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Tribal Livelihood Punjab Gujarat Delhi Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh TRIBAL LIVELIHOOD MIGRATIONJharkhand Odisha Chhattishgarh IN INDIA Maharashtra Telangana Situational Analysis, Gap Assessment & Future Directions in 12 States of India Goa Kerala Study Commissioned By Study Conducted By Ministry of Tribal Affairs Government of India Disha Foundation Tribal Research Institute (TRI), Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) has commissioned a research study to Disha Foundation titled 'Tribal Livelihood Migration in India: Situational Analysis, Gap Assessment & Future Directions in 12 States in India' vide reference to Ministry's letter no. 15025/03/2017-R&M. Tribal Research Institute Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA), Government of India Shashtri Bhawan, Rajendra Prasad Road New Delhi-110001 ©Disha Foundation All communication concerning this publication may be addressed to Program Manager Disha Foundation 27, Saileela Tower, Raca Green Square, Gangapur Panchavati Link Road, Nasik 422 005, Maharashtra. India, Call us: +91 253 2629939 Email ID: [email protected] [email protected] Website: www.dishafoundation.ngo A tribute to all tribal migrant workers, who are leaving their villages in search of livelihood, maintaining various industries- construction, agriculture, textile and many more...creating glorious cities of India, and also developing the countryside with their remittances, while remaining obscure and vulnerable, being excluded from the most basic entitlements – health, education, sanitation, housing and much more; a tenuous tale of toil, tenacity and constant tumult. 1 Tribal Livelihood Migration in India: Situational Analysis, Gap Assessment and Future Directions in 12 States of India 2 Tribal Livelihood Migration in India: Situational Analysis, Gap Assessment and Future Directions in 12 States of India Executive Summary Migration is a form of movement in which people change their residential location across defined administrative boundaries for a variety of reasons. These migration flows can be permanent, semi- permanent, or seasonal. Seasonal or circular migrants in particular have markedly different labor market experiences and integration challenges than permanent migrants. In India, internal migration is a common phenomenon with the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) of India estimated that in 2007-08 there were 326 million internal migrants (i.e., 28.5% of the population) (National Sample Survey Organization, 2010). Main driving force of internal migration in India is employment and marriage that has leads to shaping the economic, social, and political life of India’s sending and receiving regions. Internal migrants vary widely in degrees of education, income levels and skills. Also variations exist in profiles in terms of caste, religion, age and other categories. Most of the labor migrants are employed in key sub-sectors, like construction, domestic work, textile and brick manufacturing, transportation, mining and agriculture etc. Although, there is little official data available on internal migration; The Economic Survey of India 2017 estimates that the magnitude of inter-state migration in India was close to 9 million annually between 2011 and 2016. Most of this movement has been from the most populous and lesser developed poorest states with net in-migration being higher for the more developed states; for example workers from backward states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan routinely travel to the developed “green revolution” states of Maharashtra, NCR Delhi, Punjab and Gujarat for the livelihood. As per the “Report of the Expert Committee on Tribal Health ‘Tribal Health in India’ Bridging the Gap and a Roadmap for the Future”, 104 million tribal people in India are largely concentrated in ten states and in the North-East. Most of India’s tribes reside in the highlands and plains of central and southern regions, and in the north-eastern regions of India. The tribals of India have mostly lived in relative geographic isolation, in homogeneous groups with limited interactions with non-tribals. This has led them to develop their own tribe specific cultures, attires and ways of living. Ideally, they should have been able to preserve their way of living without compromising on their economic development. However, currently both seem to be under threat. Development has failed to reach the tribals in an adequate and sustainable way which is resulting in increasing migration of tribals to developed areas of India in search of opportunities and livelihood. The above report also states that as per Census, 2011 over two-thirds of the tribal population is working in the primary sector (as against 43% of the non-tribal population), and is heavily dependent on agriculture either as cultivators or as agricultural labourers. The tribals people are increasingly moving from being cultivators to agricultural labourers. A comparison between Census, 2001 and 2011 shows that the proportion of cultivators reduced by more than 10%, while the proportion of agricultural labourers increased by 9% among the ST population. It is estimated that, in the last decade, about 3.5 million tribal people have left agriculture and agriculture-related activities to enter the informal labour market. Displacement and enforced migration has also led to an increasing number of Scheduled Tribes working as contract labourers in the construction industry and domestic workers in major cities. Currently, one of every two tribal households relies on manual labour for survival. Scheduled Tribes (STs) or tribals constitute almost 9% of India’s population and continue to remain one of the most challenging sectors of the population in terms of economic growth and development. It has been observed that labour migrants are often exposed to difficult and unsafe conditions, face trafficking or wages harassment issues, occupational hazards, live in poor conditions and lose their supportive family and societal structure. The hiring of migrants in an irregular situation allows employers 3 Tribal Livelihood Migration in India: Situational Analysis, Gap Assessment and Future Directions in 12 States of India to be exempt from providing health and social security coverage to them as the labour force then becomes cheaper than recruiting locals/natives. The tribal migrants also face exclusion from various social security mainstream programmes due to their mobile & floating status at the source as well at destination areas. All these factors affect their socio-economic and health status gravely, which is ultimately affects the development indicators of sending and receiving states as well. However, due to lack of enough evidence on the status of ST migrants it is difficult to take appropriate policy decision to mitigate this situation. In order to address this lack of evidence it is necessary to conduct a review of the situation of ST migrants in India so that the resulting report can guide key policy decisions. The present study was conducted to compile and build these evidences. Study background, objectives, method The present study was conducted in 12 states of India, comprising of both Source states (Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh), Destination states (Punjab, Gujarat, Delhi, Kerala, Goa, Maharashtra, Telangana). The study highlights the story of tribal migration, determines the various reasons that force tribals to migrate and their plight in places where they land up for economic succor. This study also identified current government programs at source and destination states to address migration and analyzed existing gaps and suggests recommendations. Specific objectives of the study This research report has the following objectives: 1. Collect, compile, organize and analyze all the existing literature and secondary data available regarding tribal livelihoodmigration in India, including pastoral migration if any. 2. Conduct primary qualitative studies in the major tribal migration corridors of India – at source and destination levels, and analyze that to define a clear scenario of livelihood migration in India 3. Conduct primary qualitative studies among key people – government and non-government, at state and national, to understand better the key issues and possible solutions for improving the status of tribal migration in India for livelihood. 4. Conduct a comprehensive review of the existing laws, regulations and frameworks that currently govern the situation of tribal migration and livelihood in India 5. Create a set of solutions and recommendations for various agencies in order to improve the situation of tribal migrants in India Methodology This study had a mixed methods approach; literature review, secondary data analysis and qualitativeinterviews to understand in depth about tribal’s livelihood migration situation in India existing policiesand their successes and challenges in implementation of migration and social security policies India. In order to review and understand the situation of migrants in India, both primary and secondary data sources was used for data triangulation and creating a complete picture of the entire situation. Desk review of existing literature was also done. Secondary data was accessed from the census, national sample surveys, others surveys done by various national and state government, studies done by various non-governmental organizations etc. Selections of states have been done on the basis of high density of tribal population, and their livelihoodmigration observed. Major source
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