prove useful to historians Town of the slavery and the Cape colony. Cape of University N A o o Cabo Delgado M09ambique Town DelaRoa Boy Cape of o 200 400 University Kilometres Map I. Coast of south-eastern Africa in the early nineteenth century This map appears in Elizabeth Elderedge, 'SoUrces of Conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800-1830: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered', in Journal of African History, 33 (1992), p.l-35; the article appears in, Hamilton Carolyn, The Mfecane Aftennath: Reconstructive Debates in Southern African History, (Johannesburg, 1995), p.122. Page 1 Introduction: The admission of slaves and 'prize slaves' into the Cape colony, 1797-1818. This thesis examines the admission of slaves and 'prize slaves' into the Cape colony during a period when the colonial government was opposed to slave importation, 1797-1818. Relevant information on the admission of slaves and 'prize slaves' is contained in Appendices I and II. This thesis demonstrates how the Cape colonial government attempted to limit slave importation to the Cape (1797-1807). It also examines the introduction of British anti-slave trade legislation (1807) at the Cape. This thesis examines, and gives evidence of, the continual flow of Mozambican slaves and 'prize slaves' into the colony from 1797-1818. It therefore demonstrates the extent to which historians have underestimatedTown slave importation to the Cape from 1797-1818. Cape There are no monographic studies on slaveof importation to the Cape from 1797 to 1818. Secondary literature on slave importation to the Cape on this period is, therefore, insufficient. Slave importation to the Cape has not been treated as an historical theme in its own right. University ,., Page 2 Hermann Giliomee 1 and W.M Freund2 have incorporated slave importation in their studies of the first British occupation (1795-1803) and the Dutch Batavian administration (1803-1806). Empirically, they provide only outlines of slave importation to the Cape, 1795-1806. These studies, which are 'political' and 'societal' in approach, have not examined the economic and geographic workings of slave importation to the Cape. James Armstrong, Nigel Worden3 and Robert Shell have based their research pertaining to the first British occupation and the Dutch Batavian Administration on the work of Giliomee and Freund4. This thesis, however, differs IHermann Giliomee, Die Kaap Tydens die Eerste Britse Bewind 1795-1803, (Cape Town, 1975), (Hereafter, Eerste Britse Bewind), p.125, 139, 182-184 andTown 258. This study focusses on political interrelationships between the constituent population 'groups' of the Cape within the context of British rule. Giliomee uses the old reference numbers for the Cape Archives (CA), British Occupation series (BO). Robert Ross, 'The Last Years of the Slave Trade to the Cape Colony', in WillLm Clarence Gervase-Smith,Cape The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century, (London, 1989), p.209-220. Although this article is a good overview of slave importation to the Cape duringof the late 18th century, it is inaccurate. H. L. G Swart, 'Die ontwikkeling van handel aan die Kaap tussen die jare 1795-1806' (M.A., Economics Dept., UCT, 1949), (Hereafter, 'Die ontwikkeling': slave importation from 1795- 1806, P .132-147. Chapter III of this thesis is a reworking of my essay, 'Slavery and the Slave Trade at the Cape during the first British occupation, 1795-1803', (B.A Hons., History Dept., UCT, 1993). Marc Bloch's book of discrete essays on medieval European slavery, Slavery and Serfdom in the Middle Ages, (transl.
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