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New Contree, No. 59 (May 2010) New Contree, No. 59 (May 2009) New Contree, No. 59 (May 2010) New Contree No. 59 (May 2010) A journal of Historical and Human Sciences for Southern Africa New Contree, No. 59 (May 2009) New Contree is an interdisciplinary focussed peer reviewed journal within the Historical and Human Sciences published by the School of Basic Sciences, Vaal Triangle Campus, North-West University. To accommodate more articles from a variety of Historical and Human Sciences disciplines (that especially reflects a fundamental historical approach), this Journal has slightly altered its name from 2008. Opinions expressed or conclusions arrived at in articles and book reviews are those of the authors and are not to be regarded as those of the North-West University or the editorial staff of New Contree. Two editions of New Contree are annually published. Articles appearing in New Contree are abstracted and/or indexed in Index to South African periodicals, Historical Abstracts, and America: History and Life. The Journal is also listed in The Bowker International Serials Database(New York), The Serials Directory (Birmingham, USA), The International African Bibliography (London) and Ebsco Host. The New Contree. A journal of Historical and Human Sciences for Southern Africa, is mainly published in English though all the officially accepted languages in South Africa are accommodated in all editions. Notes for contributors Manuscripts, in any of the official languages, not exceeding fifteen pages (approx, (one and a half spacing, 12 font) and on a CD disk or sent via electronic mail to the editor as an attachment in WORD are welcome. A summary/abstract must also be included in another language than that of the manuscript. Contributors are asked to write in a clear and simplified style. Please note: The language of both the summary/ abstract and the manuscript must be professionally edited before submitting the manuscript for peer reviewing to New Contree. Sufficient proof must be provided in this regard when presenting the article to New Contree for peer reviewing. Also provide six to ten keywords. The use of informative subheadings is important. For general style and reference techniques of manuscripts, contributors are recommended to refer to the last pages in any recent copy of New Contree. One copy of the edition in which a contributor(s) article has been published will be sent to the contributor(s). Page fees will be charged. As New Contree is an accredited journal, the cost of an article can be recouped from the earnings on research outputs. Authors employed by South African Universities and other tertiary institutions will be requested to subsidise their articles. Authors are not expected to pay for articles themselves. Approach the institution on your behalf. New Contree, No. 59 (May 2010) Editorial Advisory Committee Prof. Patrick Furlong (Alma College, USA); Prof. Albert Grundlingh (University of Stellenbosch, Western Cape); Prof. Louis Grundlingh (University of Johannesburg, Aucklandpark); Prof. Karen Harris (University of Pretoria, Pretoria); Prof. Ackson M Kandiuza (University of Botswana, Botswana); Prof. Bernard K Mbenga (North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mafikeng); Prof. Eric J Nealer (North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom); Prof. Robert C-H Shell (University of the Western Cape & Commissioner of Truth and Justice for Mauritius); Mr. Nick Southey (University of South Africa, Pretoria). Layout and Publishing Editor Prof. Elize S van Eeden (North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, Vanderbijlpark) Book Review Editor Prof. Archie Dick (IT Department, University of Pretoria) Assistant Control Editor Prof Eric J Nealer (North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom) Layout & Coverdesign Artz Studio: +27 (0)82 553 6463 / +27 (016) 423 5412 / Email: [email protected] Printers Gartone Press, Johannesburg: Tel: +27 (0)11 440 6126 / Email: [email protected] Postal address - New Contree The editorial staff New Contree School of Basic Sciences North-West University PO Box 1174 Vanderbijlpark 1900 New Contree, No. 59 (May 2009) Telephone: (016) 910 3451 or (016) 910 3469 Email for enquiries or article presentations: [email protected] Subscription fees for 2010 (A subscription form is available on the last page of this journal) R 200.00 (Local institutions) R 170.00 (Individual members - local) R350.00 (Africa) Overseas subscribers R550.00 ISSN Particulars 0379-9867 New Contree, No. 59 (May 2010) Contents / Inhoud Articles Pieter de Klerk Integrasieprosesse in die vroeë Kaapkolonie (1652-1795) 1 binne vergelykende konteks – ‘n historiografiese studie Hermann Giliomee “Allowed such a state of freedom”: Women and gender rela- 29 tions in the Afrikaner community before enfranchisement in 1930 Pieter L Möller They also served: Ordinary South African women in an extra- 61 ordinary struggle: The case of Erna de Villiers (Buber) Pieter Warnich, Elize S van Eeden & Lukas Meyer ‘n Vergelykende internasionale perspektief op die historiese 85 verloop en invloed van Uitkomsgebaseerde Onderwys (UGO) op Geskiedenis as skoolvak in Suid-Afrika (Deel Twee) Otto Terblanche Vlaandere en Suid-Afrika: Normalisering van politieke en 111 kulturele betrekkinge sedert 1990 Book Review Fred Morton When Rustling became an Art: Pilane’s Kgatla and the Transvaal 139 Frontier 1820 –1902 (Reviewed by Mahunele Thotse) New Contree, No. 59 (May 2009) Advert SASHT 2010 annual conference 143 New Contree info Template guidelines for writing an article 151 Reference guidelines for writing an article 153 New Contree subscription for 2010 159 Integrasieprosesse in die vroeë Kaapkolonie Integrasieprosesse in die vroeë Kaapkolonie (1652-1795) binne vergelykende konteks – ‘n historiografiese studie Pieter de Klerk Vaaldriehoekkampus Noordwes-Universiteit Abstract During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries a number of European countries founded settlements on the American and African continents. The colonizing powers sent settlers from Europe and slaves from Africa and Asia to their colonies. Most of these colonies existed for several centuries, and during this period the economic, social and cultural relations between the settlers, the slaves and the indigenous peoples did not remain static. In none of these colonies were the descendants of the original groups totally integrated into a homogeneous society, but by the end of the eighteenth century the differences between the groups were much less marked in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of Central and South America than in the British colonies of North America. The article examines recent research on integration processes in the Cape Colony from 1652 to 1795, when the colony was ruled by the Dutch East India Company. It appears that some researchers emphasize the similarities between integration processes in the Cape Colony and North America while others point out significant differences. The article argues that the development of racial barriers in South Africa from the early nineteenth century has influenced scholarly interpretations of the characteristics of Cape colonial society before 1800. It is concluded that, regarding integration processes during this period, the Cape Colony had more in common with the Portuguese colony of Brazil than the British colonies in North America. However, more comparative research is necessary to obtain a clear perspective on integration processes in the Cape Colony within the context of developments in the European settler colonies during the period from 1500 to 1800. Keywords: South African Historiography; Comparative History; Cape Colony; Dutch East India Company; Colonial Integration Processes; Miscegenation; Acculturation; Khoikhoi; San; Slaves; Free Blacks. 1 New Contree, No. 59 (May 2010) Inleiding Die periode van ongeveer 1500 tot 1800 in die wêreldgeskiedenis is onder meer daardeur gekenmerk dat mense uit Europa groot gebiede buite hul eie vasteland onder hulle beheer gebring het en nuwe samelewings met ‘n ten minste gedeeltelik Europese karakter tot stand gebring het. Immigrante uit Europa het hulle in hierdie periode hoofsaaklik in Noord- en Suid-Amerika, Siberië en die suidwestelike deel van Afrika gevestig. In al hierdie gebiede was daar konflik tussen die koloniseerders en die inheemse bewoners, maar is daar ook koloniale samelewings gevorm waarin daar ‘n mindere of meerdere mate van integrasie - polities, ekonomies, sosiaal en kultureel – tussen inboorlinge en koloniseerders plaasgevind het.1 Daar het ongelukkig min studies verskyn waarin koloniale integrasieprosesse in verskillende wêrelddele deeglik met mekaar vergelyk word. ‘n Oppervlakkige vergelyking, op grond van algemene oorsigwerke, toon belangrike verskille tussen integrasieprosesse in Noord- en Suid-Amerika in die periode voor 1800. Aan die ooskus van Noord-Amerika het samelewings tot stand gekom waarin feitlik geen inboorlinge opgeneem is nie en baie min sosiale integrasie tussen die afstammelinge van slawe en die koloniste plaasgevind het. In die meeste dele van Suid-Amerika, daarenteen, het samelewings ontwikkel waarin koloniste, inboorlinge, slawe en mense van gemengde afkoms almal ‘n bepaalde plek gehad het en waarbinne daar dikwels nie skerp grense tussen koloniste en inboorlinge getrek kon word nie. Dit bring die vraag na vore met watter prosesse in die Nuwe Wêreld die patroon wat in die Kaapkolonie gedurende die Kompanjiestyd ontwikkel het die meeste ooreenstem. Verskeie historici wat aandag gee aan verhoudinge tussen bevolkingsgroepe
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